Recently, the integration of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) and tourism has generated new consumption hotspots that facilitate the transformation of cultural resources into cultural capital, producing notable economic and social benefits. Drawing on critical heritage studies, this research applies cultural capital theory and scale theory to examine Yingge Dance, a national-level ICH item originating from Chaoshan region (comprising 3 prefecture-level cities: Shantou, Jieyang and Chaozhou), China. Using participant observation and in-depth interviews, we explored the multi-scalar formation and scale transformation of cultural capital related to Yingge Dance. This study yielded three main findings. First, Yingge Dance embodies both cultural publicity and capital productivity. Its preservation and transmission depend on embodied practice, objectified transformation, and institutionalized support, reflecting a fusion of tradition and modernity as well as a symbiotic relationship between economy and culture. Second, at the individual scale, performers continually refine their bodily knowledge and skills in intergenerational practices, extending training and performance into broader community contexts. This process transforms Yingge Dance into cultural capital that fosters group cohesion and enhances community governance. At the regional scale, cultural tourism consumption and market participation accelerate the production of objectified cultural capital. Supported by local government initiatives, Yingge Dance becomes a form of urban cultural capital that stimulates tourism consumption and contributes to urban branding. At the national scale, China incorporates Yingge Dance into narratives of physical, moral, and aesthetic education, embedding it within cultural governance frameworks through top-down policy empowerment. This elevates Yingge Dance to national cultural capital that reflects cultural diversity and strengthens international competitiveness. Third, Yingge Dance has achieved the reproduction of the functions, values, and meanings by scaling up from group-level cultural capital to urban cultural capital and subsequently to national cultural capital. However, challenges emerge during this scaling-up process, including cognitive conflicts among stakeholders, blurred genre boundaries, uneven development, and diminishing authenticity. To address these issues, China promotes a scaling-down approach through policies and discursive frameworks to maintain the vitality of ICH transmission. This scaling down is reflected in the stewardship and empowerment of ICH bearers, incorporation of national ICH strategies into urban development agendas, and strengthening of local governments' narrative and discursive power. This study offers a critical perspective on understanding the practices and interactions of multiple actors in ICH inheritance. It also provides practical recommendations for cultural tourism development and the extraction of ICH value through the lens of cultural capital and scale theories.

The development of megacities corresponds to the macro-structure of social operations, while the lives of urban residents correspond to micro-level social practices. The interaction between these two dimensions requires the support of multi-scalar spaces to ensure the effective functioning of urban society and fulfill people's aspirations for a better life. Convenience stores have emerged as pivotal infrastructural nodes that meet daily consumption needs. The current research defines them as standardized non-place spaces. However, we found that convenience stores are often perceived as warm and therapeutic spaces, prompting us to explore how convenience stores serve as social intermediaries that connect the spatial structure of megacities with daily life. This study focuses on two core questions: How do people develop a sense of place in megacities through their interactions with convenience stores? What does the emergence of placeness in standardized non-place spaces reveal about the dynamics between people and the city? Grounded in Lefebvrian social space theory and humanistic geographical place theory, this article first establishes the conceptual relationship between spatiality and placeness through the lens of the "Proximity" concept, and then constructs an analytical framework based on material, social, and affective dimensions for qualitative research. The findings reveal that: 1) Convenience stores function as "plug-in spaces" that optimize the metropolitan ecosystem. By providing material convenience and standardized services, they transform physical spaces into social spaces, thereby offering crucial social support to urban residents. This demonstrates the distinctive social value inherent in small-scale commercial spaces in urban contexts. Building on their unique standardized service protocols and spatial power dynamics, convenience stores provide consumers with customer-centric spatial experiences. 2) While deeply embedded in the daily lives of megacity residents, convenience store spaces exhibit a dialectical combination of placeness and non-place characteristics. These stores extend across metropolitan areas through an extensive network of chain outlets. This process of placemaking serves as a means through which urban residents construct their individual life subjectivity. The emergence of convenience store placeness reflects people's proactive efforts to construct emotional anchors amid the hypermobile pace of metropolitan life. The emotional attachment to standardized spaces reflects a contemporary urban reality: the hypermobile nature of life in megacities weakens, or even eliminates, organic interpersonal connections, creating a pressing need for everyday consumption spaces that meet practical needs while also providing a sense of belonging. Based on this analysis, the study posits that understanding and enhancing the functions of such plug-in spaces in two key areas can contribute to the organic optimization of urban life: 1) Beginning with the self-practice of urban individuals, it is essential to preserve human agency in daily routines and encourage the establishment of stable interpersonal connections in public life. 2) From the perspective of urban spatial planning, commercial community spaces should be embedded in daily life, closely aligned with people's needs, and serve as nodes for constructing social bonds. Urban planning should be fundamentally oriented toward shared social development, forming a multidimensional, multi-scalar, and human-centered spatial system.

In the current era of oversaturated consumer goods, "crappy" goods—defined as low-cost, shoddy commodities with inferior materials, limited practicality, and poor durability—have shaped an urban culture that fosters overconsumption and resource wastage. Fueled by the ascendancy of social media shopping in China, such goods have rapidly gained prevalence and evolved into a prominent cultural phenomenon. Against this backdrop, video logs (vlogs), which originally emerged on social media as a medium centered on documenting daily life, have gradually been transformed into marketing tools for Multi-Channel Network agencies. The "exquisite girl" vlog series serves as a typical example, generating significant controversy and attention in online spaces. From the perspective of Spectacle 2.0, this study employed a mixed-methods approach to social media content analysis, taking the "exquisite girl" vlog series as the research subject. Through cross-platform browsing analysis of the videos and visual and textual analysis of their content and descriptive texts, this study explored how such elaborately crafted social media advertisements promoted cheap products through performances in everyday spaces, and how the promotion of these cheap products, in turn, reconstructed the social and cultural meanings of everyday spaces. The main findings are as follows: On the one hand, everyday spaces constituted the core scenes of the "exquisite girl" vlog series, shaping Spectacle 2.0-style images that functioned as advertisements for "crappy" goods. These images consisted of three key elements: the video protagonists (young urban women with relatively high incomes, strong professional capabilities, and adept at managing households), the everyday spaces they inhabited, and the commodity-displaying activities taking place within these spaces. As these images were essentially social media-based advertisements, everyday spaces, the "exquisite girls," China's short video industry, digital platforms, and cheap products collectively constructed a materialized "pseudo-environment" that appealed to women's consumption capital. This environment was characterized by the commodification of daily life, in which even mundane spaces and routines were packaged to stimulate purchasing behavior, blurring the boundaries between authentic daily experiences and commercial promotion. On the other hand, the Spectacle 2.0 constructed through the visual and textual narratives of the "exquisite girl" vlog series endowed everyday spaces with new meanings. Originally serving functional purposes, such as residence, work, leisure, transportation, and retail, these everyday spaces had been redefined under the influence of social media-driven linguistic and visual aesthetics, which carried inherent contradictions. The result was a new type of space: a feminized, photogenic, and homogenized commodity space. This reconstruction of meaning in everyday spaces reinforced the stereotypical connection between women, domestic labor, and physical display. Women in these vlogs were often portrayed engaging in activities such as decorating living spaces with cheap products, demonstrating household chores, or showcasing their appearance—activities that perpetuated traditional gender roles and framed women's worth through their ability to create an "exquisite" and visually appealing lifestyle. This study makes a critical contribution to the existing research on the mutual construction of social media and urban aesthetics under Spectacle 2.0. By expanding the analysis from the perspective of gendered everyday spaces, this study clarifies the bidirectional interactive relationship between platform atmospheres and these spaces. Drawing evidence from the online marketing discourse surrounding "crappy" goods, this study reveals the core role of such discursive systems, thereby offering a new perspective for research on digital urban consumption geography. The findings suggest that future research should focus on bidirectional interactions between digital platforms and everyday consumption spaces rather than unidirectional influences. Additionally, this study calls for greater attention from the digital creative and cultural industries—as well as from relevant research and policy discussions—to the consumer society saturated with cheap products shaped by Spectacle 2.0. Overall, this study highlights the pressing issues arising from this phenomenon, including excessive resource consumption and lack of spiritual life—problems that require collective reflection and proactive solutions to promote more sustainable and equitable patterns of consumption in the digital age.

The spatio-temporal compression effect of information and communication technology (ICT) accelerates the dynamic coupling between residents' consumption behaviors and urban space. Existing research often focuses on a single perspective and rarely accounts for the interaction between different types of space and behavior. In this study, we integrated the human-land framework with multi-source data to systematically analyze the spatial distribution patterns and correlation of five categories of consumption facilities and behaviors in downtown Nanjing. The results show that: 1) the consumption facility space represented by POI data presents a "one-master-many-times" agglomeration mode, and it has the unbalanced characteristics of more in the south of the Yangtze River and less in the north of the Yangtze River, more in the center and less in the periphery, and all five consumption facility types highly concentrated in the Xinjiekou-Confucius Temple-Hunan Road node area, displaying clear local heterogeneity. 2) The consumption behavior space represented by check-in data presents a polycentric structure with lower aggregation intensity than facility space. The vitality of the old city and the new city is evidently divided into two levels. The five types of activity spaces are all centered on Xinjiekou, but there are some differences in their agglomeration degree and spatial distribution characteristics. 3) The pattern of consumption facilities and behaviors shows "overall co-location, local dislocation", showing the spatial dependence of strong center and weak periphery; On the correlation level, the grade matching of the old city of Nanjing is good, and the peripheral new city has the problem of high planned energy level but insufficient agglomeration power, and the anti-magnetic effect has not yet formed. 4) The five types of related patterns all follow the pattern of "high center-low periphery", and the consumption centers show different levels and functions, with the highest degree of catering concentration and multi-center spatial structure; the shopping category is "the old city is strong-the new city is weak", and the high-high nodes gather in the commercial mature and cultural tourism intensive areas; leisure shows the multi-core development characteristics of the ancient capital; life is well developed in mature communities, but it is easy to have a "functional vacuum" at the junction of the district; the descending law of the level of the center-periphery of accommodation is obvious, which is highly related to transportation and service resources; facilities and their corresponding activities are similar and cross-complementary, confirming a trend toward integrated consumption scenes. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the heterogeneous characteristics of five types of consumption facilities and behaviors, addressing gaps in earlier research that emphasized only shopping and catering, and offers practical insights for supporting Nanjing's efforts to develop an international consumption center and promote balanced development between the old and new urban areas.

Facilitating the social integration of the migrant population is a pivotal task in the comprehensive advancement of new urbanization. Nevertheless, this significant task is currently confronted with formidable challenges arising from the prevailing trend of unstable employment in the labor market. This paper introduces the concept of precarity, which has been the subject of extensive and in-depth discussion in the international academic community, constructs a comprehensive indicator system for assessing employment precarity, and reveals the intricate impact mechanism of employment precarity on the social integration of China's migrant population. Based on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2017, the following primary conclusions were obtained through rigorous exploratory factor analysis and parallel multiple mediation effect models. Firstly, the overwhelming majority of the migrant population is in a state of varying degrees of unstable employment. When evaluating the comprehensive index of employment precarity for the migrant population from four key dimensions, employment status, contract nature, occupational industry type, and unit ownership, the value of 0.466 indicates an overall moderate level of precarity. The migrant population that fails to attain stable employment often finds itself in a disadvantaged position. These individuals typically seldom sign formal contracts, which means they lack the legal protection and stability that come with such contracts. They are concentrated in the secondary labor market, where low-threshold occupations and non-monopolistic industries prevail. Despite their arduous work, they can only earn meager wages, which severely restricts their standard of living and development opportunities. Secondly, the average level of social integration of the migrant population is 0.363. The integration levels of the economic, psychological, and behavioral dimensions are 0.102, 0.614, and 0.732, respectively. The low-level integration in the economic dimension is the primary bottleneck in the social integration process of the migrant population. Thirdly, the employment precarity of the migrant population has a significant direct negative impact on its level of social integration. It constrains social integration by influencing a series of material, social, and subjective psychological conditions. These include income stability, housing stability, social security level, local social network, local social participation, housing willingness, and settlement willingness. The indirect limiting effect accounts for 77.49% of the total limiting effect. Among the hypotheses proposed in this paper, the effect of the employment precarity–residence intention–social integration path is the most significant, and the effect of the employment precarity–income stability–social integration path is the weakest. However, the employment precarity–family migration–social integration path has not been verified and requires further in-depth exploration and elucidation. This paper enhances the indicator system for measuring employment instability, comprehensively demonstrating its characteristics such as high job-change frequency, lack of security, and disadvantaged position in the labor market. Simultaneously, it specifically reveals the impact path of employment instability on social integration. Finally, this paper introduces the concept of employment instability into domestic human geography research, offering a solid research foundation for understanding and addressing the challenges posed by instability to the social integration of the migrant population. At the practical level, in the context of employment instability becoming a trend of economic development, it is imperative to promote the social integration of the migrant population through policy and system linkages in employment, housing, social security, household registration, and other areas.

Under the strategic context of building a unified national market and promoting regional coordinated development, investigating the structural evolution and driving mechanisms of capital flow networks is crucial for optimizing resource allocation. Utilizing cross-regional investment data from Chinese listed companies (2008–2023), this study constructed a provincial capital flow network and employed blockmodel analysis, motif detection, and temporal exponential random graph models (TERGM) to identify structural dynamics and driving factors. Key findings are as follows: (1) From 2008 to 2018, network density and centralization increased, whereas the average path length decreased, signaling enhanced equilibrium and efficiency in capital allocation. After 2019, external shocks triggered fluctuations in network efficiency, revealing systemic vulnerability. Capital flows exhibited "dispersed outflow and concentrated inflow," with eastern coastal regions dominating capital exports and central-western areas gradually strengthening absorption capacity, reflecting a dynamic shift toward regional equilibrium. (2) The network is differentiated into four functional modules: primary beneficiary (e.g., Beijing and Shanghai), broker (e.g., Anhui and Sichuan), bidirectional spillover (e.g., Hebei and Shaanxi), and primary spillover (e.g., Jilin and Qinghai). The spatial distribution displayed a "club effect," where geographically adjacent provinces assumed similar roles. The core eastern regions intensified capital absorption through industrial upgrading, whereas the resource-rich central-western provinces achieved bidirectional capital interactions via policy incentives. Underdeveloped regions faced persistent net capital outflows owing to developmental constraints. (3) Capital transmission exhibited coexisting closed reciprocity and chain diffusion. Declining closed motifs indicated deepening market segmentation from local protectionism, whereas rising chain motifs indicated intensified capital agglomeration in economically active regions, exacerbating core-periphery disparities. This duality reflects inefficient resource allocation and entrenched regional imbalances. (4) The network demonstrated strong temporal path dependence and limited innovation capacity. Key drivers included product market vitality, government efficacy, and labor quality, which attracted significant capital inflows. Conversely, excessive government intervention and high local debt suppressed capital attractiveness and outflow capacity. Notably, capital flows thrived between regions with large economic disparities, while geographical proximity and cultural similarity enhanced flow intensity by reducing transaction costs and information asymmetry. Theoretically, this study advances the geographical understanding of capital spatiality by integrating blockmodeling and motif analysis to decode the functional modular architecture and micro-level transmission mechanisms. Methodologically, this study pioneers the application of TERGM to decipher the temporal evolution mechanisms of networks, thereby addressing the limitations of static analytical frameworks. Practically, the findings provide actionable insights for optimizing inter-provincial capital allocation, mitigating market fragmentation through targeted governance, and fostering cross-regional coordination to balance efficiency and equity in China's unified market construction.

The digital economy network can enhance the stability and risk resistance of industrial chains, thereby playing a crucial and strategic role in addressing regional development imbalances, improving resource allocation, and promoting high-quality, integrated economic growth across urban clusters. This study used a comprehensive dataset of digital economy development indicators for 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta from 2012 to 2022. It systematically integrated measurements of the digital financial inclusion index and Internet development levels to capture and analyze the dynamic evolution of digital economy growth in the region. A modified gravity model was employed to construct a digital economy correlation matrix to quantify intercity economic linkages. Furthermore, complex network analysis combined with computer simulation techniques was used to examine the temporal evolution of network resilience and its influencing factors. The results revealed that: 1) During the study period, the network density of the Yangtze River Delta's digital economy increased by 0.245, and the regional development pattern shifted from a "single-core agglomeration" to a more diversified "multi-center linkage." Simultaneously, the frequency and intensity of interactions among cities increased significantly, while core cities strengthened their monopoly, allocation, and redistribution capacities over critical digital resources, reflecting a more optimized and coordinated network structure. 2) Structural barriers within the digital economy network gradually diminished, while cross-industry and cross-regional collaborations intensified significantly, giving rise to an open collaborative network structure. Among the subgroups, Sector I primarily functioned as an intermediary, whereas Sector IV served as the primary output core, indicating the transformation of the network's organizational form from a relatively closed internal cycle to a more open and interconnected system. 3) Over the past decade, the network structure flattened and exhibited an overall disassortative mixing pattern. The facilitation of digital economy factor flows had improved, and the network structure had evolved from a "core-periphery" configuration to a three-tier "core-sub-core-periphery" pattern. Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Nanjing emerged as core cities, whereas Hefei and Wuxi developed into secondary hubs. 4) Under random disruptions or attacks, the network collapsed when approximately 50% of its nodes were attacked. In random-attack scenarios, basic operations remained possible even when up to 85% of nodes were attacked. However, when critical nodes were deliberately targeted, the overall network performance declined rapidly, exposing inherent vulnerabilities. 5) Significant differences in urban economic development, human capital agglomeration, and technological innovation drove the interregional flow of digital factors. The complementary development of information, talent, capital, and technology enhanced network connectivity and resilience. Geographical proximity was also a critical factor that influenced network resilience. These findings provide valuable theoretical and empirical support for enhancing the resilience of the Yangtze River Delta digital economy network, reinforcing the spillover effects of core cities, and promoting efficient cross-regional resource sharing and coordinated development.

High-resolution records and fine structure comparisons between different climate proxies are invaluable for elucidating the detailed variations and mechanisms of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) intensity. Based on eight high-precision ²³⁰Th dates and 448 δ¹⁸O data from a stalagmite (YX53) collected from Yongxing Cave in the Shennongjia Forestry District, Hubei Province, China, this study reconstructed a high-resolution EASM evolution sequence spanning 52.45 to 64.44 ka BP. This sequence completely covers Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events 18 to 15, and partly covers DO14. This record not only reveals the rapid onset and gradual decline pattern of DO18 during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4/3 transition but also delineates the sub-millennial-scale internal oscillations within DO17a and two sub-oscillations during DO16a that are comparable in duration and intensity. It also clearly documents two precursor events (PEs), namely PE17 and PE16. The results demonstrated that the EASM intensity exhibited a one-to-one correspondence with the Greenland ice core record throughout the DO18–15 events. However, in the YX53 δ ¹⁸O, Arabian Sea albedo, SCH02 δ ¹⁸O, and Cariaco Basin albedo records, the intensities of the PE17 and PE16 events are consistently lower than those of the subsequent DO17a and DO16a events. In contrast, the Greenland ice core record shows that the intensities of the PE17 and PE16 events are comparable to those of the DO17a and DO16a events, respectively. Furthermore, the evolution of EASM intensity during the DO events exhibited notable similarities to low-latitude climate processes. During the onset and termination phases of the DO events, changes in the EASM intensity resembled the more gradual transitions that are characteristic of low-latitude records. However, within the DO events themselves, the EASM exhibited internal structures analogous to those observed in low-latitude processes, such as the two sub-oscillations during DO16a that are comparable in duration and intensity, and the rapid-onset–slow-termination transition pattern of DO18. These consistencies indicate a significant modulating influence of low-latitude processes on EASM intensity during the MIS4/3 transition. We propose that the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) may have influenced the pace of EASM variability and contributed to centennial-scale oscillations within DO events through mechanisms such as air-sea interactions. Based on a stalagmite δ ¹⁸O record from Shennongjia, this study reconstructs EASM variability during DO events 18 to 15. Through detailed comparisons and analyses of transitional events, we reveal the modulating role of low-latitude processes on the EASM during the MIS4/3 transition. These results suggest that while high-latitude processes primarily drive the initiation and termination of millennial-scale EASM enhancement events, low-latitude processes, which are likely influenced by the WPWP, may shape the intensity and internal structure of these enhancements within DO events.

The Leizhou Kiln is one of the three major kiln sites in the Lingnan region, which are widely distributed across the Leizhou Peninsula. Over 100 kiln sites hosting 200 individual kilns have been discovered on the Leizhou Peninsula, constituting the largest cluster of civilian kilns along the coastline of China. However, chronological studies of the Leizhou Kiln are limited, with dating primarily relying on archaeological typology, and robust absolute chronological markers are lacking. The initiation and termination ages of the key historical kilns are unclear: the evolutionary trajectory of the kiln industry is thus unclear. Key stratigraphic samples were systematically collected based on the stratigraphic features of the Leizhou Kiln. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was used to tentatively determine the initial firing age of the Xinbu Kiln and terminal firing age of the Jiuyang Kiln, yielding preliminary chronological data. Our findings show: 1) Weathered debris from the fired bricks at the bottom of the Xinbu Kiln cultural layer produced strong luminescence with concentrated equivalent dose distributions, indicating the high reliability of the dating results. The ages obtained from the samples at the bottom of two independent cultural profiles were approximately 1.3±0.1 ka, different from the depositional ages of the topmost underlying primary sand layers (about 94.4 and 63.4 ka). This finding indicates that the kiln may have been in use since the mid-to-late Tang Dynasty. 2) The OSL dating of two independent samples from the thin bottom sandy layer within the overlying colluvium of the Jiuyang Kiln cultural layer yielded ages approaching 0.2 ka. This indicated that the kiln may have been abandoned during the late Qing Dynasty, a finding corroborated by local oral historical records documenting the cessation of kiln operations during that period. 3) This was a pioneering application of OSL dating for determining the time when the Xinbu Kiln was initiated and the Jiuyang Kiln was abandoned. This study refines the traditional view that Xinbu Kiln predominantly dated to the Song Dynasty and the Jiuyang Kiln primarily operated during the Song-Yuan period, revealing that the Leizhou Kiln provided long-term contributions to regional ceramic production in China. 4) Applying the single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol (SAR) method effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional typology in dating complex stratigraphy and kiln sites. This study provides a foundation for systematically integrating regional kiln chronology data and establishing an integrated chronological framework for the Leizhou Kiln. This temporal framework provides a crucial basis for describing the developmental trajectory of the Leizhou Kiln and its pivotal role in the Maritime Silk Road.

In the context of an accelerating society, young individuals in contemporary cities face mounting psychological pressures and existential anxiety. This has led to an increasing demand for environments that offer therapeutic relief and emotional refuge. This study takes the "Time-Farm," an urban green space, as a case study to explore the construction of urban therapeutic landscapes, the perception of young individuals, and the ontological and epistemological foundations of healing. Drawing on Tim Ingold's dwelling perspective, this study examines epistemologies of human-nature relations, embodied and enmined practices, and the temporality of landscapes to propose a multidimensional analytical framework. This framework serves to interpret how landscapes can be healing for youth and offers a new explanatory approach for reconstructing subjectivity in an accelerated society. The findings suggest that therapeutic landscapes are not simply the result of static natural environments but are co-constructed through a relational epistemology that views human and non-human life as interdependent, cohabiting participants. In the Time-Farm, the therapeutic effect of space emerges from its founders' intentional rejection of anthropocentrism. Plants are not regarded as decorative objects but as co-dwelling beings with agency. Through sustained interaction and affective care, caregivers' non-representational practices fostered a shared coexistence epistemology that resonated with urban youths. As youth began to participate in the maintenance and experience of the space, their involvement signaled bodily engagement and an epistemic transformation: therapeutic feeling required the recognition of human–nature interdependence. This shift in understanding is a necessary precondition of ecological connections and emotional resonance. Moreover, the therapeutic process is deeply embedded in the convergence of embodied and enmined practices and temporal rhythms of the landscape. The young participants engaged in sensory-rich, emotionally resonant activities that activated bodily awareness and relational connections to a place. The therapeutic effect does not occur as an immediate experience but rather unfolds over time through repeated interactions, seasonal cycles, and the slow growth of living organisms. The temporality of the landscape mirrors the rhythms of individual transformations and supports sustained therapeutic effects. Theoretically, this study challenges the reductive paradigm that equates therapeutic effects solely with environmental conditions. Instead, it proposes a relational and procedural approach integrating epistemology, embodiment, and temporality. By employing Ingold's dwelling perspective, this study provides an interpretive tool rooted in environmental anthropology for understanding therapeutic landscapes. Practically, it offers insights for designing urban green spaces: therapeutic environments must move beyond the mere presence of greenery to foster relational understanding, embodied participation, and long-term interaction.As an urban green space, the Time-Farm demonstrates how therapeutic landscapes can be cultivated through cohabitative epistemology, integrated mind-body practices, and sustained care. The model of a "human-environment-life community" provides an ecologically holistic perspective on landscape-making and offers a fertile direction for theoretical innovation in future therapeutic landscape research.

University students, a highly active demographic group in society, face substantial mental health challenges due to academic, employment, and social pressures. Existing studies suggest that the built environment is an important intervention for mental health. However, limited attention has been paid to the mechanisms through which the built environment influences depression via behavioral mediators among university students, and the spatial heterogeneity of these effects between urban and suburban areas remains underexplored. Based on data from the 2018 Chinese College Student Epidemiological Survey, this study employed a grouped path analysis model to examine the mediating effects of individual behaviors (active travel, exercise, unhealthy diet, and social interactions) on the relationship between the campus neighborhood-built environment and depression among university students in urban and suburban areas. The results indicate that campus neighborhood-built environment factors, including land-use mix, intersection density, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), proximity to parks, and the density of sports facilities, food delivery outlets, and fast-food outlets, indirectly affect depression by influencing individual behavior. In urban areas, an unhealthy diet mediates the relationship between campus neighborhood-built environment and depression, whereas active travel, unhealthy diet, and social interactions mediate this relationship in suburban areas. Specifically, in urban areas, intersection density, proximity to parks, and the density of sports facilities indirectly appear to influence depression by affecting an unhealthy diet. In suburban areas, the NDVI and the density of sports facilities and food delivery outlets indirectly affect depression by influencing active travel. NDVI and the density of food delivery and fast-food outlets indirectly affect depression by influencing an unhealthy diet. Land-use mix, NDVI, and the density of food delivery outlets indirectly affect depression by influencing social interactions. Additionally, campus neighborhood-built environmental factors directly affect depression among university students. Land-use mix, intersection density, and the density of food delivery outlets have considerable direct effects on depression in urban areas, while intersection density, proximity to parks, and the density of sports facilities and fast-food outlets show substantial direct effects in suburban areas. This study elucidated the mechanisms through which campus neighborhood-built environments influence depression among university students via behavioral mediators, providing empirical support for addressing inequalities in living and learning environments and mental health between urban and suburban university students. Based on this, the present study proposes two strategies—environment-behavior interventions and direct environmental interventions—to optimize the neighborhood-built environment on urban and suburban campuses and promote mental health of college students.

With rapid urbanization, urban safety has become a critical issue in city governance. Among the various approaches, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) has gained increasing attention owing to its effectiveness in reducing crime risk through physical environment interventions. This study systematically reviewed the development trajectory of CPTED practices in South Korea over the past four decades, dividing them into three distinct stages: initial conceptual introduction and early experimentation, formulation of guidelines and pilot implementation, and legislative revision and full-scale institutionalization. Each stage was analyzed in detail in terms of policy background, implementation strategies, and governance arrangements. Based on this review, this study constructed a framework illustrating the operational mechanism of CPTED in South Korea, highlighting the collaboration among national agencies (particularly the National Police Agency), local governments, academic institutions, and communities. The model emphasizes the importance of a standardized design process and case-based feedback to form a dynamic and iterative practice system. To demonstrate the practical application of this framework, this paper presents a detailed case study of the Yeomni-dong neighborhood in Seoul, one of the earliest CPTED pilot projects in South Korea. Through onsite assessments, risk mapping, participatory planning, and post-implementation evaluations, the project significantly improved community safety, reduced specific types of crime (such as robbery), and enhanced residents' sense of belonging and security. This case underscores the adaptability and effectiveness of CPTED principles in densely built East Asian urban contexts.The study also provides a concise overview of how CPTED-related principles have been applied in China across different administrative sectors, including the Ministry of Public Security's "Skynet Project," the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development's "Complete Residential Community Guidelines," and grassroots governance initiatives such as Zhejiang's "Neighborhood Watch" and Beijing's "Fengqiao Experience." Despite these efforts, challenges remain in China's current CPTED practices, including the lack of a unified standard system, fragmented departmental responsibilities, and insufficient integration of digital and physical safety strategies.Drawing on South Korea's institutional and practical experience, this study proposes four strategies for constructing a localized CPTED framework in China: (1) improving the legal and regulatory system by incorporating CPTED principles into national and local standards; (2) fostering cross-sector collaboration among planning, security, and governance bodies; (3) embedding CPTED assessments into urban health-check mechanisms to identify spatial safety risks; and (4) integrating CPTED principles into the entire process of urban renewal projects to promote sustainable and resilient urban environments. This study aims to provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for improving urban crime prevention strategies in China, contributing to the development of a more integrated, adaptive, and locally tailored CPTED system. It also offers valuable lessons for the convergence of spatial planning and public safety governance in rapidly urbanizing contexts.

As a crucial visual aid for security information representation, thematic maps not only help public security management departments understand regional security conditions but also guide police deployment and patrol planning. However, when faced with large volumes of police data and diverse requirements. Pan-maps, which serve as augmentations of traditional standard maps, encompass generalized mapping expressions derived from the fusion of standard maps and map-like representations. They offer a comprehensive display of the diverse and intricate facets of security information. Therefore, from the perspective of multilevel security prevention and control, this study uses sub-bureaus, police stations, and police offices as examples, integrates the theory of pan-map visualization dimensions and knowledge graph methods, and proposes a thematic risk map recommendation method tailored to multilevel security needs, providing effective mapping guidance for security personnel. First, this study synthesizes a knowledge system for thematic risk map recommendations by delineating the interrelationships among the expression requirements, visualization dimensions, security data, and characteristics of different tiers of public security entities. Subsequently, an ontology layer centered on six entities— prevention entities, data characteristics, visualization dimensions, expression requirements, visualization forms, and security data— was designed. A knowledge graph for thematic risk maps was then created through knowledge extraction, and knowledge was converted into feature vectors by leveraging knowledge embedding. A cosine similarity calculation model was then applied to assess and combine the similarity across three dimensions: user map representations, data characteristics, and visualization preferences, as well as their corresponding counterparts in the knowledge system, namely, expression requirements, data features, and visualization dimensions. Overall similarity was computed, and personalized recommendations were generated based on similarity rankings. The results showed that the proposed recommendation mechanism had a high accuracy rate for recommending multilevel prevention subjects. The corresponding results of the risk map knowledge system ranked within the top two of the recommendation list, with the police station level reaching 100% and the sub-bureau and police station levels both being greater than or equal to 90%. Compared to sub-bureaus and police stations, the police offices placed greater emphasis on the refined expression of thematic maps and less demand for statistical expression. Therefore, there were fewer suitable map types and a higher recommendation accuracy. Overall, the methods proposed in this study can match and recommend appropriate thematic map content and visualization forms. The overall recommendation accuracy for different levels of prevention entities is more than 90%, which demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability of this study. In summary, this study significantly enhances the efficiency and precision of social security risk prevention and control, offering a valuable reference for the advancement of public security informatization.

In alignment with the strategic objectives of the National Ecological Civilization Pilot Zone, Hainan Province has implemented comprehensive ecological governance initiatives in recent years. These include Ecological Redline Delineation and Pond-to-Wetland/Mangrove Conversion programs, synergistically integrated with policies supporting its International Tourism Island and Free Trade Port development. These coordinated measures have precipitated substantial spatiotemporal reorganization of aquaculture landscapes across Hainan Island. Nevertheless, systematic assessments of contemporary policy efficacy and the dynamic evolution of aquaculture systems, along with their underlying drivers, remain notably limited. To address this knowledge gap, this study employed multi-temporal Sentinel-2 satellite imagery (10 m spatial resolution) from 2017 to 2024, in combination with spatiotemporal change detection, quantitative statistical analysis, and ground-truth validation, to elucidate the transformation patterns and mechanistic drivers of Aquaculture waters and associated wetlands. The key findings revealed three fundamental insights. First, the study documented a substantial 28.6% contraction in traditional aquaculture ponds (from 315.71 km² to 225.24 km²), contrasted by a 6.8-fold expansion in intensive facility-based aquaculture areas. Concurrently, mangrove coverage increased by 62% and coastal lagoons expanded by 12.6%, collectively indicating a paradigm shift in coastal land use configurations. Second, transformation pathway analysis revealed distinct conversion trajectories from decommissioned ponds: approximately 26.66 km² (24%) of total pond loss were successfully restored to coastal lagoons, 13.03 km² transitioned to mangrove habitats, and 8.02 km² (7%) were upgraded to intensive aquaculture facilities. Notably, 53.24 km² (46% of total loss) underwent conversion to non-wetland categories, including urban, agricultural, and fallow lands, quantitatively validating the landscape-scale ecological outcomes of Pond-to-Wetland policy interventions. Third, mechanistic analysis identified policy instruments as the predominant driver (44.5% contribution), with Pond-to-Wetland Restoration initiatives representing the principal component within this domain. Economic factors constituted a secondary influence (35.0%), manifested primarily through aquaculture profitability constraints and market-driven operational transitions, while social, technological, and natural determinants collectively accounted for the remaining 20.5% of the observed changes. Geospatial analysis revealed pronounced policy effectiveness in ecologically critical coastal nuclei, such as Dongzhai Port and Lingshui, where more than 46% of ponds were successfully converted to functional wetlands, although the implementation efficacy demonstrated spatial heterogeneity, particularly in inland regions. These results systematically elucidate the complex spatiotemporal dynamics between aquaculture systems and wetland ecosystems on Hainan Island, demonstrating that targeted ecological policies have effectively counteracted historical wetland degradation trends, as evidenced by net gains of 37.69 km² in ecologically vital habitats (mangroves and coastal lagoons). However, the substantial non-wetland conversions underscore persistent land-use competition pressures. The predominance of policy drivers highlights the efficacy of regulatory interventions, whereas the significant economic influence underscores the imperative to harmonize ecological objectives with sustainable economic alternatives, particularly through advanced aquaculture systems and value chain optimization. Future management strategies should emphasize (1) spatially differentiated implementation frameworks, (2) enhanced monitoring of restoration outcomes, and (3) integrated approaches reconciling wetland conservation with sustainable aquaculture development. This study holds considerable reference value for ecological red-line management, sustainable development of natural resources, and environmental conservation on Hainan Island.

Shore-based ponds are small water bodies widely distributed in coastal areas and play important roles in aquaculture, agricultural irrigation, and ecological regulation. Accurate and efficient water-depth monitoring is key to the scientific management of ponds and directly affects decision-making regarding water quality control, breeding density optimization, sediment monitoring, and ecological protection. To address the challenges posed by complex optical attenuation characteristics and significant sediment-reflection interference in high-turbidity aquaculture ponds, traditional water-depth inversion methods face bottlenecks, such as the insufficient generalization ability of spectral feature models. A water-depth inversion method combining UAV multispectral remote sensing and different color-space features is proposed. The UAV was equipped with a multispectral sensor to obtain high-resolution images of the pond area, and field water-depth data were collected simultaneously. Through the comprehensive application of HSV, Lab, YUV, and other color-space conversion technologies, the system extracts the spectral reflectance and color-feature parameters. Five machine learning algorithms, namely random forest (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were used to construct the water-depth inversion model. The model performance was systematically compared and evaluated using cross-validation and various accuracy evaluation indicators (R ², RMSE, and MAE). This research focuses on analyzing the influence mechanism of different color-space conversions on the accuracy of the model inversion. Finally, through an analysis of feature importance and model optimization, a water-depth prediction model with optimal inversion performance was selected. The experimental results showed that: (1) the water-depth inversion model based on the optimization of three color-space features significantly improved the accuracy of the water-depth inversion. Among them, the HSV color-space features were the most obvious. Combined with this feature, the accuracy of the SVR model improved the most; R ² increased from 0.36 to 0.78, RMSE and MAE decreased by 0.04 m and 0.02 m, respectively. (2) Among the five models, the accuracy of the water-depth inversion by the RF, XGBoost, and GBDT models, which are also integrated learning models, was significantly better than that of the SVR and MLPR models. After optimizing the model across different color spaces, the accuracy of the GBDT model was the highest (R ² = 0.85, RMSE and MAE are 0.05 m and 0.04 m). This research confirms that the fusion of multispectral data and color-space optimization technology can effectively improve the water-depth inversion ability in shallow-water areas and provide an efficient and low-cost technical solution for the dynamic monitoring of small and micro water bodies. This has important practical value for the fine management of aquaculture and water ecological protection.