Urban, agricultural, and ecological spaces, collectively referred to as the "three types of space," are central elements in China's Territorial and Spatial Planning reforms. These spaces are crucial in bridging the National Main Functional Area Planning and regional coordinated development strategies at a higher level and in guiding land-use control at a lower level. The Pearl River Basin is one of China's most important economic development regions. This basin serves as a crucial region for the case study of evolution of the "three types of space." Understanding this evolution is critical for aligning regional land use with national strategic objectives and optimizing the coordinated development of these spatial elements. Using the National Main Functional Area Planning strategy as a starting point, this study applied a cross-conversion matrix and a multiscale geographically weighted regression model to analyze the evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of the "three types of spaces" in the Pearl River Basin from 1990 to 2020. Three main results were obtained. First, over the past 30 years, urban space in the Pearl River Basin has expanded considerably, ecological space has slightly increased, but agricultural space has significantly decreased, with marked spatial differences in the evolution of the "three types of spaces" across the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the basin. Agricultural space has fully decreased across all reaches, converting to urban space in the lower reaches and reverting to ecological space in the upper and middle reaches. Second, within different national functional zones, urban space growth is most pronounced in urbanized areas, ecological space recovery is significant in ecological functional zones, and agricultural space has remarkably decreased in major agricultural production areas. Third, the driving factors for the different evolution directions of the "three types of spaces" in the Pearl River Basin vary. Industrial development has significantly driven the expansion of urban spaces, whereas ecological protection policies have effectively promoted the restoration of ecological spaces in key ecological areas. These findings effectively reveal the land-use evolution process in China's socioeconomic development regions over the past 40 years, highlight the risks and influencing factors of rapid urban space development and ecological space threats, and provide an important reference for optimizing land-use patterns in similar key regions of China.

It is a common geographical phenomenon that the birthplaces of talented individuals tend to cluster; however, this has not been fully explored in human geography. Existing studies primarily focus on the spatial mobility of talents after their development, overlooking the influence of the environment in which they grow up. Based on cultural capital theory, this paper examines Chinese pop singers by analyzing their birthplaces and their relationship with local cultural capital. Using GIS methods, such as kernel density analysis, the study visualizes the spatial clustering characteristics of Chinese pop singers and explores the factors influencing the spatial distribution of their birthplaces through a negative binomial regression model. The findings suggest that: 1) The birthplaces of Chinese pop singers exhibit a multi-core spatial structure, with Taiwan, Beijing, and Sichuan as the epicenters. "Beijing-Hong Kong" serves as the main destination for established pop singers, followed by "Shanghai-Chengdu-Taipei". Notably, underdeveloped western regions, such as Xi'an, Urumqi, and Kunming, also show an advantage in nurturing Chinese-speaking pop singers. 2) The spatial distribution of Chinese pop singers' birthplaces differs from China's regional economic development patterns. Regions rich in cultural capital, such as Sichuan and Northeast China, are relatively prolific in producing pop singers. The number of Chinese pop singers from new first- and second-tier cities like Chengdu, Chongqing, Shenyang, and Harbin exceed that of the first-tier city of Guangzhou. The study shows that cultural capital factors have a significant positive impact on the distribution of Chinese pop singers. The rich cultural capital and favorable local music culture have fostered a long-standing music tradition, providing a supportive environment for pop singers. For example, Sichuan, with its rich folk music heritage, such as Sichuan Qingyin, Xiling Mountain Songs, and Dongjing Music, has also established China's first popular music college. 3) The increase in local cultural capital can benefit the growth and cultivation of Chinese pop singers, although the significance varies by type of cultural capital. Educational and cultural capital, on the one hand, enhances singers' musical creativity by embodying cultural capital, shaping habits, cultivating music aesthetics, and acquiring skills; on the other hand, it inspires young students' interest in music. Geographical and environmental factors serve as sources of artistic inspiration for cultural products and create a melting pot for diverse ethnic cultures. The factors of music industrialization reflect the specialization of local music industry networks, such as discovering and cultivating new musical talents and promoting music collaboration and production. This study provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of the role of local cultural capital in cultivating creative talents and offers constructive suggestions for enhancing regional cultural industry strategies.

Music has the power to recreate place and awaken a sense of place. As a medium of communication, music combines the narrative characteristics of imagery, nostalgia, and localization. Songs named after place names and their comments have an image-based expression of the place, as well as a symbolic emotional mapping between the creator and the listener. Focusing on two music platforms, QQ Music and NetEase Cloud Music, this study considered songs related to Chengdu, used lyrics and comments as textual data, and conducted content analysis from the perspective of musical narration. It determined the degree of association between feature words through high-frequency word statistics and socio-semantic network analysis and constructed the dimensions of local imagery through rooting theory. The study also constructed a theoretical model of "local image construction based on music narration," analyzed the features of local image, and examined the relationship between music narration, local image, and city charm. The results indicate the following: (1) The local image of Chengdu in music narrative comprises three aspects: symbol presentation image, meaning-endowed image, and comprehensive expression image. Among these, symbol presentation image includes seven categories, while meaning-endowed image and comprehensive expression image each contain two categories. (2) Music narration can be categorized into the narration of songs and critical narration whereby listeners express their views under the influence of narrative transmission; narrative text has an impact on element cognition, emotional resonance and tone rendering in three aspects: narrative elements, structure and tone, so as to construct place image. The local image is specifically expressed as follows: based on narration elements such as character, time, place and environment, it connects the cognition of image elements such as character, time, space and landscape; through the narration structure of "I say to you" and "you listen to me," the emotional resonance is triggered after the individual role is substituted, forming emotional and intentional images; under the rendering of these narrative tones, combined with individual cognition and emotion, macroscopic atmosphere image and local characteristic image are formed. (3) The local image of Chengdu as narrated musically is characterized by the coexistence of tradition and modernity, the interaction between nature and humanity, and the sense of romance and "the feeling of home". 4) Music narration constructs the local image of "ideal home," "story tavern, " and "earthly life, " which become the charm of the city. This study connects music, narration, and place; addresses how music constructs local image; and introduces the perspective of narratology to expand the relationship between music and local image into a deeper mechanism. Simultaneously, the expression of the city image evolves from the spatial structure and symbolic perception to the place meaning level, conveying a sense of spatial temperature and bringing the space to life. Moreover, the model proposed in the study provides theoretical and methodological reference for the creation of charming cities, construction of local imagery, and image promotion.

Currently, global uncertainties and instabilities are increasing significantly. Therefore, research on the evolution of urban industrial network resilience is essential for strengthening the ability of urban industries to withstand major events. This study constructs a network of firms using data on corporate headquarters and branches in Dongguan registered between 1979 and 2020. It analyzes the evolution of urban industry network resilience through interruption simulations and complex network invulnerability. The study empirically examines the resilience of Dongguan's industrial network, focusing on single-node resilience, overall network resilience, and regional network resilience. The results indicate the following: (1) In the single-node simulation attack of the Dongguan industrial network, the impact of urban core nodes on network resilience gradually weakens. The differences between urban core nodes and general town nodes continue to diminish, and the network's resistance to single-node disruptions tends to stabilize. (2) Compared to random attacks, deliberate attacks can cause networks to collapse faster. However, as Dongguan's industrial networks evolved toward a multi-center structure, the impact of targeted attacks on network resilience gradually decreased. (3) The resilience of Dongguan's industrial network to Shenzhen is lower than that to Guangzhou. However, the strength of enterprises inside and outside the city tends to balance, and the resilience level of the regional network is gradually stabilizing. (4) Overall, the evolution of industrial network resilience in Dongguan is characterized by a shift from a single-center network with a low level of resilience to a multi-center network with a higher level of resilience. The innovation of this research lies in two key areas: First, it provides valuable contributions to related research on urban network resilience and industrial resilience by introducing the concepts and methods of interruption simulation and complex network invulnerability. Second, by conducting a long-term, continuous analysis of network resilience, this study explores the evolution of network resilience from a dynamic perspective, offering a fresh viewpoint for existing static network resilience studies. Therefore, based on this research, the study suggests that constructing a multi-centric development structure and strengthening coordination among industries at various nodes can effectively improve the resilience level of the industrial network. Meanwhile, it is important to focus on balancing internal and external forces in the development of urban industries to avoid excessive interference from external industries on local urban industries.

This study explores the trend of urban spatial networking driven by information technology transformation and regional economic rise, with a particular focus on the role of resilience in urban network structures in responding to risk disturbances. Scholars worldwide have developed a framework for urban network analysis based on transportation, enterprise, and population flow networks. Building on this framework, research has begun to focus on network resilience, emphasizing how networks maintain functional stability through self-adjustment and continuous development when faced with external shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic, as a global event, has profoundly affected societies and economies, particularly in terms of population mobility. Studies conducted during the pandemic have noted significant changes in population flows between Chinese cities, with residents opting for shorter, dispersed travel. However, the resilience of intraregional population flow networks during the post-pandemic period remains underexplored, providing a vital opportunity for supplementary research. Specifically, it is crucial to identify and understand the core nodes essential for supporting network resilience to guide safer urban development. Metropolitan areas are key hubs for regional resource coordination, and interactions among towns within these areas are crucial for coordinated regional development. Towns should form resilient connections and interaction paths, notably by harnessing the capacities of small towns to handle diverse risks. Dynamic changes within metropolitan areas are particularly noteworthy because urban functions are complex and exchanges are stable, enabling a certain level of recovery after risk disturbances. In contrast, townships may exacerbate the "siphon effect" due to their agricultural roles and population structures. This study examines the Nanjing Metropolitan Area as a typical case, leveraging mobile signaling data to quantitatively analyze the structural resilience of population flow networks before and during the pandemic in 2019 and 2021, respectively. The findings indicate that although the pandemic did not directly reduce overall population movement, it altered network hierarchy and spatial distribution, concentrating flows toward urban centers and reducing cross-boundary and long-distance connections. The leisure flow network exhibits greater volatility than the employment flow network, with the latter exhibiting stronger periodicity and stability. High-centrality cross-boundary nodes play a critical role in maintaining safe network operations. If these nodes fail, network density and stability decrease significantly, highlighting their importance for resilient urban construction.

Against the backdrop of cyclical fluctuations in the global economy, significant attention has been devoted to the resilience of urban economic systems in response to external shocks. Current academic understanding of the characteristics and primary types of urban economic resilience remains limited, with research in this area still at a preliminary stage. An in-depth analysis of the characteristics and patterns of economic resilience within urban systems could not only improve the understanding of urban economic resilience but also provide differentiated case studies for cities aiming to withstand future global financial crises. Based on this premise, Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) theory is employed to analyze the potential factors influencing urban economic resilience. This study uses 54 county-level units in Jiangsu Province as empirical subjects, examining their economic resilience characteristics in response to the 2008 financial crisis across two dimensions: resistance and resilience. The study further analyzes five highly explanatory influencing factors to perform a grouping analysis of economic resilience among Jiangsu counties. The findings reveal that: 1) during the financial crisis, the level of impact across Jiangsu's county areas displayed a spatial pattern of "high in the south and low in the north;" 2) the agglomeration of enterprise entities and industrial diversity during the recovery period had a positive effect on county-level economic resilience; 3) the impact of foreign trade intensity on economic resilience varied across cities and stages, reflecting a dual role; 4) there exist two and five pathways to achieve high economic resilience during resistance and recovery periods, respectively, with close spatial proximity, industrial diversification, core industry agglomeration, and balanced trade flows emerging as critical elements for enhancing economic resilience. This study identifies a potential adaptive path for urban economic resilience: to counteract recessionary forces and stabilize fundamentals by developing sectors less impacted by shocks during the resistance period. During the recovery phase, diversifying industrial sectors can foster new industry strengths, reposition the urban economy, and enable dynamic structural adjustments to promote recovery and create new economic development.

The sea surrounding the Nansha Islands is one of the busiest in the world, where maritime accidents occur frequently. During such events, rapid maritime search and rescue (SAR) operations are important for protecting lives and property of the people; therefore, it is particularly important to study SAR accessibility in the Nansha Sea. In this study, we established the influence range of 27 islands and reefs within the Nansha Islands based on a multiplicative weighted Voronoi diagram. The actual ship navigation speed under the influence of the wave field was obtained using the ship speed correction model. The shortest path algorithm was used to calculate the weighted minimum average reachable time from the study area to 20 ports across five countries surrounding the Nansha Sea. The accessibility of each country was evaluated and analyzed using various evaluation indices. Of the neighboring ports, Kota Kinabalu in Malaysia demonstrated the best accessibility to the Spratly Islands, with an average accessibility time of 18.23 h. This was followed by the ports of Mora and Belawi in Brunei, Palawan in the Philippines, Nha Trang in Vietnam, and Sandakan in Malaysia. In contrast, Chinese ports, except for Sanya, exhibited poor accessibility, with all having an average accessibility time exceeding 40 h. Among neighboring countries, Malaysia had the shortest average accessibility time of 16.26 h, followed by Brunei, the Philippines, and Vietnam, with average accessibility time of less than 19 h. China, being farther away from the study area, had an average accessibility time of over 33 h to the Nansha Sea. Based on this, we added the port of Yongshu Reef to those examined in our previous analysis and conducted scenario simulation, the average access time for China improved significantly, decreasing to15.54 h. This study aimed to provide a reference for the future dynamic deployment of maritime SAR resources in China.

The coastline of Zhanjiang Bay has undergone profound changes under the combined action of natural and human factors, making the rational protection and utilization of coastal resources a research hotspot. As a typical tropical bay in China, analyzing the coastline changes in Zhanjiang Bay can provide basic data to support the development and utilization of coastal zones. In this study, 42 optical satellite images from 1973 to 2023 were used in conjunction with the random forest method to extract the shoreline, analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the Zhanjiang Bay coastline, and investigate its driving factors. Additionally, shoreline complexity changes were explored, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was introduced for the correlation analysis of shoreline indicators. The results showed that the total length of the Zhanjiang Bay coastline increased by 103.13 km over the past 50 years. Coastline changes are influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, with anthropogenic factors having the most significant impact. Natural factors include erosion caused by storm surges, sea level rise, and dynamic coastal conditions. Anthropogenic factors include construction of coastal aquaculture farms, land reclamation, coastal engineering projects, coastal infrastructure development, and industrial land development. The main areas of change were concentrated along the main channel and the Nansan Waterway. The proportions of shoreline segments expanding seaward on the east and west coasts were 51.4% and 71.6%, respectively, whereas the landward erosion shoreline segment on Donghai Island was 58.0%. Specifically, the southeastern section of the east coast experienced massive shoreline expansion. Coastal engineering along the west coast, southeastern village, and town construction projects on the east coast resulted in shoreline advancement of more than 2 km seaward. Erosion was observed at the western end of the coastline, across several estuaries from the west coast, and along the shoreline of the Nansan Channel on the south side of the east coast, with the most severe shoreline erosion occurring at the end of the west coast shoreline, where the average setback was 1 km, with a maximum setback of nearly 1.8 km. Except for the 2010s, the change in the intensity of the coastline of Zhanjiang Bay was positive. The fractal dimension of the coastline increased from 1.086 to 1.124, consistent with the trend in its length. The primary driver of coastline expansion was large-scale land reclamation on the western bank of Zhanjiang Bay, southwestern bank of the eastern bank, and northern part of Donghai Island, with a total reclaimed area of 82.82 km². The proportion of the reclaimed area after 2010 reached 57.5%, the area of coastal aquaculture farms increased by 26.98 km² over the past 30 years. Large-scale erosion occurred on the eastern and southern sides of Donghai Island. In addition, the fractal dimension and length of the Zhanjiang Bay coastline were strongly negatively correlated with the inverse of the GDP of Zhanjiang, with correlation coefficients of -0.96 and -0.99, respectively. These findings suggests that the economic benefits of shoreline shifting can be quantified using shoreline indicators, whereas differences in shoreline indices between different harbors affect the relevance of the economic benefits. Owing to the narrow and long topographic structure of Zhanjiang Bay, there is a delay in tidal signal propagation from the bay mouth to the interior. Therefore, when exploring the water margins obtained from optical remote sensing images, the water level information of the corresponding region must be utilized to correct the tidal variations in Zhanjiang Bay. Based on this, numerical models will be used in the future to obtain tidal data for each region and the corresponding water margins.

Restoring the natural form and ecological function of artificial coastal zones in coastal cities can effectively improve the ecological quality of these zones. Improving the natural shoreline retention rate through this effort is also an important step in Chinese coastal cities' implementation of Xi Jinping's idea of ecological civilization. With limited resources and funds for ecological restoration, and the dual requirements of urban development and ecological protection, this study primarily focuses on how to scientifically identify the areas for ecological restoration of urban artificial coastal zones, rationally arrange the restoration schedule, and formulate the restoration strategy. This study examines 34 sections of artificial coastal zones in Shenzhen City, integrates multiple data sources to conduct spatial superposition analysis, constructs an index system for evaluating the ecological potential of artificial coastal zones, and formulates a model framework for the selection of restoration strategies, which can inform the restoration of artificial coastal zones and the management of shorelines in other coastal cities in China. The study's findings are as follows: (1) The ecological potential of Shenzhen's artificial coastal zone is spatially heterogeneous, and four different restoration response strategies can be adopted in the order of potential from high to low: "control pressure, natural restoration"; "relief pressure, ecological restoration"; "control pressure, environmental enhancement"; and "relief pressure, environmental enhancement." These correspond to four types of control zoning: ecological restoration zone, ecological recovery zone, ecological control zone, and landscape coordination zone. (2) The six sections of Xiban Park have the greatest ecological potential of Shenzhen's artificial coastline, and the restoration strategy is intended to control the external pressure and guide its natural recovery. The corresponding coastlines of these six sections constitute the first batch of new natural shorelines to be managed, to reach the target of increasing the natural shoreline retention rate of Shenzhen to 40%. (3) Nan'ao Wangyu Jiao and the other five sections of Shenzhen's artificial coastline have the second-largest ecological potential, and the restoration strategy is to relieve external pressure and take appropriate restoration measures to enhance its ecological function. The corresponding coastlines of these five sections can be managed and maintained as reserve natural coastlines. (4) The remaining 23 sections of artificial shoreline have little ecological potential and can be used as urban landscape or general public shorelines in combination with their location, without restoration intervention actions. (5) Coastal zones with high ecological potential are usually located in inlets with weak hydrodynamics, and the seaward side of such coastal zones is prone to siltation. This is conducive to the formation of new habitats and can be used as a simple indicator of whether artificial coastal zones can be restored to their natural state and ecological functions relatively quickly.

Ecological protection and restoration of territorial space is a national strategy aimed at safeguarding China's ecological security and enhancing people's well-being in the new era of ecological civilization. Establishing a legal framework for ecological protection and restoration of territorial space is a key strategic requirement for China to build the "multiple pillars" of ecological civilization. However, the legal provisions related to ecological protection and restoration are currently dispersed across various environmental laws and basic environmental legislation, making it difficult to provide robust support for the construction of a comprehensive legal system for ecological protection and restoration of territorial space. This study employs a textual analysis to systematically review the history of China's ecological protection and restoration legislation since 1978, tracing the evolution of relevant environmental laws, revealing the legislative foundations for the protection and restoration of national land space, and offering critical insights and references for building a legal framework that promotes integrated protection and systematic governance of mountains, waters, forests, fields, lakes, grasses, and sands in the new era. The evolution of legal themes related to ecological protection and restoration of territorial space in China has undergone three stages: natural resource management and utilization (1978‒2011), single-element protection (2012‒2017), and barrier zone ecological protection and restoration (2018‒2023), marking three levels of transformation. From the perspective of legislative objectives, the focus has shifted from legislation concerning individual natural resources elements, such as mountains, water, forests, grasses, and seas, to comprehensive legislation targeting key regional ecosystems. In terms of legislative goals, the shift has been from single-element governance aimed at singular objectives to multi-objective, synergistic protection and restoration of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses, sands, and more, through an integrated approach. Additionally, the legislative framework has transitioned from managing natural resources to managing integrated ecosystems. These changes and innovations have laid a foundation for China to establish a legal system for ecological protection and restoration of territorial space, focused on integrated protection and systematic governance of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses, and sands in the new era. However, challenges remain, such as the absence of legal norms to implement the new concepts and approaches, unclear departmental responsibilities, and insufficient public participation mechanisms. Moving forward, it is essential to fully implement the ecosystem approach, develop a management system with centralized jurisdiction, joint coordination, and step-by-step refinement centered on the "two unified" responsibilities of the natural resources departments, and deepen legislation to enhance public participation. Additionally, leveraging the combined expertise of multiple disciplines and fields will support legislative research and practical exploration, leading to the comprehensive establishment of a legal system for the ecological protection and restoration of territorial space.

The development of urbanization has fostered the rise of instrumental rationality and the decline of value rationality, leading to a diminishing sense of belonging among individuals in fast-paced urban life. As a result, rurality has become a core attraction for rural tourists. Research on rurality has emerged as a key topic in the fields of rural geography and rural tourism. However, relatively little research has focused on how to realize micro-level human-land interactions and achieve a subjective understanding of rurality in rural tourism destinations from a cognitive perspective. Schema theory offers a framework to explore this issue. Amid the confrontation and integration of modernity and provinciality, the rurality of rural World Heritage sites, by preserving the integrity and authenticity of traditional rural social structures, enhances tourists' local attachment and local experiences. This paper uses Hongcun, a rural World Heritage site, as a case study, introducing schema theory to explore the cognitive schema of rurality and its generation mechanism among tourists by conducting a grounded theory analysis of travel notes on Ctrip. Through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, a model of rurality cognitive schema and its generation mechanism was constructed. The findings are as follows: 1) Tourists acquire a concrete schema of rurality through embodied experiences and behavioral interactions, which resonate with and enrich their existing schemas, facilitating schema integration across time and space; 2) The existing schema, shaped by cultural background and individual experience, serves as the foundation for tourists to form cognitive schemas. The local characteristics of traditional Chinese rural society and the traditional culture passed down through generations are embedded in individuals' existing schemas. Tourists' existing schemas interact with the rural tourism environment, engaging in both top-down and bottom-up cognitive processing through anticipation contrast, uniqueness contrast, feature association, and cross-temporal imagination. 3) The rural cognitive schema consists of four sub-schemas: the natural ecological schema, life schema, cultural schema, and place atmosphere schema. The natural ecological schema emphasizes tourists' perception of the interplay between rural nature and humanity. The life schema pertains to daily life scenes observed at the tourist destination, while the cultural schema refers to the local culture formed through the development and evolution of the destination. The place atmosphere schema captures the abstract perception and impression of the destination, formed through the interaction between tourists' embodied experiences and their existing schemas. The natural ecological schema provides the spatial foundation for both the life and cultural schemas, while the latter two exert external influences on the natural ecological schema, helping shape the rural area's natural and humanistic characteristics. The cultural schema informs and regulates the life schema, while the life schema simultaneously practices and reshapes the cultural schema. Together, these schemas, along with the place atmosphere schema, form a comprehensive cognitive network of rural nature. This study is significant for deepening the understanding of the connotation and formation mechanism of rurality, exploring human-local interaction from a microscopic perspective, and offering theoretical and practical guidance for the development of rural tourism through the mining of rurality and culture.

Based on the theories of "projection-perception" and wooden barrels, we take the online travelogue text as the research object, use the methods of online text analysis and constituent distance analysis to compare the official projected image of China's pilot zones of national parks with the perceived image of the tourists, and use the 2-dimensional 4-image model to explore the optimization path of its image. The study's findings are as follows: (1) The projected and perceived images of China's pilot zones of the national parks system differ considerably, with the projected high-frequency words mainly covering ecology and nature protection, and the perceived high-frequency words principally including tourism experience and facilities and equipment.Based on the characterization of high-frequency words, the 10 pilot zones are summarized into four main image categories: ecological environment, spatial layout, service quality, and functional value. Different pilot zones have different combinations of projected-perceived images. (2) In terms of the relationship chain, the official projected and tourist-perceived social network semantics show a "core-subcore",diffusion network structure,which constitutes "country-park-ecology-protection" and "scenery-scenic spot-attractions" respectively 2 relationship chains. (3) Regarding the differences in image structure, the main categories of spatial layout differ greatly in composition, which affects the shaping of the overall image of the pilot zones as the short plank of the wooden barrel. Therefore, there is considerable room for improvement in the pilot area image of China's national parks system, preferably from the perspective of "whole-local," we must take reasonable and optimized countermeasures according to the "projection-perception" of different pilot zones of the national parks system.

Forests are important natural and strategic resources, and deforestation is a significant cause of soil erosion. Given the high uncertainty and limited temporal-spatial resolution of land features classified by remote sensing, especially the lack of regional studies on the dynamic distribution of forest deforestation, it is urgent to extract the multi-temporal dynamic distribution of forest deforestation using remote sensing techniques. Based on the spectral features of ground objects before and after deforestation, 930 optical remote sensing images from Sentinel-2 in the Beijiang River Basin from 2017 to 2022 were selected as experimental data. The Google Earth Engine cloud platform was utilized for data collection and preprocessing to calculate the NDVI vegetation index from 2017 to 2022. Following the extraction of forest distribution using the threshold segmentation method, the dynamic change in deforestation distribution between 2017 and 2022 in the study area was analyzed. The results showed that: (1)229 sampling points were randomly selected in the deforestation area, and the accuracy of remote sensing mapping of deforestation in 2020-2021 was evaluated using historical high-resolution images, achieving a verification accuracy of 72.05%. (2)From 2017 to 2022, deforestation in the Beijiang River Basin exhibited an increasing trend year by year, except in 2020 and 2021, with an average annual increase of about 9%. In terms of distribution, the largest proportion of deforestation occurred in the Wujiang River Basin during 2017-2022, with an average annual deforestation rate of 3.27% of the total area of the basin. The lowest proportion of deforestation was observed in the Nanshui River Basin, with an average annual deforestation rate of 1.47% of the total area of that basin. (3)In the Beijiang River Basin, the distribution of deforestation across different slopes is more uniform. The deforestation area is primarily concentrated on slopes between 8° and 25°, which account for 53.3% of the total basin area and generate 48% to 57% of the deforestation area. Deforestation is more likely to occur on slopes below 15°, with a felling ratio of 3.76%, which is 1.14% higher than that of slopes above 15°. (4)The standardized NDVI average of 56 feature points decreased from 0.84 in 2017 to 0.43 in 2018 and then increased by an average of 0.08 per year thereafter. The NDVI characteristics of forest land generally recovered in the third year after deforestation. Using the Google Earth Engine cloud platform and the threshold segmentation method of NDVI, the dynamic characteristics of multi-temporal deforestation distribution were extracted. This approach addresses the limitations of remote sensing extraction and monitoring of the dynamic distribution of forest deforestation in the Beijiang River Basin, which is of great significance for the rational development and utilization of regional water resources and forest resource management.

Land use is one of the main sources of carbon emissions, driven by numerous human economic and social activities. This study focuses on the Dongjiang River Basin to investigate how land use optimization can better contribute to low-carbon development. This study first optimizes the land use structure in the basin under two low-carbon development scenarios, maximizing carbon sinks and minimizing carbon emissions. A CA-Markov model was employed to simulate the land use spatial pattern in the river basin for 2025. We then compared and analyzed the low-carbon effect of future land use in the basin under the general development scenario and the two low-carbon scenarios, and proposed countermeasures to regulate land use in the Dongjiang River Basin under a low-carbon orientation. The results showed that (1) under the natural development scenario, the proportion of cultivated land in the Dongjiang River Basin increased from 15.66% in 2020 to 18.66%, construction land from 3.76% to 7.71%, and forest land decreased from 74.36% to 65.01%. Major changes were concentrated in the southwestern and central regions of the basin, where rapid economic development was driving a significant increase in construction and cultivated land, leading to a reduction in forest area. Additionally, in some northern and southeastern areas of the basin, forest land has been converted to grassland, cultivated land, and construction areas. (2) Under the two low-carbon development scenarios, the proportion of forest land in the Dongjiang River Basin was significantly higher than that under the natural development scenario, mainly due to changes in construction and cultivated land. Compared to the natural development scenario, the proportion of cultivated land under the two low-carbon scenarios decreased by approximately 4%-5%, construction land decreased by about 4%, and forest land increased by over 10%. It is evident that the carbon sink maximization scenario achieved a better low-carbon effect than the carbon emission minimization scenario, primarily because of the larger proportion of forest land. (3) The Dongjiang River Basin should enhance the utilization efficiency of cultivated and construction land, converting underutilized and unutilized land into areas with high carbon sequestration capacity, such as forests, or into land with lower carbon emissions to promote sustainable economic development. (4) Adding the location information of the administrative centers to the CA-Markov model can effectively improve the simulation accuracy of the model. This demonstrates that integrating key geographical factors, such as regional administrative centers, can significantly improve the accuracy of land-use simulations, offering valuable methodological insights for similar studies, particularly in predicting complex regional land-use changes. This study provides critical insights into land-use changes and their low-carbon effects under different scenarios, providing scientific evidence for policymakers in planning and policy formulation.