商业化背景下古村落旅游景观生产 ——以安徽宏村为例

doi:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003082

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以安徽省古村落宏村为例，采用参与式观察和半结构访谈的方法对其旅游景观的生产方式与机制进行研究。结果发现，随着商业化发展，宏村旅游景观生产由原来单一的文物古建保护向更趋复杂化转变，针对3种不同类型的旅游景观采取相应的生产方式。宏村旅游景观生产背后是多种力量参与的生产机制：政府与开发商强强联合，是旅游景观生产的主导力量；当地居民依然扎根宏村，是旅游景观生产的核心灵魂；景区商家热衷于打造“店铺景观”，是旅游景观生产的积极分子；外来游客提出的改进建议则是宏村旅游景观生产的重要参考。4种力量集团本着对各自利益的谋求，彼此间相互合作，影响宏村旅游景观生产的最终结果。最后提出，古村落旅游景观生产需要还原原住居民生活化场景，借旅游商业化发展之势，建立均衡、可持续的景观生产机制与合理的利益分配体系或许是古村落旅游景观生产的正解。

关键词: 古村落, 旅游景观, 景观生产, 安徽宏村

Abstract:

Under the background of tourism commercialization, the tourism landscape production of ancient villages has been different. This paper aims to explore how the tourism landscapes produced in ancient village are today and to find a proper way of producing tourism landscapes. Taking Hongcun, an ancient village in Anhui, as an example, this paper researches the mode of production and mechanism of tourism landscape by participant observation and semi structured interview. The result shows that with the development of commercialization, Hongcun tourism landscape production mode changed from the original simple protection for cultural relics and ancient building to more complex. The corresponding production methods for three different types of tourism landscape are as follows: for the static tourism landscapes which are always gazed by tourists, people of Hongcun enhance the integrity of landscape by adding details while protecting the authenticity of heritage normally; for dynamic and participant tourism landscapes, they create diversified events and activities to enrich landscape types and strengthen external marketing in the form of uniting government and enterprise; for those tourism landscapes which are used to create atmosphere, they inherit the local ancient customs and retain the lifestyle of residents to provide fertile soil for the authenticity and vitality of the local culture. There is a production mechanism that many kinds of forces involved in behind Hongcun tourism landscape production: the government and the developer form a union in which politics and capital play their roles respectively and cooperatively, they are the leading forces of tourism landscape production; the local residents are the core soul of tourism landscape production with living in Hongcun as before and continuing the ancient way of life and traditional culture; Scenic spot merchants enjoy producing small-scale and personalized “shop landscape” to attract tourists, and they are the active member of tourism landscape production; The suggestions for improvement from external tourists are important references for the production of Hongcun tourism landscape. The above four power groups interact with each other, influencing the final outcome of Hongcun tourism landscape production in the process of pursuing their own interest. Finally, the paper points out that the tourism landscape production of the ancient villages needs to restore the living scene of the original inhabitants. It may be a positive solution to the tourism landscape production of ancient villages by establishing a balanced, sustainable landscape production mechanism and a reasonable benefit distribution system in the trend of the commercialization of tourism. This paper contributes to a more profound understanding of the meaning and mechanism of tourism landscape production and richer literature on landscape production by exploring Hongcun which is a typical ancient village tourism destination. Moreover, this research may be an available advice for managers of scenic spot and policy makers of ancient villages to answer the question that how to create new landscape or improve the quality of original landscape.

Key words: ancient village, tourism landscape, landscape production, the Hongcun village in Anhui

卫丽姣，王朝辉，崔春于. 商业化背景下古村落旅游景观生产 ——以安徽宏村为例[J]. 热带地理, 2018, 38(6): 884-893.

WEI Lijiao, WANG Chaohui, CUI Chunyu. Ancient Village Tourism Landscape Production under the Background of Commercialization: A Case Study of the Hongcun Village in Anhui[J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 38(6): 884-893.

参考文献

陈岗，黄震方．2010．旅游景观形成与演变机制的符号学解释——兼议符号学视角下的旅游城市化与旅游商业化现象．人文地理，25（5）：124-127．[Chen Gang and Huang Zhenfang．2010．An explanation of the mechanism of tourism landscape formation and evolution from the perspective of semiotics: A research on tourism urbanization and tourism commercialization from the perspective of semiotics．Human Geography, 25(5): 124-127．]

Crump J R．1999．What cannot be seen will not be heard: The production of landscape in Moline, Illinois．Cultural Geographies, 6(3): 295-317．

郭凌，王志章．2014．空间生产语境下的城市文化景观失忆与重构．云南民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版），31（2）：35-41．[Guo Ling and Wang Zhizhang．2014．Amnesia and Reconstruction of Urban Cultural Landscapes in the Perspective of Spatial Production．Journal of Yunnan University of Nationalities (Social Sciences), 31(2): 35-41．]

Foucault M．1963．The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception．London: Routledge．

Foucault M．1975．Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison．Alan Sheridan．Trans.．New York: Vintage, 195-228．

Foucault M．1980．Power/Knowledge:selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977．New York: Pantheon Books, 63-77．

桂榕．2013．从景观生产视角看民族文化遗产的旅游利用与保护传承——以丽江玉水寨为例．广西民族研究，（3）：190-196．[Gui Rong．2013．Utilization,Protection and Inheritance of Ethnic Cultural Heritage in Tourism from Tourism Attractions Production Perspective: A Case Study on Yushui Village in Lijiang．Guangxi Ethnic Studies, (3): 190-196． ]

Grace Yan, Mark Kloeppel and Xiang (Robert) Li．2017．Producing Extreme Metal festivals: An analysis from Lacan’s gaze．Tourism Management, 59: 579-589．

Harvey D．1976．The Marxian theory of the state．Antipode, 8(2): 80-89．

Harvey D．1982．The limits to capital．Oxford: Blackwell．

居伊·德波．2007．景观社会评论．梁虹，译．桂林：广西师范大学出版社，4．[Debord G．2007．Commentary on the society of spectacle．Liang Hong, trans.．Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 4．]

Lefebvre H．1991．The production of space．Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 30, 38-42．

刘润，杨永春，王梅梅，金淑婷，张胜武．2016．转型期中国城市更新背景下旅游地视觉景观生产研究——以成都宽窄巷为例．人文地理，31（3）：136-144．[Liu Run, Yang Yongchun, Wang Meimei, Jin shuting and Zhang Shengwu．2016．The Visual Landscape Production of Tourist Destination under the Circumstance of Chinese Urban Regeneration in Transition Period: A Case Study of Kuanzhai Alleys．Human Geography, 31(3): 136-144．]

马秋穗．2010．符号想象与表征：消费理论视阈下的古镇景观生产．社会科学家，（10）：85-87．[Ma Qiusui．2010．Symbol imagination and representation: The production of town landscape with a perspective of consumption theory．Social Scientist, (10): 85-87．]

明庆忠，段超．2014．基于空间生产理论的古镇旅游景观空间重构．云南师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版），46（1）：42-48．[Ming Qingzhong and Duan Chao．2014．Spatial Reconstruction of Tourism Landscapes of Old Towns in the Theoretical Perspective of Spatial Production．Journal Yunnan Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 46(1): 42-48．]

牛涛．2008．从“强国家弱社会”到“强国家强社会”．湖北行政学院学报，（4）：80-83．[Niu Tao．2008．From “Strong Country Weak Society” to “Strong Country Strong Society”．Journal of Hebei Administration Institute, (4): 80-83．]

黟县统计局．黟县2016年国民经济和社会发展统计公报．[2017-11- 20]．http://zw.huangshan.gov.cn/BranchOpennessContent/show/567053. html．[Yixian County Statistical Bureau. The national economic and social development statistical bulletin of Yixian in 2016. [2017-11- 20]．http://zw.huangshan.gov.cn/BranchOpennessContent/show/567053.html．]

孙九霞，保继刚．2006．从缺失到凸显：社区参与旅游发展研究脉络．旅游学刊，21（7）：63-68．[Sun Jiuxia and Bao Jigang. 2006．From absence to distinction: the research context of community participation in tourism development．Tourism Tribune, 21(7): 63-68．]

URRRY J．1990．The tourist gaze- Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies．London: SAGE Publications．

Walker P A and Fortmann L P．2003．Whose Landscape? A Political Ecology of the ‘Exurban’ Sierr．Cultural Geographies, 10(4): 469-491．

吴晓．2010．景观凝视与民间艺术旅游展演的意义生产．民族艺术，（4）：48-51．[Wu Xiao．2010 ．Landscape gaze and significance production of folk art tourism exhibition．Ethnic Arts Quarterly, (4): 48-51．]

谢小芹．2017．旅游景观是如何被制造出来的?——基于黔东南州J村苗寨旅游开发的实证调研．中国行政管理，（1）：90-95．[Xie Xiaoqin．

2017. How a tourism landscape is made?-an investigation on tourism development of J Miao Village in Qiandongnan．Chinese Public Administration, (1): 90-95．]

俞孔坚，李伟．2004．续唱新文化运动之歌：白话的城市与白话的景观．建筑学报，（8）：5-8．[Yu Kongjian and Li Wei．2004．Continuous singing the Songs of New Culture Movement: Vernacular City and Landscape．Architecture Journal, (8): 5-8． ]

赵红梅，李庆雷．2011．旅游情境下的景观“制造”与地方认同．广西民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版），33（3）：14-20．[Zhao Hongmei and LI Qinglei．2011．The manufactured landscape and local identification in the context of tourism．Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 33(3): 14-20．]

周尚意，吴莉萍，苑伟超．2010．景观表征权力与地方文化演替的关系——以北京前门—大栅栏商业区景观改造为例．人文地理，25（5）：1-5．[Zhou Shangyi, Wu Liping and Yuan Weichao．2010．The relation of landscape representation power and local culture succession: A case study of landscape changing in an old commercial district of Beijing．Human Geography, 25(5): 1-5．]

[1]	孔翔，卓方勇，苗长松. 旅游业发展状况对古村落文化保护的影响 ——基于对宏村、呈坎、许村居民的调研[J]. 热带地理, 2016, 36(2): 216-224.
[2]	何小芊，龚胜生. 中国古代温泉旅游景观及其现代启示[J]. 热带地理, 2013, 33(6): 766-771.
[3]	陈幼君. 湘南勾蓝瑶古村落旅游资源的开发保护[J]. 热带地理, 2007, 27(3): 279-283.
[4]	肖光明, 郭盛晖, 汤晓敏. 古村落旅游开发的社会文化影响研究——以德庆县金林水乡为例[J]. 热带地理, 2007, 27(1): 71-75.
[5]	罗浩, 陈敬堂, 钟国平. 丹霞地貌与岩溶地貌旅游景观之比较研究[J]. 热带地理, 2006, 26(1): 12-17.
[6]	戴光全. 基于FFII的城市旅游景观塑造:伊春市案例[J]. 热带地理, 2001, 21(3): 251-256.