南亚热带全新世火灾记录的气候变化及人类影响

doi:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.002853

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 选取华南沿海丘陵山地3个南亚热带不同地点及海拔的钻孔岩芯进行了微炭屑统计分析，结合孢粉分析结果，揭示全新世以来的植被变化与火灾历史，并探讨火灾事件与季风变化和人类活动的关系。结果表明：从8 000―3 500 cal. a B.P.，3个钻孔的微炭屑浓度均极低，证明该时段森林火灾频率很低，同时高木本含量的孢粉分析结果反映了亚热带阔叶林的繁盛，并指示全新世大暖期湿润和降雨丰沛的气候特征。加上早中全新世南方人口稀少，无“刀耕火种”等大面积农业活动。从3 500 cal. a B.P.开始，多个钻孔显示出微炭屑含量的迅速增加并持续高值，这与华南地区夏季风减弱导致降雨减少、气候变干，以及华南地区人类历史从新石器晚期进入商周时代的转折期密切相关。同时，孢粉指示的阔叶类木本植物含量显著减少，表明火灾对森林破坏逐渐严重。2 000 cal. a B.P.以后，人口出现第一次增长高峰，考古出土的器物证明牛耕和铁器农具开始广泛使用，农业快速发展。这一时期低海拔的GY1和中海拔的LTY钻孔微碳屑含量维持高值，禾本科以及芒萁属等次生植物孢粉含量快速增加。这反映了秦或南越国以后在华南地区较低海拔山地和平原农业活动得到迅速发展。此外，位于海拔1 600 m以上的钻孔GT-2的微碳屑记录显示：高海拔山区在800 cal. a B.P.以后才开始出现频繁的森林火灾，反映人类农业活动和人口增加扩张到高海拔山区。

关键词: 微炭屑, 火灾事件, 华南, 东亚季风, 人口, 人类活动, 全新世

Abstract: Three cores at different elevations were collected from different geographical locations in the mountainous regions of the South China. Micro-charcoal and pollen analyses were conducted to examine regional Holocene fire history and discuss its possible relationship with both Asian monsoon variability and anthropogenic activities. Results showed extremely low micro-charcoal concentrations at the three cores at the period between 8.0 and 3.5 ka B.P., revealing low fire frequency. Meanwhile, high proportions of arboreal pollen demonstrated expansion of subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest. This phase is consistent with the Holocene moisture optimum and abundant precipitation. Furthermore, low population in the early-mid Holocene and no evidence of slash-and-burn cultivation during the Neolithic confirm the charcoal result. After 3.5 ka B.P., the abrupt increase in charcoal concentrations of the cores from lower elevation sites was closely related with a general drying trend towards the late Holocene, which might result from EASM weakening and decreased rainfall. This timing coincided with the Shang-Zhou Bronze period, reflecting also the impact of human activity. The notable decrease of arboreal pollen demonstrates severe damage of forest by fires. After 2.0 ka B.P., the high concentrations of micro-charcoal recorded in the cores of GY1 and LTY, as well as the rapid growth of Poaceae, Dicranopteris and Pinus, demonstrate agriculture development in low-altitude plains and hills, and this period is synchronous with the first population booming and spread of cow plough and iron farm implements. Micro-charcoal and pollen records of core GT-2 at higher elevation (>1 600 m) show a high fire frequency after 0.8 ka B.P., and this period saw severe disturbance of broadleaved forest by the expansion of anthropogenic activities and agriculture development to mountainous regions.

Key words: micro-charcoal, fire events, South China, East Asian monsoon, population, human activity, Holocene

马婷，郑卓，满美玲，李杰，彭环环，韩爱艳，黄康有．. 南亚热带全新世火灾记录的气候变化及人类影响[J]. 热带地理, 2016, 36(3): 486-494.

MA Ting，ZHENG Zhuo，MAN Meiling，LI Jie，PENG Huanhuan，HAN Aiyan，HUANG Kuangyou．. Holocene Fire History in Relation to Climate Changes and Human Activities in Southern Subtropical China [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2016, 36(3): 486-494.

参考文献

[1] TAN Z H，HAN Y M，CAO J J，HUANG CC，AN Z．Holocene wildfire history and human activity from high-resolution charcoal and elemental black carbon records in the Guanzhong Basin of the Loess Plateau，China [J]．Quaternary Science Reviews，2015，109：76-87．

[2] MUSTAPHI C C，PISARIC M J．Holocene climate-fire-vegetation interactions at a subalpine watershed in southeastern British Columbia，Canada[J]．Quaternary Research，2014，81（2）：228-239．

[3] HABERLE S G，LEDRU M P．Correlations among charcoal records of fires from the past 16，000 years in Indonesia，Papua New Guinea，and Central and South America[J]．Quaternary Research，2001，55（1）：97-104．

[4] HUANG K Y，ZHENG Z，LIAO W B，CAO L L，ZHENG Y W，ZHANG H，ZHU G Q，ZHANG Z，CHEDDADI R．Reconstructing late Holocene vegetation and fire histories in monsoonal region of southeastern China [J]．Palaeogeography，Palaeoclimatology，Palaeoecology，2014，393：102-110．

[5] 郭小丽，赵文伟，孙静会，李芙蓉，张科，赵艳．我国古环境中炭屑的研究现状与展望[J]．冰川冻土，2011，33（2）：342-348．

[6] WHITLOCK C，BRILES C E，FERNANDEZ M C，GAGE J．Holocene vegetation，fire and climate history of the Sawtooth Range，central Idaho，USA[J]．Quaternary Research，2011，75（1）：114-124．

[7] DAMIEN R，BORIS V，DIDIER G，HERVE R．Holocene fire regime changes from multiple-site sedimentary charcoal analyses in the Lourdes basin （Pyrenees，France）[J]．Quaternary Science Reviews，2011，30（13/14）：1696-1709．

[8] SASAKI N，TAKAHARA H．Late Holocene human impact on the vegetation around Mizorogaike Pond in northern Kyoto Basin，Japan：a comparison of pollen and charcoal records with archaeological and historical data[J]．Journal of Archaeological Science，2011，38（6）：1199-1208．

[9] INOUE J，NISHIMURA R，TAKAHARA H．A 7500-year history of intentional fires and changing vegetation on the Soni Plateau，Central Japan，reconstructed from macroscopic charcoal and pollen records within mire sediment[J]．Quaternary International，2012，254：12-17．

[10] GOLDBERG E．Black Carbon in the environment[M]．New York：John Wiley and Sons，1985．

[11] CLARK J S．Particle motion and the theory of charcoal analysis：source area，transport，deposition，and sampling[J]．Quaternary Research，1988，30（1）：67-80．

[12] WHITLOCK C，MILLSPAUGH S H．Testing the assumptions of fire- history studies：an examination of modern charcoal accumulation in Yellowstone National Park，USA[J]．The Holocene，1996，6（1）：7-15．

[13] MILLER G，MANGAN J，POLLARD D，THOMPSON S，FELZER B，MAGEE J．Sensitivity of the Australian monsoon to insolation and vegetation：implications for human impact on continental moisture balance[J]．Geology，2005，33（1）：65-68．

[14] POWER M J，MARLON J，ORTIZ N，BARTLEIN P J，HARRISON S P，MAYLE F E，BALLOUCHE A，BRADSHAW R H，CARCAILLET C，CORDOVA C．Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum：an assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data[J]．Climate Dynamics，2008，30（7/8）：887-907．

[15] RIUS D，VANNIèRE B，GALOP D，RICHARD H．Holocene fire regime changes from multiple-site sedimentary charcoal analyses in the Lourdes basin（Pyrenees，France）[J]．Quaternary Science Reviews，2011，30（13）：1696-1709．

[16] KAAL J，MARCO Y C，ASOUTI E，SEIJO M M，CORTIZAS A M，CASáIS M C，BOADO F C．Long-term deforestation in NW Spain：linking the Holocene fire history to vegetation change and human activities[J]．Quaternary Science Reviews，2011，30（1）：161-175．

[17] SCHüPBACH S，KIRCHGEORG T，COLOMBAROLI D，BEFFA G，RADAELLI M，KEHRWALD N M，BARBANTE C．Combining charcoal sediment and molecular markers to infer a Holocene fire history in the Maya Lowlands of Petmb，Guatemala[J]．Quaternary Science Reviews，2015，115：123-131．

[18] WHITLOCK C，LARSEN C．Charcoal as a Fire Proxy[M]．Netherlands：Springer，2001：75-97．

[19] ALI A A，HIGUERA P E，YVES B，CHRISTOPHER C．Comparing fire- history interpretations based on area，number and estimated volume of macroscopic charcoal in lake sediments[J]．Quaternary Research，2009，72（3）：462-468．

[20] HIGUERA P E，GAVIN D G，BARTLEIN P J，HALLETT D J．Peak detection in sediment-charcoal records：impacts of alternative data analysis methods on fire-history interpretations[J]．International Journal of Wildland Fire，2010，19（8）：996-1014．

[21] 谭志海，黄春长，庞奖励，周群英．陇东黄土高原北部全新世野火历史的木炭屑记录[J]．第四纪研究，2008，28（4）：733-738．

[22] 李宜垠，侯树芳，莫多闻．湖北屈家岭遗址孢粉、炭屑记录与古文明发展[J]．古地理学报，2009，11（6）：702-710．

[23] 李小强，周新郢，尚雪，DODSON J．黄土炭屑分级统计方法及其在火演化研究中的意义[J]．湖泊科学，2006，18（5）：540-544．

[24] 曹艳峰，黄春长，庞奖励．运城盆地洪积扇全新世时期的野火与环境变化的初步探讨[J]．植物生态学报，2005，29（4）：692-696．

[25] 吴立，王心源，张广胜，肖霞云．安徽巢湖湖泊沉积物孢粉—炭屑组合记录的全新世以来植被与气候演变[J]．古地理学报，2008，10（2）：183-192．

[26] 李春海，唐领余，万和文，王苏民，姚书春，张殿发．晚更新世以来浙江余姚地区植被变化及人类活动[J]．微体古生物学报，2009，26（1）：48-56．

[27] 谭志海，黄春长，庞奖励，李平华．周原全新世土壤剖面木炭屑与野火活动的关系研究[J]．中国生态农业学报，2005，13（2）：31-33．

[28] 仝秀芳，肖霞云，羊向东，王苏民，萧家仪．湖北太白湖孢粉记录揭示的近1500年以来长江中下游地区的气候变化与人类活动[J]．湖泊科学，2009，21（5）：732-740．

[29] 吕爱锋，杨佩国．我国森林火灾与气温·降水的关系及其时空差异研究[J]．安徽农业科学，2011，39（25）：15153-15332．

[30] DYKOSKI C A，EDWARDS R L，CHENG H，YUAN D，CAI Y，ZHANG M，LIN Y，QING J，AN Z，REVENAUGH J A．A high-resolution，absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave，China[J]．Earth and Planetary Science Letters，2005，233（1）：71-86．

[31] WANG Y，CHENG H，EDWARDS R L，HE Y，KONG X，AN Z，WU J，KELLY M J，DYKOSKI C A，LI X．The Holocene Asian monsoon：links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate[J]．Science，2005，308（5723）：854-857．

[32] COSFORD J，QING H，YUAN D，ZHANG M，HOLMDEN C，PATTERSON W，HAI C．Millennial-scale variability in the Asian monsoon：Evidence from oxygen isotope records from stalagmites in southeastern China[J]．Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology，2008，266（1）：3-12．

[33] HU C，HENDERSON G M，HUANG J，XIE S，SUN Y，JOHNSON K R．Quantification of Holocene Asian monsoon rainfall from spatially separated cave records[J]．Earth and Planetary Science Letters，2008，266（3）：221-232．

[34] KUTZBACH J E．Monsoon climate of the early Holocene：climate experiment with the earth’s orbital parameters for 9000 years ago [J]．Science，1981，214（4516）：59-61．

[35] ANDERSON P M，BARNOSKY C W，BARTLEIN P J，BEHLING P J，BRUBAKER L，CUSHING E J，DODSON J，DWORETSKY B，GUETTER P J，HARRISON S P．Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years：observations and model simulations[J]．Science，1988，241：1043-1052．

[36] HAUG G H，HUGHEN K A，SIGMAN D M，PETERSON L C，R?HL U．Southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone through the Holocene[J]．Science，2001，293（5533）：1304-1308．

[37] BERGER A，LOUTRE M．Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years[J]．Quaternary Science Reviews，1991，10（4）：297-317．

[38] AN Z，PORTER S C，KUTZBACH J E，XIHAO W，SUMING W，XIAODONG L，XIAOQIANG L，WEIJIAN Z．Asynchronous Holocene optimum of the East Asian monsoon[J]．Quaternary Science Reviews，2000，19（8）：743-762．

[39] HONG Y T，WANG Z G，JIANG H B，LIN Q H，HONG B，ZHU Y X，WANG Y，XU L S，LENG X T，LI H D．A 6000-year record of changes in drought and precipitation in northeastern China based on a δ13C time series from peat cellulose[J]．Earth and Planetary Science Letters，2001，185（1）：111-119．

[40] ZHAO Y，YU Z，CHEN F，ZHANG J，YANG B．Vegetation response to Holocene climate change in monsoon-influenced region of China [J]．Earth-Science Reviews，2009，97（1）：242-256．

[41] TARASOV P，JIN G，WAGNER M．Mid-Holocene environmental and human dynamics in northeastern China reconstructed from pollen and archaeological data[J]．Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology，2006，241（2）：284-300．

[42] MA C，ZHU C，ZHENG C，YIN Q，ZHAO Z．Climate changes in East China since the Late-glacial inferred from high-resolution mountain peat humification records[J]．Science in China Series D（Earth Sciences），2009，52（1）：118-131．

[43] YUE Y，ZHENG Z，HUANG K，CHEVALIER M，CHASE B M，CARRé M，LEDRU M，CHEDDADI R．A continuous record of vegetation and climate change over the past 50,000 years in the Fujian Province of eastern subtropical China[J]．Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology，2012，365：115-123．

[44] ZHANG J，CHEN F，HOLMES J A，LI H，GUO X，WANG J，LI S，Lü Y，ZHAO Y，QIANG M．Holocene monsoon climate documented by oxygen and carbon isotopes from lake sediments and peat bogs in China：a review and synthesis[J]．Quaternary Science Reviews，2011，30（15）：
1973-1987．
[45] WANG L，SARNTHEIN M，ERLENKEUSER H，GROOTES P M，GRIMALT J O，PELEJERO C，LINCK G．Holocene variations in Asian monsoon moisture：a bidecadal sediment record from the South China Sea [J]．Geophysical Research Letters，1999，26（18）：2889-2892．

[46] LIU J，Lü H，NEGENDANK J，MINGRAM J，LUO X，WANG W，CHU G．Periodicity of Holocene climatic variations in the Huguangyan Maar Lake[J]．Chinese Science Bulletin，2000，45（18）：1712-1717．

[47] DODSON J R，HICKSON S，KHOO R，LI X Q，TOIA J，ZHOU W J．Vegetation and environment history for the past 14000 yr B.P. from Dingnan，Jiangxi Province，South China[J]．Journal of Integrative Plant Biology，2006，48（9）：1018-1027．

[48] XIAO X，SHEN J I，HABERLE S G，HAN Y，XUE B，ZHANG E，WANG S，TONG G．Vegetation，fire，and climate history during the last 18500 cal a B．P．in south-western Yunnan Province，China[J]．Journal of Quaternary Science，2015，30（8）：859-869．

[49] REIN B，LüCKGE A，REINHARDT L，SIROCKO F，WOLF A，DULLO W．El Ni?o variability off Peru during the last 20,000 years [J]．Paleoceanography，2005，20（4）：L17211．

[50] REIN B，LüCKGE A，SIROCKO F．A major Holocene ENSO anomaly during the Medieval Period[J]．Geophysical Research Letters，2004，31（17）：159-180．

[51] CLEMENT A C，SEAGER R，CANE M A．Suppression of El Ni?o during the Mid-Holocene by changes in the Earth's orbit[J]．Paleoceanography，2000，15（6）：731-737．

[52] 赵文林，谢淑君．中国人口历史[M]．北京：人民出版社，1988．

[53] 郑卓．近几千年华南沿海地区植被的人为干扰[J]．生态科学，1998，17（2）：31-38．

[54] MAYKE W，PAVEL T，DOMINIC H，ANDREAS F，EHRICH R，CHEN X C，CHRISTIAN L．Mapping of the spatial and temporal distribution of archaeological sites of northern China during the Neolithic and Bronze Age[J]．Quaternary International，2013，290：344-357．

[55] MA T，ZHENG Z，ROLETT B V，LIN G，ZHANG G，YUE Y．New evidence for Neolithic rice cultivation and Holocene environmental change in the Fuzhou Basin，southeast China[J]．Vegetation History and Archaeobotany，2016，DOI：10.1007/s00334-016-0556-0．

[56] ZONG Y，ZHENG Z，HUANG K，SUN Y，WANG N，TANG M，HUANG G．Changes in sea level，water salinity and wetland habitat linked to the late agricultural development in the Pearl River delta plain of China [J]．Quaternary Science Reviews，2013，70：145-157．

[57] ROSTOKER W，BRONSON B，DVORAK J．Casting farm implements，comparable tools and hardware in ancient China[J]．World Archaeology，1983，15（2）：196-210．

[58] ATAHAN P，ITZSTEIN-davey F，TAYLOR D，DODSON J，QIN J，ZHENG H，BROOKS A．Holocene-aged sedimentary records of environmental changes and early agriculture in the lower Yangtze，China [J]．Quaternary Science Reviews，2008，27（5/6）：556-570．

[59] YANG S，ZHENG Z，HUANG K，ZONG Y，WANG J，XU Q，ROLETT B V，LI J．Modern pollen assemblages from cultivated rice fields and rice pollen morphology：Application to a study of ancient land use and agriculture in the Pearl River Delta，China[J]．The Holocene，2012，22（12）：1393-1404．

[60] YUE Y F，ZHENG Z，ROLETT B V，MA T，CHEN C，HUANG K Y，LIN G，ZHU G Q，CHEDDADI R．Holocene vegetation，environment and anthropogenic influence in the Fuzhou Basin，southeast China [J]．Journal of Asian Earth Sciences，2015，99：85-94．

[61] 陈伟明．汉初南越国农业生产述评[J]．广西民族研究，1989（3）：76-79．