Under the background of rural revitalization strategy, art intervention in rural areas, as a new way of rural construction in China, is attracting more and more attention since various art practices have appeared in Chinese villages during the last decade. Art intervention in rural areas has multi-dimensional benefits such as improving rural landscape, promoting villagers' income, enhancing community connections, and promoting cultural inheritance. On the basis of clarifying the connotation and typical modes of art intervention in rural areas in China, this paper constructs and analyzes the benefit hierarchy of art intervention in rural areas based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, and selects Xiaozhou and Fenghe villages in Guangzhou as typical cases to identify the benefit characteristics and problems of two modes of artist-led and capital-led art intervention through field investigation. Although previous studies have focused more on specific cases of art intervention in rural areas, which have revealed the work procedure and achievements in detail, the comparison of their differences and a systematic construction of the influence are still worth discussing. The research results show that: (1) Art intervention in rural areas is a typical mode of rural revitalization in which the government, capital, artists and cultural groups realize multi-level benefits such as rural landscape beautification, tourism economic benefits, community creation and governance, and local cultural inheritance through art practice in the context of rural revitalization. According to different driving subjects, the art intervention in rural areas can be divided into two types: artist-led and capital-led. (2) Art intervention in rural areas has four levels of benefits: material, economic, social and cultural, showing the characteristics of progression by level. (3) The artist-led type plays a significant role in realizing high-level benefits, while the low-level benefits are lacking; the capital-led type plays a significant role in realizing low-level benefits, while the high-level benefits are lacking. (4) Building a multi-party cooperation model with the collaboration of capital and artists, government support, and villagers' participation can combine the advantages of the benefits of the two modes and make the rural practice of art intervention more replicable. In summary, this study divides the practices of art intervention in rural China into two types: artist-led and capital-led, constructs the four-level benefits hierarchy based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, compares the four-level benefits between Xiaozhou village and Fenghe village, and summarizes the benefit differences between the artist-led mode and the capital-led mode. For its contributions, it innovatively applies Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory into the study of art intervention from a theoretical perspective and enriches the case study of art intervention in rural China and explores the characteristics from a practical perspective.

Based on the perspective of community empowerment, this study integrates research on cultural heritage site governance, clarifying the current situation of cultural heritage site governance in the context of tourism development. Through the process of community empowerment, the phenomenon of "power loss in community" caused by tourism is transformed into "community empowerment." The study considered the village of Jabala in Longshan County, Hunan Province as an example and, using text analysis and in-depth interview methods, analyzed how to optimize the governance path of cultural heritage sites. The results indicated the following: (1) the power loss in the cultural heritage site community is embodied in four aspects: economic, psychological, social, and political loss. The economic loss in communities is embodied in uneven employment opportunities, unequal income and remuneration, and uneven development opportunities. Psychological loss in communities is affected by multiple factors such as lack of development opportunities for residents, lack of government support, and a wide gap between residents' psychology and reality. Psychological loss is a weakening of local value identity and the local attachment complex. The social loss of communities is affected by the discouragement of the dissemination of traditional culture and a fracture of the social network. The political "aphasia" of community residents hinders their willingness to stay in their hometowns. (2) Cultural heritage sites redistribute resources, rights, and capital through community empowerment methods such as "power to," "power with," and "power from within." "Power to" and "power from within" achieve effects through three levels: the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage resources, the protection and utilization of tangible cultural heritage resources, and the activation and creation of public spaces. "Power with" aims to jointly plan community affairs and rationally allocate space resources and benefits. (3) Regarding "power with," strengthening policy transparency and community discourse will help community entities participate in governance. Regarding "power to," expanding resource distribution channels and strengthening cooperation between entities will help expand the channels of community governance. Regarding "power from within," standardizing governance entities, governance objects, and supervision methods will help refine community governance policies. Research will help improve the theoretical system of cultural heritage governance, optimize the governance path of cultural heritage sites, and provide references for the governance of other ethnic minority cultural heritage sites. It is an active exploration of local governance strategies, such as the activation of cultural heritage sites and the creation of public spaces. This study explores "how to optimize the governance of cultural heritage sites." In the future, based on this research, we will deepen the discussion on "how the community will interact with cultural heritage sites after being empowered," interpreting "the response to the optimized cultural heritage site" and perfecting the overall framework for research on the governance path of cultural heritage sites.

From targeted poverty alleviation to rural revitalization and from industrial poverty alleviation to industrial prosperity, the township government is the policy frontier in the implementation of the national strategy. In this regard, the cohesion, rationality, effectiveness of policies, and even industrial policies are key indicators for testing the governance capabilities of grassroots governments. To understand why the township government chooses the right industry and formulate a reasonable industrial policy in rural revitalization, the new structural economics of "growth identification and contingent guidance framework" is used to analyze and put forward a logical framework for the evolution of the industrial policy of the township's "active government." This involves the following. The first is industry selection, i.e., selecting industries with similar resource endowments and constraints based on the "two-step six-track method"; relying on the growth identification and facilitation framework (GIFF) analysis framework of new structural economics; selecting industries based on the science of historical culture, institutional background, geographical environment, and economic foundation; and "to cross the river by feeling the stones." When choosing a target, do not surpass the limits of your own development and blindly seek high level and fast speed. It is necessary to set the annual target reasonably to ensure "jump and touch." The second is policy formulation, i.e., formulating reasonable policy content and selecting appropriate policy tools for the selected industries to support industrial development. It involves in-depth analysis of the constraints of the selected industries; prescribing the right remedy; putting forward the basic outline of the policy; and grasping the policy direction. By eliminating industrial constraints, industrial cultivation, and enterprise support, the industrial structure can be gradually adjusted and optimized, and the development of leading industries can be steadily promoted. It further involves focusing on relying on the private market, information, subsidies, and other policy tools as the main means, and using the "active government" to guide enterprises to gain development space through the "effective market." Based on the aforementioned logical framework, the present situation of the industry in Menghan Town, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and the comparative advantage industries of target townships were analyzed; specific policy recommendations were provided for the industrial development of Menghan Town; and a practical test of the logical framework was completed. The township government should constantly adjust the goals and means of industrial policy in the next stage according to the development stage and constraints. First, it is necessary to examine the comparative advantages of poverty alleviation industries, find targets within counties and provinces, and classify poverty alleviation industries scientifically. Conversely, appropriate policy tools must be selected to effectively eliminate constraints on industrial development and pave the way for the continued prosperity in the industry. Finally, the "active government" should make arrangements in advance and guide the industry to develop toward the two ends of the "smiling curve" through policies such as fiscal subsidies and tax reductions and exemptions.

With the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization, the migration of rural labor force has led to the decline of rural industries and communities. As one important way to adjust the rural industrial structure and revitalize rural culture, rural tourism has developed through the rural revitalization strategy and the leisure tourism transformation. In this context, with the use of idle housing resources, homestay inns are meeting consumers' increasing demand for leisure, while also improving facility capability regarding rural tourism, maintaining local landscape, and becoming an important industry for rural tourism. Thus, we took southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, which have strong economic power and close regional cooperation, as examples, and used the location retrieval service in the Baidu Map API to obtain information on homestay inns. Then, we analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of homestay inns with the help of ArcGIS, and Geodetector was used to further analyze the influencing factors leading to the spatial differentiation of homestay inns. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) Homestay inns in southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang are both clustered in terms of spatial distribution, and tend to be distributed in areas with low terrain and water systems around tourism resources and traffic roads. (2) Homestay inns in southern Jiangsu have differences in the degree of agglomeration among cities, showing "a lumpy distribution of four core and secondary centers," while the spatial agglomeration of homestay inns in northern Zhejiang is balanced and has a wide range of contiguous areas, with a gradient distribution in the west, east, and middle. (3) Consumption level, market conditions, and traffic capacity are important common factors affecting the distribution of homestay inns. Interactions between any two factors enhances the explanatory power of the spatial differentiation, which proves that the unique distribution phenomenon of homestay inns is formed under the interaction of multiple influencing factors. (4) Homestay inns in northern Zhejiang are weakly affected by objective factors. In addition, the spatial distribution of homestay inns along a lake or river is a distinguishing characteristic between southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang. Homestay inns in southern Jiangsu are usually close to scenic spots, while homestay inns in northern Zhejiang are less dependent on tourism resources. Overall, the study aims to provide a reference for factors suitable for homestay inn operation and those to be improved, and to promote the transformation and rational layout of the homestay industry. The study is of practical significance to the distribution planning of homestay inns in areas with higher economic development, and it also summarizes the distribution characteristics of typical clusters of homestay inns.

In the context of new urbanization and rural revitalization, analyzing the function renewal features, modes and logic of traditional villages based on the perspective of "living-production-ecological" space can reflect the multi-functional value mining process and the socio-economic structure transformation process of tourism-driven traditional villages to a certain extent. This study sorts out the spatial function evolution of Zhang Guying Village in the past 30 years through field investigation, constructing the land use transformation matrix by using GIS spatial overlay, and makes empirical research on the function renewal features of the "living-production-ecological" space in Zhang Guying Village.The research conclusions are as follows: 1) The function renewal of the "living-production-ecological" space in Zhang Guying Village is mainly manifested in the tourism adaptability characteristics of the integration of production and residence in life functions, tourism of production functions, landscaping of ecological functions, and diversification of tourism functions, showing the development trend of the integration of "production-life" and "ecology-production" functions based on the rural authentic experience, as well as the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics of the degree of functional renewal in space and orderly deepening in time. 2) The "living-production-ecological" space system of Zhang Guying Village realizes the renewal and integrated development of tourism functions of traditional functional space through three modes: the development of human landscape and the excavation of folk culture of living space, the construction of diversified and high-quality tourism service modules of production space, and the conservation of ecological environment and natural landscape combing of ecological space. It has obvious functional space transformation and integration direction and interactive characteristics of rural tourism and residence. 3) Tourism-driven rural society drives tourism development and functional renewal through the construction of supply-demand relationship, drives multi-stakeholders to participate in tourism management,through the extension of demonstration effects along with expanding the scope of function renewal and deepening the degree of function renewal, and promotes the diversified development of tourism functions through host-guest interaction feedback. As a part of the "living-production-ecological" space system, under the interaction of various socio-economic elments, the tourism renewal process of spacial function also reflects the orderly change of spatial structure of orderly housing construction, agglomeration of production layout and expansion of ecological space, as well as the improvement of spatial attribute quality of production efficiency, improvement of living level and improvement of ecological environment, reflecting the co-evolution process of all aspects of the rural "living-production-ecological" space system. The quantitative analysis method adopted in this study is relatively simple. Although it complements the qualitative perspective and expounds the functional renewal features and modes of the "living-production-ecological" space in traditional villages, the research results are still subjective. Therefore, the research results of this study may deviate from the actual situation. As this study takes the features, modes and logic of functional renewal as the main analysis content, in the follow-up research, we can focus on a specific aspect of tourist villages, absorb the relevant theories and research methods of other disciplines, and carry out the thematic analysis of the impact of functional renewal. With the help of study site, this study constructs the spatial function renewal framework of the "living-production-ecological" space in traditional villages, so as to provide theoretical and empirical reference for the organic renewal and living development of traditional villages.

Since the reform and opening up, China has achieved great progress in industrialization and urbanization. However, due to the long-term implementation of the economic development model of "emphasizing cities over township" and the urban-rural dual system, the gap between urban and rural development is constantly increasing, and the problems of land resource allocation and contradiction between man and land in rural areas have gradually emerged. Rural homestead is the main place where farmers live, with unique land use characteristics. The information such as the structure and utilization status of houses on it can clearly reflect the local rural economic situation and homestead problems. Therefore, understanding the characteristics and differences of rural homestead housing is of great significance to understand and grasp the situation and problems of rural development and promote the implementation of rural revitalization strategy. Based on the rural cadastral survey data of Guangdong Province and combined with GIS spatial analysis method, this paper analyzes the characteristics of rural homestead housing. The results show that: (1) The rural housing in the study area is relatively low, mainly with one floor, supplemented by two and three floors, mainly brick and mixed structure, supplemented by concrete structure, and there is a certain correlation between the number of floors and the spatial distribution of the structure. Among them, the proportions of one storey house, brick structure and mixed structure house are 59.42%, 37.71% and 42.60% respectively. (2) There are obvious regional differences in the number of floors and structural spatial distribution of rural homestead housing in the study area. Low-rise, brick and mixed structure houses are mainly distributed in remote areas such as northern and western Guangdong, and high-rise and concrete structure houses are mostly concentrated in the Pearl River Delta. (3) The vacancy and idleness of rural homestead housing in the study area are common. The average vacancy rate and idle rate are 6.75% and 5.66% respectively, and the rate of one househould with multiple houses reaches 23.88%. The phenomenon of rural hollowing is obvious, and 50.87% of the villages in districts and counties are above the moderate hollowing, mainly distributed in the fringe area of the Pearl River Delta and Meizhou in northern Guangdong. At the same time, there is a certain phenomenon that the average household homestead area exceeds the standard. (4) The characteristics of rural housing utilization in Guangdong Province are affected by factors such as policies, economy, transportation, physical geographical condition and local customs. And the influencing factors in different regions are different, such as the special folk customs have a greater impact on rural housing in eastern Guangdong, and the economic situations and urban siphon have a greater impact on the characteristics of rural housing in the edge of the Pearl River Delta. There are obvious spatial differences in the utilization of rural homestead housing in Guangdong Province, and there are many idle homestead resources. There is great potential for the optimization and adjustment of rural construction land for rural revitalization.

Place branding is an important means of enhancing place value. It promotes the competitiveness of a place by delivering a unique image distinguished from other places to the audience, to stimulate the development of the local economy and enhance the value of the place. Place branding is not merely a simple top-down marketing process, but a process in which multiple stakeholders collectively assign value to a place. Consequently, more scholars have begun to consider how consumers perceive place brands from the bottom-up. Existing marketing research has focused on the implicit aspects of brand perception. The measurement of implicit perception helps to better predict consumer preferences and behavior. Therefore, psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science methods are used for brand perception. However, place branding has insufficiently considered implicit attitudes. The complexity of place branding lies in the fact that it is affected by the interaction between humans and places, and the differences in the meanings of different groups in the construction of places lead to contradictions in the meaning of place brands. Non-representational theory can provide an epistemological explanation for solving implicit and unconscious spatial practices in human-place interactions. This study posits that the combination of non-representational theory and psychological methods will help provide a new research approach for the implicit perception of place brands. Therefore, this study adopted Qiming Li in Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, as an example. Based on the priming paradigm, this study used brand personality questionnaire surveys and clue task experiments to analyze people's perceptions of place brand personality. By comparing the differences in implicit attitudes between residents and non-residents, and the differences between the explicit and implicit perceptions of local residents, we analyzed the impact of people's implicit perceptions on the construction of place branding. The results revealed that due to the difference in daily life experience between residents and non-residents, they have constructed different place meanings in Qiming Li. Non-residents regarded it as an urban renewal project, while local residents integrated daily life memories and experiences with it, leading to differences in implicit perception. The difference between the explicit and implicit attitudes of local residents indicated that the place brand of Qiming Li was only a consumption and self-expression tool, which had generated a functional level of place identity, but lacked recognition at the affective and value levels. People's perceptions of both explicit and implicit perceptions contributed to the construction of the meaning of place brands. Therefore, place branding needs to consider non-representational experiences and eliminate non-representation through bottom-up participation. Representational memories, emotions, and experiences were integrated into the brand narrative. This study helps compensate for the lack of focus on implicit cognition in past place brand research, and attempts to provide an explanation of the human-place interaction. The impact of people's daily life experience, embodied cognition, and place identity into the brand enables place branding to gain sustainable value proliferation.

Although the impact of perceived cultural distance on tourists' behavioral intention has attracted great attention from tourism academic circles, relevant research conclusions are inconsistent and the action mechanism is unclear. Based on the theoretical framework of "cognitive-affective-conative" and by introducing the theory of travel career pattern, this study constructs a research model that includes Tourists' Perceived Cultural Distance (TPCD), perceived novelty, perceived cultural risk, cultural experience intention, and tourism experience. Taking two typical ethnic cultural heritage tourist destinations as case sites, a total of 705 valid questionnaires were collected. Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) tools were used to examine the path, mediation effect, and moderation effect of the structural model. There were three significant findings. First, TPCD positively affects perceived novelty and perceived cultural risks, and perceived novelty positively influences cultural experience intention, while perceived cultural risks negatively affect cultural experience intention. Second, perceived novelty and cultural risk play an intermediary role in the process of TPCD's influence on cultural experience intention, verifying the scientificity and applicability of the "cognitive-affective-conative" theoretical framework. Third, tourism experience negatively regulates the positive impact of TPCD on perceived cultural risk, and the moderating effect of TPCD on the positive impact of perceived novelty is not significant, thus demonstrating that tourism experience is insufficient to influence the relationship between TPCD and perceived novelty. The research has found a more reasonable explanation mechanism for the inconsistent conclusions of the simple attribution study of cultural distance-tourist behavior, exploring the complex psychological mechanism of the influence of TPCD on cultural experience intention. This article explains the hypothetical path from three standpoints: the cognitive, affective, and conative stages. It verifies the important mediating role of perceived novelty and cultural risk, and the moderating effect of tourism experience based on the theory of travel career pattern. In addition, a unique contribution of this paper is that it breaks through the limitations of previous similar studies in terms of research subjects. Most of the existing studies have been conducted on transnational tourists in international tourism scenarios, while our study finds that cultural distance has an equally significant effect on travelers' behavioral intentions in ethnic tourism contexts within the same country.

In the context of tourism development, modernization and commercialization relentlessly colonize ethnic areas, reshaping the physical, social, and significant spaces of tourism destinations. Due to the influx of capital and the change of power subjects, ethnic tourism villages have become a new reality through the continuous deconstruction and construction of multiple subjects. The separation and integration of modernity and tradition has led to the alienation and tension of village social relations and structure. To examine the power subjects, spatial forms, spatial relations, and emotions involved in the process of tourism reproduction, this study, adopting Zhaoxing Dong village in Guizhou Province as a case, uses Lefebvre's theory of spatial production and the methods of field survey and in-depth interview to analyze the relationship between physical space, social space, and emotion from the three dimensions of social space and meaning space. This study assesses the "material-relationship-emotion" connection of multiple power subjects and self-consistency with tourism development. The results show the following. First, physical space can be replanned with the change of power subjects, which is conducive to the return of the labor force. The authenticity of villages can be maintained under discipline and control, but the constructed landscape symbol is the misplaced expression of ethnic villages. Second, for conflicts in the social space, local residents adopt the strategy of concession and do not withdraw, reaching a tacit understanding of space use and management at the wrong time with the managers. Zhailao, an authoritarian figure, has become a representative of resolving differences and promoting the consolidation and cohesion of social relations. Through the transfer and comprehensiveness of tourists and foreign operators, it reflects the open and inclusive hospitality and philosophy of local residents. Third, the meaning space can be reproduced through the local residents' emotional injection of festival events and culture, the inheritance of cultural habits, the inheritance of local conventions, and the memory and imagination of nostalgic things. From the perspective of tourism space reproduction, the study reviews and examines the multi space of Zhaoxing Dong village tourism and concludes that there are many social problems in Zhaoxing village, which imply many social contradictions. However, under the consensus of sharing interests, positive games, and harmonious coexistence, the multi-power subjects in Zhaoxing village have different opinions. After evaluating the development trend and potential of local tourism, they will make their own spatial arrangement, spatial compromise, relationship concession, and emotional adjustment under the consideration of multi-mediation, multi-organization coordination, and multi-relationships, to adapt to the changes in the physical, social, and meaning spaces engendered by tourism development. These changes can help shape the modern local culture, maintain the original rural style, embody ethnic customs, and carry forward rural humanistic and moral values. Moreover, they can provide a practical reference for the sustainable development of tourism and the prosperity and revitalization of beautiful ethnic villages.

With the development of the economy and the improvement in quality of life, the need for leisure tourism is increasing. Rural tourism, which can fulfil people's need to stay away from the city and pursue leisure, has been favored in recent years. From the perspective of tourists and the market, it is precisely owing to the unique characteristics of rural areas, formally called rurality, that people's psychological needs for rural tourism are met. Many scholars at home and abroad believe that rurality, which differs from the city lifestyle, and originated in the countryside, is the core attraction of rural tourism. However, most studies on rurality are concentrated in the field of geography, and relevant scholars have attempted to set up a scale to evaluate rurality or use social semiotics to interpret the connotation of rurality. However, extant research is still unable to identify the elements and structure of rurality from the perspective of tourists' perception, failing to show tourists' cognitive logic in the rural tourism experience or reflect the relationship between rurality and rural tourism attraction. To solve these problems, this study utilizes the qualitative research method combining visitor employed photography with semi-structured interviews, based on the five sensory perceptual systems proposed by Gibson (including the visual, auditory, tactile, taste-smell, and basic orienting systems). A total of 202 rural pictures and corresponding interview texts provided by 20 interviewees were coded to identify the elements and structure of rurality and illustrate the cognitive mechanism of rural tourism attraction from the perspective of tourists' perception. The main conclusions are summarized as follows. (1) First, as per tourists' perception, the rurality structure contains 234 elements and 42 categories, and further summarized into two core dimensions: basic rurality and implanted rurality. (2) Second, in the process of rural tourism, tourists rank rurality elements according to their attractiveness intensity, showing the "core-marginal" perception characteristic of their personal subjective level. Notably, the boundary between core rurality and marginal rurality is blurred, and the possibility of mutual conversion exists. (3) Third, the cognitive mechanism of rural tourism attraction from the perspective of tourists' perception follows the logical development of "Perceptual system—Rurality elements—Rurality landscape—Rural tourism attraction." Under the guidance of these logical clues, the study finds that although rural tourism attraction can be based on a basic landscape, it is also a composite structure, composed of basic, implanted, and integrative landscapes. The core attraction is mostly exerted by the integrative landscape. Overall, the study reveals the elements and structure of rurality from the perspective of tourists' perceptions in the tourism context and analyzes the cognitive mechanism of rural tourism attraction. The research expands and enriches the study of rurality, especially in the field of tourism. Moreover, it plays a guiding role in the development of rural tourism destinations and suggests that rural tourism developers take active steps to create integrative landscapes for tourists.

TAbstract: The rapid development of the economy and society and the coordinated advancement of industrialization and urbanization have led to the intensification of the man-land contradiction. It requires the use of spatial multi-functionality to maximize the value of regional space, promote the diversification of social needs, and help rural areas meet multi-functional needs. Correct identification of rural regional functions is an important way to implement the strategy of rural revitalization and comprehensively deepen rural reform. Taking Sichuan Province as the research subject, we constructed a multi-functional evaluation index system for rural areas from four perspectives, that is, economic development, food production, social security, and ecological protection. We used the comprehensive evaluation method to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of various functions, and the vertical and horizontal comparison method to identify the dominant function and short board function, and the regional types were divided accordingly. In cognizance of the five major economic zones in Sichuan Province, this paper puts forward corresponding rural revitalization paths of various regional types to provide a benchmark for the implementation of a rural revitalization strategy in Sichuan Province. A clear spatial pattern differentiation of the rural regional function in Sichuan Province was noted. The regional characteristics of the economic development function and the social security function are the same, showing a gradual weakening differentiation pattern from southeast to northwest Sichuan. The spatial agglomeration characteristics of the grain production function in the Chengdu Plain Economic Zone and the Anning River Basin in Panxi are obvious, and the ecological conservation function is gradually enhanced from southeast to northwest Sichuan. Via the identification of the dominant function and the short board function, we divided Sichuan Province into three categories: dominant development type, polarization development type, and comprehensive development type. Among them, the dominant development type and the polarization development type were divided into nine sub-categories according to their characteristics. The specific implementation paths of rural revitalization are proposed according to different regional types, in which the dominant development type gives priority to playing the dominant function while integrating and coordinating other functions to promote comprehensive rural revitalization development. While giving full play to its advantages, the polarization development type complements the shortcomings and achieves basic balanced development. Based on the existing foundation, the comprehensive development model realizes industrial upgrading and becomes the leading means of demonstration of rural revitalization and development in Sichuan Province. The main contribution of this paper is therefore the consolidation of the convergence of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. The dominant function and short board function are used to classify the regional functions of rural areas in Sichuan Province. The division results are consistent with the regional differentiation of nature and economy in Sichuan Province from different perspectives. The development path of rural revitalization provided decision-making reference for this regional type.

The phenomenon of the "de-localization" of rural settlements, memory fracture, and cultural conflict against the backdrop of rapid urbanization has become a vital and pressing problem that restricts rural cultural inheritance. Taking the residents of Jinting Town in Suzhou as the research object, this paper uses questionnaire survey and in-depth interview data to identify the dimensional differences of field cognition, place attachment, and inheritance path through the structural equation model, and to verify their influence path and action relationship among different dimensions. The results of structural model fitting verification show that the path coefficients of different dimensions of the hard memory field to the soft memory field are 0.269, 0.501 and 0.186, respectively. While the significance of natural sites to the soft memory field is 0.002, the significance level of all other dimensions reach 0.001, so memorial sites, village sites and natural sites all have significant positive effects on soft memory field.. The soft memory field has a positive effect on both place dependence and place identity, and the path coefficients are 0.384 (P < 0.001), so field cognition in soft memory has a significant positive effect on place identity and place dependence. The coefficient of the influence of local identity on the inheritance path is 0.118 (P=0.448), which fails the significance test, and the positive effect of local identity on the path of memory transmission was not accepted.. Local dependence has a positive and significant effect on the inheritance path, with a coefficient of 0.498 (P<0.001), so it is recognized that place dependence has a positive effect on the path of memory transmission.. The choice of inheritance path, employing policy support, memory media, and local practice, has a positive and significant influence, and the path coefficients are all above 0.9, so the interaction between different inheritance modes promotes the inheritance of rural cultural memory.. The research conclusions are as follows: (1) The hard memory fields, such as commemorative sites, village-type sites, and natural sites, have positive and significant effects on the soft memory fields. The results indicate that the cognition of the rural cultural memory field is an important prerequisite and factor for the construction of residents' place attachment. (2) Residents' inheritance behavior tendency is significantly affected by place dependence, which indicates that functional place dependence plays a more important role in influencing residents' inheritance behavior than affective place identity. (3) The choice of inheritance path is based on the construction of a memory carrier, supported by the participation of residents and guaranteed by policy guidance. (4) The rural cultural memory field has a significant indirect influence on memory inheritance behavior through local dependence, which is an important factor in explaining the memory inheritance behavior of rural residents. The study proves that village-type sites related to residents' daily life and production, as well as the immaterial texts, images, physical practices, and other information contained in them, jointly constitute an important material entity space of rural cultural memory media. In addition to the interaction of professional text recording and dynamic interpretation by inheritors, the work to pass along rural cultural memories serves national policies and strategies, continually enhances residents' sense of ownership, enhances their participation and sense of responsibility, and celebrates their role as the main body of inheritance. The conclusion is helpful for understanding the media inheritance and characteristics of rural cultural memory, and has certain reference significance for the protection, continuation, and utilization of rural cultural memory.

With the shift to the "post-rural" study of rural geography, the mixture of urban, rural, and hybrid environments has become the focus of rural geography. Rural community empowerment, the active intervention of urban and rural elements, promotes the establishment of sustainable rural autonomy. Taking the Zhonghe rural community in Taizhong as its case, this paper discusses the influence of social structures and individual actors on the formation of placeness through the two perspectives of social construction and humanism, and it explores the construction mechanism of community empowerment. The results are as follows. 1) The placeness of Zhonghe community empowerment is reflected in the location of rural suburbs, the practice site and activities of community construction, and the sense of place of participants and tourists. 2) The process of placeness construction is formed by the interaction between social objects and behavioral subjects in three stages. 3) Weak placeness causes reflexivity in the behavior body and the social object, which constitutes the basis of community empowerment. 4) The government has established a mature operation mechanism to promote community empowerment, which participants also promote according to the needs of daily life. This, in turn, promotes placeness production and reproduction, forming a continuous process of community building. 5) The results of placeness construction attract the reinvestment of human and economic capital inside and outside the community, which ensures the sustainable power of community empowerment. 6) Through community empowerment, a sustainable, pluralistic, and global place is created in the rural environment, which cultivates a collective identity and community cohesion, indirectly strengthening the capabilities of rural autonomy.

In the vast rural areas of southern China, ancestral halls, being material space carriers with common historical culture and value identification as the core, play an important role in the cultural shaping and governance of rural society. However, with the rapid spread of modern elements and modern culture, many Chaoshan rural areas are facing the dilemma of cultural identity and cultural confidence. What kind of cultural identity, local affiliation, and emotional expression do Chaoshan ancestral halls bearing local culture and local significance have in the daily practice of local subjects? How to construct the local meaning around Chaoshan ancestral hall and then realize the cultural space with multiple connotations? On the path of seeking cultural confidence in rural areas, what is the internal logic of Chaoshan ancestral hall and rural governance, and how to achieve the revitalization and co-governance of rural regional space? These are questions worth thinking about and exploring further. In view of the same, this article researches the breakthrough point, with Chaoshan ancestral hall and its links to the local villagers, ancestral hall management personnel, and grass-roots workers as the research objects. We used the network file analysis, in-depth interview, and questionnaire-based survey research methods, exploring the Chaoshan ancestral hall where the construction process and the culture mechanism to better resolve the Chaoshan multi-agent ancestral hall and the village of dialogue and interaction. First, Chaoshan ancestral hall, as a material entity connecting and maintaining rural social network, plays a significant role in shaping the sense of place of rural spatial subjects. To be specific, Chaoshan ancestral halls have formed rooted cultural identity and shaped common symbols, cultural concepts, and behavioral norms in the long-term historical evolution, which act on local cognition, emotion, and intention, making Chaoshan ancestral halls continuously strengthen local perception and local practice of rural subjects. Additionally, Chaoshan ancestral hall has become a very local physical landscape in rural areas through localization and stability of architectural form, highlighting local characteristics, and local significance in increasingly homogeneous rural areas. The construction of locality is a process from material to spiritual, the “time and space” of Chaoshan ancestral hall represents the transformation from materiality to spirituality, and the meaningless place is shaped into a place with roots and attributes. The cultural confidence in rural areas is in an urgent need of the construction of local identity and local attachment so as to realize the transformation of rural areas from being culturally “lost” to culturally “rooted”. The interaction between Chaoshan ancestral hall and many subjects in rural areas forms a sense of place, which provides an emotional and cultural basis for rural governance. Admittedly, rural regional space has its own complexity, so rural governance is bound to be multi-subject, multi-dimensional consultation, and co-governance. Based on local culture and material function, multi-subject creation is an important mode of rural governance. Clan council derived from Chaoshan ancestral hall plays an irreplaceable role in coordinating and dealing with rural affairs.

At present, along with rapid urban-rural transformation, rural development faces a new round of challenges. Under the progressive drive of urban-rural integration development, new countryside construction, and the rural revitalization strategy, rural development has been gradually receiving attention. Since 2013, many nationwide rural construction practice explorations have been carried out. Among them, local practices represented by beautiful village construction have achieved staged results. In this context, based on four batches of 160 village construction pilots published by Guangzhou from 2013 to 2016, the research attempts to explore spatial differentiation characteristics of the beautiful village in Guangzhou and its influencing factors using GIS spatial analysis methods such as the nearest neighbor index, multi-distance spatial clustering analysis based on Ripley’s function, kernel density analysis, and overlay analysis. Based on a geospatial perspective, this study attempts to provide a phased assessment of the current spatial distribution of beautiful village, to expand the spatial dimension of this kind of village and “village cluster” study. First, since 2013, the number of beautiful village in Guangzhou has increased year by year and the growth rate is on the rise. At the same time, their spatial distribution presents obvious concentrated characteristics. Nuclear density analysis shows that high-density areas of these villages are mainly distributed in the south and northwest of Guangzhou, including one hotspot main core area of Panyu-Nansha and two hotspots sub-core areas of Conghua and Huadu-Baiyun. The density distribution shows a multi-core imbalance. Second, the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of these villages include topography, hydrology, human population, history, transportation, location, policy, and planning. Among them, topography and hydrology constitute the basic motivation for rural development; deep historical and cultural resources are the spiritual driving force to support the continuous development of rural areas; transportation and location are a key positive factors affecting rural development; policy and planning factors have a decisive influence on the "beautiful village cluster" spatial pattern, which is manifested in government efforts to promote the concentration of village space through the formulation of selection criteria, post-construction evaluation and acceptance mechanisms, construction action plans, and "beautiful village cluster" planning. Guangzhou beautiful village planning and construction has achieved initial results and gradually formed “beautiful village clusters” based on the hotspot core areas. This kind of government-led village pilot construction has promoted village spatial concentration but has exacerbated uneven development among villages. Therefore, under the strategy of rural revitalization, we should strengthen the diversity and locality of the selection of village pilots, push forward the transformation of "village cluster" from spatial concentration to industrial agglomeration, pay attention to the pluralistic value of these villages, and explore new models of governance led by communities, to explore new directions for rural development.

Facing globalization, urbanization and modernization, rural China witnessed unprecedented deconstruction and reconstruction, which were especially characterized by gradual vanishment of cultural identity as a whole family of a village. As a result, cultural bases of rural governance could be destroyed. At the same time, under rapid urbanization, ‘hollowing-out’ of China’s countries was very universal, which was driven by going-out of lots of young laborers and staying of relatively weak villagers. As a result, Chinese villagers were confronted with great difficulties in deep engagement in the process of rural development and governance, which caused structural problems such as absence of main bodies, inefficiencies of rural governance during the rural development and rural governance. According to the theories of cultural identity and participatory capacity, focusing on cultivation of dominant role of rural governance, and promotion of participatory capacity, this paper made a case study of FX village in East Hubei, implemented activities of rural forum, filial piety and long table dinner, etc, tried to explore the possible paths to move forward rural governance in China. Our experiments figured out that, firstly, the establishment of cultural identity and sense of belonging based on “community” was the preconditions and foundation of rural governance. Secondly, to root rural publicity, to stimulate the villagers’ expression and willingness to participate in rural development, and to enhance the ability of villagers to deliberate, were the essence and key of rural governance in China. Finally, the paper put forward some enlightenments for the current rural (village) planning: 1) The core topic of rural (village) planning was community, community relations and community competence; 2) Rural (village) planning could not follow the city (town) planning; 3) Rural (village) planning should have fully respect for rural local knowledge; 4) Social planning was more important than physical planning in the planning of rural areas; 5) Qualitative analysis and qualitative thinking were vitally important.

Rural transformation and development is an important topic for regional urbanization. In order to speed up the construction of rural ecological civilization and promote the process of new urbanization, it is important to understand the driving factors of multi-dimensional spatial transformation of the human-land system and pay attention to the interaction between human and environment in the villages. Based on this system, this study takes Tianxing township of Wuhan city as the object, combines the study with methods such as field research, mapping through observation, GIS spatial analysis and text analysis, and selects the period from early 1950s to 2016 as the study period. The paper deeply discusses the changes of the natural environment in the Yangtze River Basin and the relationship between Wuhan urbanization and evolution of rural settlements in Tianxing Township so as to reveal the characteristics of spatial changes in the rural settlements. The results show that: first, Tianxing Township has witnessed three stages including primary development, reform and development, and transformation and reconstruction, which is driven by the combination of the factors such as natural environment, social-economic conditions, policy and system. Second, the land-use pattern of Tianxing Township has transformed from single pattern to compound one, and the spatial structure of rural settlements transformed from that with three types of independent elements such as traditional life, production and ecology to that with multiple elements such as production-life and production-ecology. Therefore, the traditional rural functions are reconstructed. Third, the succession of the rural settlements in Tianxing Township is the result of the interaction between environmental change and urbanization. During the study period, the floods of the Yangtze River played a long-term stable role in the succession of the settlements space of Tianxing Township. In the process of rapid urbanization, the urban expansion and people’s demand for ecological environment have made a complex, multiple and far-reaching impact on the space of settlements in Tianxing township. Firstly, the basic pattern of spatial form of Tianxing Township is decided by its unique hydrological environment and ecological resources. Secondly, in order to control the frequent floods, related projects constructed have promoted the changes of the spatial pattern of the rural settlements in Tianxing Township. Thirdly, the gradually enhanced government regulation and power intervention are powerful driving factors for the evolution of the rural settlements of Tianxing Township. Forthly, the social and economic evolution of Tianxing township, accompanied by the progress of Wuhan urbanization, shows dual characteristics of “suppression and promotion”. According to the study, on the one hand, the syphonage effect on population and the continuously gathering of the resources in the city, have accelerated the decline of Tianxing township. On the other hand, they have promoted the tourism development of Tianxing Township. Tianxing Township has entered the stage of rural tourism-oriented transformation and upgradation, providing opportunity for the development of the rural settlements. This study holds the view that, at present, Tianxing Township is being in the early stage of the transition period. To promote the sustainable development of Tianxing Township, it is necessary to fully grasp the evolution rule of the rural spatial system and improve the internal and external mechanism of the reorganization, so as to explore the approaches which can promote sound transformation and development of the rural settlements in Tianxing township and establish a development model with regional characteristics for the township.

Based on the satellite image survey data of Huangshan City in 2014, by using the related spatial analysis methods such as landscape pattern index and GIS spatial analyses, the spatial pattern characteristics of rural settlements in Huangshan City were analyzed. Some conclusions are drawn as follows: First, the overall distribution of settlement density of Huangshan City is sparse, but highlights the characteristics of “central city” agglomeration distribution; Second, the scale distribution of rural settlements shows a strong spatial autocorrelation, the high-value and low-value clusters of rural settlement scale are respectively characterized by aggregation distribution in space; Third, the spatial differentiations of township residential spatial pattern in Huangshan City are evident. There exists a distinct spatial disparity in Huangshan City. On the whole, the northeast part is more complex than the Southwest part. The quantitative analysis to rural settlement spatial distribution factors in the regional level indicates that the driving force of influencing rural settlement space distribution is mainly altitude, slope, traffic, central town, population, economy, planning, policy. On that basis, the main factors of rural settlement spatial pattern, as well as the rural settlement spatial morphological characteristics are discussed. 1) The scale of rural settlements in Huangshan City decreases with the increase of regional elevation and slope gradient. 2) With the increase of the distance between the traffic routes and the central towns, the scale of rural settlements shows a downward trend. 3) There is a positive correlation between population size, economic strength and settlement scale. If a town has a larger population size and stronger economy, the scale of rural settlement will be larger. 4) Planning and policy are also the important factors that affect the spatial distribution of rural settlements, they play an important role in the regulation and guidance. Although different factors have different characteristics on the spatial distribution of rural settlements, the final formation of the spatial pattern of rural settlements is the result of the interaction of terrain, location, social-economic conditions and other factors.

New-type urbanization is a grand strategy for future long-term development of China, and serves as grasps of the reform in depth. Closely related village renewal would quickly become a hot spot and develop into an advanced stage. From the theory of the German integrated village renewal and the practice of the Weyarn renewal, the origin of the integrated village renewal, content definition，the Weyarn rural development policies and bidirectional influence were summarized in this paper. It is shown that Weyarn integrated village renewal development strategy includes: cohesion of common development vision and a high level of public participation, professional help and network cooperation, effective operation of land management, the rural area blocking the spread of the city to the suburbs，and the leading role of local government. For the construction of new urbanization in urban village regions, some enlightenment can be attained: “Nostalgia” is the foundation of the integrated village to extend and enrich the connotation of the construction of new urbanization. Public participation is a substantial basis for the village to update and enhance the implementation of the new urbanization cohesion. Talents are the key elements of the village updated to ensure the continued health of the new urbanization. The ideal goal is livable village renewal, guiding the new urbanization value orientation. Efficient service is a strong guarantee for village renewal, leading to the new urbanization policy breakthroughs. Integrated village renewal improves the quality of community building and strengthens the strategic basis for the construction of new urbanization.

This paper combines the relation theories of regional economics, development economics mathematical model, the theory of regional sustainable development and human geography, and takes the Guangdong Province as the research object and its 67 cities as research units. The data is collected from Guangdong Province Statistical Yearbook. According to the industry GDP of Guangdong Province, this paper classifies the rural development types. By establishing the rurality evaluation index system and using the method of analyzing the relevant regional economy,mathematical model analysis method, and ArcGIS, this research estimates the rurality index (RI) about 67 counties area of Guangdong Province in 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2013, and then divides the counties into five types by the degree of rurality index. Currently, both rural development and urban development in China are experiencing a transition period. Assessing the rurality and making the development direction clearer is helpful to promote the balancing urban-rural development and new countryside constructions. This article masters the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of rural development in Guangdong Province in recent 10 years. Furthermore, the authors try to analyze the causation of spatial differentiation of rurality. Rural development depends on the change of its influencing factors, such as social and economic development, the changes of population structure, opening to the outside. So, the rural development types classified in this paper cannot always keep the same situation, at least the quantitative change occurs momently. The results showed: Firstly, the 67 counties in Guangdong Province are divided into four types of rural development: agricultural leading rural, industrial leading rural, service leading rural and balanced development rural. Among them, the balanced developmental rural areas in each year is the largest, agricultural leading rural areas reduce year by year, industry leading areas is in the state of fluctuation change, business travel service rural areas is relatively stable. Secondly, the average of rurality index (RI) of each county of Guangdong Province fall down from 0.60 in 2001 to 0.34 in 2013, the lowest rurality index for industry leading country, the highest for agricultural leading country, the biggest change is balanced developing country. Thirdly, this article divides the counties of Guangdong Province into five types such as the weakest rurality, weaker rurality, moderate rurality, stronger rurality and the strongest rurality. In recent 10 years, the area of the weakest rurality and weaker rurality countries are greatly increased, the area of moderate rurality countries are increased and then it shows a declining trend, stronger rurality countries reduce greatly, while the strongest rurality countries gradually disappear. Fourthly, the changes of rurality index level of rural development types differs from each other, among them, the agricultural leading and industry leading countries decrease steadily, the travel service leading countries experience a steady stage and then fall down, the balanced developing countries decrease considerably.

Besides industrialization, it has been proved that tourism can lead rural urbanization. Therefore, under the tourism development, the driving forces and relationship among the forces of rural urbanization need new exploration. This paper, quoting “country-market-society” as the triple framework to explain the driving forces of rural urbanization led by tourism, taking the villages in Yuntai Mountain as case place, and using qualitative methods including observation and interview, proves that behind the rural urbanization led by tourism, the triple framework of country-market-society has changed in subject, effect and role, that is mainly embodied in that the market force has changed from supply to demand, and society force from organization to individuals. Based on the case research, this paper summarizes the triple driving force of rural urbanization led by tourism: local government, demand market, and villager individuals. The framework of “local government-demand market-village individuals” can correct and replenish the framework of “country-market-society” effectively.

Rurality is the core concept of Western multi-disciplinary rural studies, especially rural geography. The combination and conflict among rural sociology, agrarian political economy, rural geography saw the diversity and abundance of rurality topics. The evolution of academic trends in social science and the transformation of rural society respectively in the terms of theory and practice pushed the development of rurality studies. In popular discourse, rurality simply represents different features, which distinguish the rural from the urban, like lifestyle, economy structure, land use and so on. The ways of ‘knowing’ rurality are under the constantly fluid condition: from the ontology of rurality and the macro social economic structures at the early stage to the existence of rural ‘others’ finally to the hybrid complexity of modernized rurality. With the deepening of rurality studies, a series of hot topics came into being one after another: rurality index, discourse of rurality, social difference, daily performance. Though approaches to rurality are various, the power relations and social differentiation rather than the social spatial features became main research directions with the influence of cultural turn and rocketing-up of post-modernism in rural studies. In another word, against the background of the multi rural interests, the representation and reproduction of rurality rather than ‘objective’ rural index have a great importance to understand the representative and material production and reproduction of rurality and politics of rural change under the context of modern capitalism. This review, based on social and academic background of rurality studies, focuses on the social construction of rurality and its burgeoning trends in Chinese rurality studies. The social constructionist treats rurality as the process and product of social, cultural construction not the existed reality, stresses on power relations and otherness. The transition from the former approaches to the social constructionist could be viewed as the transformation from materiality of rurality to its representation, from the rurality itself and macro structural dynamics to the ‘knowing’ means of rurality. The present China rurality study focuses on rurality index and its quantitative models, the concerned researches contain important practical meanings for governmental departments to understand rural problems and make the reasonable solutions for rural planning and rural regeneration. In western rural studies, due to its indication of linear development view and lack of interpretive potential for rural change, rurality index is criticized greatly. In nowadays rural China, the modernization discourse of rural development dominates, while the unequal power relations and ‘othering’ of disadvantaged peasants are overlooked at some degree. Under such social, academic context, social construction of rurality could provide alternative and critical lens to deconstruct dominant discourses of rurality and discover power relations and interest conflict among different social groups.

This paper takes Conghua in Guangzhou City as the research area to analyze the types of rural development. The multi-factor indexes, including topography, location, size, economy and urbanization，tourism, etc., are selected. Using two-step cluster analysis of SPSS, five types of rural development in Conghua, including plain planting type, hills planting / forestry type, mountainous forest type, tourist type, and urbanization affected type, are categorized. And then, according to the classification, this paper explores rural development strategy, including large-scale, specialization, mountainous characteristic, cluster development and urban agriculture.

This paper takes the rural settlement landscape of Hani rice terrace culture landscape areas as the research object, and makes a case study on Quanfuzhuang Middle village, Yuanyang County, which was inscribed on the World Cultural Landscape in June of 2013. Through field surveys, interviews, and GIS mapping analysis method, the paper analyzes the elements, the internal structure, landscape spatial structure and evolution of Hani village landscape. The results are as follows: 1) the boundary of Hani village landscape is the actual existing tree band and tree door, which is used to separate the human spiritual world and ghost in the geographical space; because of the group structure affected by the terrain and kinship, the settlements’ traditional houses are represented by mushroom house; 2) the settlements have some unique cultural landscape elements: the sacred groves used for sacrifice and pray, Moqiuchang used for entertainment and drying grain, and water wells used for domestic water and sacrifice, which all reflect the system of religious culture, that is nature worship; 3) Hani village landscape takes on a spatial pattern: the forest in the above, the village in the middle, the terrace in the below, and the rivers run through them, so the locations of settlements are based on the landscape pattern, suitable for living and accessible to the terrace; 4) the spatial evolution of Hani village landscape is characterized by separated stockade and hyphenated place names, land use of the settlements has expanded by nearly 10 times in the last 50 years, and the perimeter and internal structure of mushroom house turn on a trend of multi-directional evolution, in which the proportion of modern mixed brick room shows a sharp increase trend; 5) as one of the elements of Hani rice terrace cultural landscape, Hani village landscape plays an important role in maintaining the stability of heritage. Therefore, top priority should be given to inheritance and protection of the Hani village landscape, and the future research should focus on settlement hollow phenomenon.

Three typical villages in Guizhou, which are Tianlongtunbao in Pingba County, Langde Miao Village and Xijiang Miao Village in Leishan County, are taken as examples to study the development of tourism industry of rural areas. The authors hold that the system of rural tourism would include mainly three aspects: property right system based on management right that is linked to tourism resources, operating system of the main rural tourism organizations, and government policy inclination and its management system. On that basis, the three rural tourism villages are horizontally compared from the perspective of institutional arrangements: village tourism strength oriented by community residents, businesses and government shows huge differences in the institutional arrangements, which reflect different interest demands and games in the relevant stakeholders’ aspirations. Different institutional arrangements should be built on the concrete reality in rural scenic resource conditions and socio-economic conditions. When the rural tourism system is constructed, it would affect profoundly rural tourism development

基于对Poon的“新型旅游”概念及其形成背景和特征的归纳和总结,认为“新型旅游”具有体验性强、组织灵活、信息化程度高、形式新颖等特点.以此为基础,结合福州市周边乡村旅游发展的实际,提出了产品设计特色化、灵活化、环保化、体验化等产品开发原则,文章认为福州市乡村旅游发展可采取蓝色之旅、绿色之旅、农桑之旅和人文之旅等四大策略.

以贵州典型乡村旅游地——天龙屯堡为例,采用文献分析、深度访谈和实地考察等定性研究方法,借助对天龙屯堡乡村旅游资源开发阶段性演化的深度剖析,探讨乡村旅游开发中因旅游资源产权困境导致乡村旅游开发难以维系的原因.研究发现:乡村旅游资源的构成特征及人力资本的特殊性引致的产权困境,使得对乡村旅游开发的利益主体约束和激励效果较差,利益主体间权、责、利不明,矛盾不断凸显,交易成本较高,乡村旅游的可持续发展难以为继.

根据贵州喀斯特地貌发育广泛,农村生态环境脆弱和经济、社会发展落后的特点,指出贵州喀斯特乡村景观优化的意义,提出喀斯特地区乡村景观优化的"景观异质性与多样性、尺度性、因地制宜、特色突出和持续性原则",并将景观优化与农业生产、旅游开发、山地开发和石漠化治理相结合,设计出了城郊旅游农业模式、丘陵山地农业旅游优化模式、水域渔业旅游模式和小流域石漠化治理生态农业模式4种贵州喀斯特山区乡村景观优化模式.

乡村景观由自然环境、人文景观及其中的社会结构所组成,是人与环境互动作用产生的生态综合体.文中通过不同学科范畴对乡村景观进行了概念辨析,认为乡村景观是人地互动的产物,是乡村地域范围内空间性的表征.通过对乡村景观的起源与发展的回顾及国内外乡村景观研究内容进行梳理,认为目前其主要研究内容集中于乡村景观分类、乡村景观评价、乡村景观格局及演变、乡村景观规划等4个方面,分析了目前乡村景观发展中存在的问题,并对今后的研究进行了展望.

采用问卷调查的方法收集基础数据,运用EXCEL软件进行系统分析,得出了城市居民乡村旅游消费行为特征:出游方式以家庭、亲友结伴与单位组织为主;交通工具以汽车为主,体现为自家车与单位车;信息来源以亲友介绍与旅游宣传册为主;消费水平集中在200～599元之间;出游距离集中在2 h车程以内,以1～2 h车程为主;停留时间集中在2 d之内,以1 d为主;出游频次高,季节性明显;住宿选择两极分化,农家与宾馆并重;"乡村"特色产品普遍受到青睐.