珊瑚礁海水pH变化及其对海洋酸化的意义

doi:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.002803

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 珊瑚钙质骨骼δ11B重建的海水pH时间变化序列显示：珊瑚礁海水pH的长期变化具有显著的年际―年代际波动周期，并且这些波动是区域海洋气候过程和珊瑚礁海水生物活动共同作用的结果。珊瑚礁生态系统中的生物活动（光合呼吸作用和钙化作用）控制着海水碳酸盐系统的组成，调节着海水pH的变化。这一过程在全球气候环境变化和区域海气过程的影响下，一起作用于珊瑚礁海水pH的变化，因而使得不同海域的珊瑚礁海水对海洋酸化的响应有所差别。研究珊瑚礁生物活动在长时间尺度上对海水pH的作用对认识珊瑚礁海水酸化机理十分重要，同时也是了解珊瑚礁生态系统如何响应海洋酸化的重要手段。

关键词: 珊瑚礁, 碳酸盐体系, 海洋酸化, 硼同位素

Abstract: In the recent century, it is calculated that reef water pH has fallen by 0.2-0.3 pH units worldwide due to the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration, threatening the life of coral reefs. However, the long-term variation of reef water pH revealed by δ11B in the calcareous skeletons of coral demonstrates eminent interannual and decadal periodicities, and the variation was a result of the combined influences of regional marine climate processes and biological activities in the reef ecosystem. Metabolism in reef waters controls the dynamics of carbonate system parameters and regulates the variations of water pH. Influenced by global climate and environmental changes and regional marine climate processes, biological activities in reef water exert effects on variations of seawater pH, resulting in differential responses to ocean acidification from coral reef water of different sea areas. Therefore, learning the effects of the biological activities of coral reefs on marine water pH at long-term time scales is very important for understanding the acidification mechanisms of coral reef waters, and it is also an important means to learn how the coral reef ecosystem responds to ocean acidification.

Key words: coral reefs, carbonate system, ocean acidification, Boron isotope composition

陈雪霏，韦刚健，邓文峰，邹洁琼. 珊瑚礁海水pH变化及其对海洋酸化的意义[J]. 热带地理, 2016, 36(1): 41-47.

CHEN Xuefei，WEI Gangjian，DENG Wenfeng，ZOU Jieqiong. Reef Water pH Variation and Its Implications for Ocean Acidification[J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2016, 36(1): 41-47.

参考文献

[1] BATES N R，ASTOR Y M，CHURCH M J，CURRI E，DORE J，GONZALEZ-Davila E M，LORENZONI L，MULLER-KARGER F，OLAFSSON J，SANTANA-CASIANOJ M．A Time-Series View of Changing Surface Ocean Chemistry Due to Ocean Uptake of Anthropogenic CO2 and Ocean Acidification[J]．Oceanography，2014，27（1）：126-141．

[2] DONEY S C，FABRY V J，FEELY R A，KLEYPAS，J A．Ocean acidification：the other CO2 problem[J]．Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci，2009，1：169-192．

[3] SABINE C L，FEELY R A，GRUBE N，KEY R M，LEE K，BULLISTER J L，WANNINKHOF R，WONG C S，WALLACE D W R，TILBROOK B，MILLERO F J，PENG T-H，KOZYR A，ONO T，RIOS A F．The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2[J]．Science，2004，305：367-371．

[4] H?NISCH B，HEMMING N G．Surface ocean pH response to variations in pCO2 through two full glacial cycles[J]．Earth and Planetary Science Letters，2005，236：305-314．

[5] IPCC．Climate Change 2014：Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I，II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[R/OL]．Geneva，Switzerland：IPCC，2015：151[2015-12-17]．http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/ assessment- report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf．

[6] DONEY S C，SCHIMEL D S．Carbon and climate system coupling on timescales from the Precambrian to the Anthropocene[J]．Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.，2007，32：31-66．

[7] ANTHONY K R N，KLINE D I，DIAZ-PULIDO G，DOVE S，HOEGH- GULDBERG O．Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders[J]．Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences，2008，105：17442-17446．

[8] KLEYPAS J A，YATES K K．Coral reefs and ocean acidification [J]．Oceanography，2009，22（4）：109-117．

[9] KLEYPAS J A，LANGDON C．Coral reefs and changing seawater chemistry[M]//PHINNEY J T，SKIRVING W，KLEYPAS J，HOEGH Guldberg O．Coral Reefs and Climate Change：Science and Management．Washington D C：American Geophysical Union，2006：73-110．

[10] PELEJERO C，CALVO E，MCCULLOCH M T，MARSHALL JF，GAGAN M K，LOUGH J M，OPDYKE B N．Preindustrial to modern interdecadal variability in coral reef pH[J]．Science，2005，309：204-2207．

[11] WEI G J，MCCULLOCH M T，MORTIMER G，DENG W F，XIE L H．Evidence for ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia [J]．Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta，2009，73：2332-2346．

[12] LIU Y，LIU W G，PENG Z C，XIAO Y K，WEI G J，SUN W D，HE J F，LIU G J，CHOUC L．Instability of seawater pH in the South China Sea during the mid-late Holocene：Evidence from boron isotopic composition of corals[J]．Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta，2009，73：1264-1272．

[13] SHINJO R，ASAM I，HUANG K F，YOU CF，IRYU Y．Ocean acidification trend in the tropical North Pacific since the mid-20th century reconstructed from a coral archive[J]．Marine Geology，2013，342：58-64．

[14] LIU Y，PENG Z，ZHOU R，SONG S，LIU W，YOU C F，LIN Y P，YU K，WU C C，WEI G J，XIE L H，BURR G S，SHEN C C．Acceleration of Modern acidification in the South China Sea driven by anthropogenic CO2[J]．Scientific Reports，2014，4：5148．

[15] D'OLIVO J P，MCCULLOCH M T，EGGINS S M，TROTTER J．Coral records of reef-water pH across the central Great Barrier Reef，Australia：assessing the influence of river runoff on inshore reefs [J]．Biogeosciences，2015，12（4）：1223-1236．

[16] WEI G J，WANG Z B，KE T，LIU Y，DENG W F，CHEN X F，XU J F，ZENG T，XIE L H．Decadal variability in seawater pH in the West Pacific：Evidence from coral δ11B records[J]．Journal of Geophysical Research：Oceans，2015，120（11）：7166-7181．DOI：10.1002/ 2015JC011066.

[17] H?NISCH B，HEMMING N G．Surface ocean pH response to variations in pCO2 through two full glacial cycles[J]．Earth and Planetary Science Letters，2005，236（1/2）：305-314．

[18] PALMER M，PEARSON P N．A 23000-year record of surface water pH and pCO2 in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean[J]．Science，2003，300（5618）：480-482．

[19] TROTTER J A，MONTAGNA P，MCCULLOCH M T，SILENZI S，REYNAUD S，MORTIMER G，MARTIN S，FERRIER Pages C，GATTUSO J P，RODOLFO Metalpa R．Quantifying the pH“vital effect”in the temperate zooxanthellate coral Cladocora caespotosa：validation of the boron seawater pH proxy[J]．Earth and Planetary Science Letters，2011，303：163-173．

[20] SMITH S V．Carbon dioxide dynamics：a record of organic carbon production，respiration，and calcification in the eniwetok reef flat community[J]．Limnology and oceanography，1973，18（1）：106-120．

[21] BATES N，SAMUELS L．Biogeochemical and physical factors influencing seawater fCO2 and air-sea CO2 exchange on the Bermuda coral reef [J]．Limnology and Oceanography，2001，46（4）：833-846．

[22] DAI M H，LU Z M，ZHAI W D，CHEN BS，CAO ZM，ZHOU KB，CAI W-J，CHEN A-T A．Diurnal variations of surface seawater pCO2 in contrasting coastal environments[J]．Limnology and Oceanography，2009，54（3）：735-745．

[23] FRANKIGNOULLE M，GATTUSO J P，BIONDO R，BOURGE I，COPIN Monegut G，PICHON M．Carbon fluxes in coral reefs．II．Eulerian study of inorganic carbon dynamics and measurement of air-sea CO2 exchanges [J]．Marine Ecology Progress Series，1996，145：123-132．

[24] YATES K K，DUFORE C，SMILE Y，JACKSON C，HALLEY R B．Diurnal variation of oxygen and carbonate system parameters in Tampa Bay and Florida Bay[J]．Marine Chemistry，2007，104：110-124．

[25] ZHANG C L，HUANG H，YE C，HUANG L M，LI X B，LIAN J S，LIU S．Diurnal and seasonal variations of carbonate system parameters on Luhuitou fringing reef，Sanya Bay，Hainan Island，South China Sea [J]．Deep-sea Research II，2013，96：65-74．

[26] ANDERSSON A J，YEAKEL K L，BATES N R，DE PUTRON S J．Partial offsets in ocean acidification from changing coral reef biogeochemistry [J]．Nature Climate Change，2014，4：56-61．

[27] KLEYPAS J A，ANTHONY K R N，GATTUSOJ P．Coral reefs modify their seawater carbon chemistry-case study from a barrier reef（Moorea，French Polynesia）[J]．Global Change Biology，2011，17：3667-3678．

[28] HALPERN B S，WALBRIDGE S，SELKOE K A，KAPPEL C V，MICHELI F，D’AGROSA C，BRUNO J F，CASEY K，SEBERT C，FOX H E，FUJITA R，HEINEMANN D，LENIHAN H S，MADIN E M P，PERRY M T，SELIG E R，SPALDING M，STENECK R，WATSON R．A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems[J]．Science，2008，319（5868）：948-952．

[29] CYRONAK T，SCHULZ K G，SANTOS I R，EYRE BD．Enhanced acidification of global coral reefs driven by regional biogeochemical feedbacks[J]．Geophysical Research Letters，2014，41（15）：5538-5546．

[30] BATES N R，AMAT A，ANDERSSON A J．Feedbacks and responses of coral calcification on the Bermuda reef system to seasonal changes in biological processes and ocean acidification[J]．Biogeosciences，2010，7：2509-2530．

[31] DUARTE C M，HENDRIKS I E，MOORE T S，OLSEN Y S，STECKBAUER A，RAMAJO L，CARTENSEN J，TROTTER J A，MCCULLOCH M．Is ocean acidification an open-ocean syndrome? Understanding anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH[J]．Estuaries and Coasts，2013，36：221-236．

[32] ANTHONY K N，KLEYPAS J A，GATTUSO J P．Coral reefs modify their seawater carbon chemistry-implications for impacts of ocean acidification [J]．Global Change Biology，2011，14：3655-3666．

[33] WILKINSON C．Status of coral reefs of the world：2008[M/ OL]．Townsville，Australia：global coral reef monitoring network and reef and rainforest research center，2008：296[2015-12-17]．http://www. icriforum.org/sites/default/files/GCRMN_Status_Coral_Reefs_2008.pdf．

[34] HOEGH-GULDBERG O．Climate change，coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs[J]．Marine Freshwater Research，1999，50：839-866．

[35] HUGHES T P，BAIRD A H，BELLWOOD D R，CARD M，CONNOLLY S R，FOLKE C，GROSBERG R，HOEGH Guldberg O，JACKSON J B C，KLEYPAS J，LOUGH J M，MARSHALL P，NYSTROM M，PALUMBI S R，PANDOLFI J M，ROSEN B，ROUGHGARDEN J．Climate change，human impacts，and the resilience of coral reefs[J]．Science，2003，301：929-933．

[36] EREZ J，REYNAUD S，SILVERMAN J，SCHNEIDER K，ALLEMAND D．Coral Calcification Under Ocean Acidification and Global Change[M] //DUBINSKY Z，STAMBLER N．Coral Reefs：An Ecosystem in Transition．Netherlands：Springer，2011：151-176．

[37] CHAN N C S，CONNOLLY S R．Sensitivity of coral calcification to ocean acidification：a meta-analysis[J]．Global Change Biology，2013，19（1）：282-290．

[38] KROEKER K J，KORDAS R L，CRIM R N，SINGH G G．Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms[J]．Ecology Letters，2010，13（11）：1419-1434．

[39] COMEAU S，EDMUNDS P J，SPINDEL N B，CARPENTER R C．The responses of eight coral reef calcifiers to increasing partial pressure of CO2 do not exhibit a tipping point[J]．Limnology and Oceanography，2013，58（1）：388-3983．

[40] TAKAHASHI A，KURIHARA H．Ocean acidification does not affect the physiology of the tropical coral Acropora digitifera during a 5-week experiment[J]．Coral Reefs，2013，32（1）：305-314．

[41] COMEAU S，CARPENTER R C，LANTZ C A，EDMUNDS P J．Ocean acidification accelerates dissolution of experimental coral reef communities[J]．Biogeosciences，2015，12（2）：365-372．

[42] SHAW E C，PHINN S R，TILBROOK B，STEVEN A．Natural in situ relationships suggest coral reef calcium carbonate production will decline with ocean acidification[J]．Limnology and Oceanography，2015，60（3）：777-788．

[43] TRIBOLLET A，GODINOT C，ATKINSON M，LANGDON C．Effects of elevated pCO2 on dissolution of coral carbonates by microbial euendoliths[J]．Global Biogeochemical Cycles，2009，23（3）：GB3008．

[44] WISSHAK M．，SCH?NBERG C H L，FORM A，FREIWALD A．Ocean Acidification Accelerates Reef Bioerosion[J]．PLoS One，2012，7（9）：E45124．

[45] REYES Nivia C，DIAZ Pulido G，KLINE D，GULDBERG O H，DOVE S．Ocean acidification and warming scenarios increase microbioerosion of coral skeletons[J]．Global Change Biology，2013，19（6）：1919-1929．

[46] DECARLO TM，COHEN A L，BARKLEY H C，COBBAN Q，YOUNG C，SHAMBERGER K E，BRAINARD R E，GOLBUU Y．Coral macrobioerosion is accelerated by ocean acidification and nutrients [J]．Geology，2015，43（1）：7-10．

[47] VOGEL N，MEYER F W，WILD C，UTHICKE S．Decreased light availability can amplify negative impacts of ocean acidification on calcifying coral reef organisms[J]．Marine Ecology Progress Series，2015，521：49-61．

[48] KLEYPAS J A，BUDDEMEIER R W，ARCHER D，GATTUSO J P，LANGDON C，OPDYKE B N．Geochemical consequence of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs[J]．Science，1999，284：118-120．

[49] ZHAO J X，YU K. U-series dating of coral reefs from the South China Sea[J]．Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta，2006，70（18）：741-741．

[50] ZHAO J X，YU K．Timing of Holocene sea-level highstands by mass spectrometric U-series ages of a coral reef from Leizhou Peninsula, South China Sea[J]．Chinese Science Bulletin，2002，47（4）：348-352．

[51] ZHAO J X，YU K．Millennial-, century- and decadal-scale oscillations of Holocene sea-level recorded in a coral reef in the northern South China Sea[J]．Quaternary International，2007，167/168（S1）：473．