末次冰盛期中国人类活动的响应与适应

doi:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003089

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 末次冰盛期（LGM）是地质历史时期一个极端干冷的典型模态，气候恶化，中国剧烈降温，降温幅度自南向北依次增大，华中、华北年均温较今低8~10℃；降水普遍减少，北方年均降水量只有现代的30%~40%，长江以南地区为现代的60%~80%。因气候恶化，植被净初级生产力（NPP）减少，资源密度也下降，中国北方人类活动迅速衰弱，遗址数量较MIS3和PG时期明显减少，遗址分布南缩；同时狩猎采集出现迁移更频繁、流动性更强的行为模式。LGM中国自然带系统南移，当时遗址主要分布在华北和黄土高原中南部的温带草原，以及东北的寒温带森林－草原带；同时随着自然带与猛犸象动物群的南移，西伯利亚人群南迁，带来了新兴的适用于草原环境的细石器技术，是北方人类对LGM恶化环境的调整与适应的重要体现。为适应LGM中国长江中下游冷湿的环境，发明了陶器，是南方人类在LGM深化资源的加工过程和扩大资源利用范围的具体体现。

关键词: 人类活动, LGM, 环境演变, 细石器

Abstract: LGM is a typical form of extreme dry and cold in environmental evolution. China is one of the most concentrated and continuous areas of human activity in the world. It is of great scientific significance to study the response and adaptation of Chinese human beings to LGM. Climate deterioration During the LGM period, all areas of China were drastically cooled and the cooling rate increased from south to north. The average temperature in the central and northern regions is 8~10°C below the current temperature. Precipitation is generally reduced, the average annual precipitation in the north only 30%~40%. Precipitation in the south of the Yangtze River is only 60%~80% of the modern precipitation. Due to the deterioration of the climate, resulting in decreased vegetation NPP and resource density also decreased. Human activities in northern China are rapidly weakening, and the number of sites is significantly reduced compared with MIS3 and PG periods. At the same time, hunting has developed a more frequent, more mobile behavior model. During the LGM period, China's natural belt moved south as a whole. At that time the sites were mainly distributed in the temperate grasslands of the north of China and south of the Loess Plateau, and the northeastern temperate forest-grassland. At the same time, natural bands, mammoth fauna and Siberian populations migrate southward, accompanied by the microlithic technology suitable for the grassland environment. The rapid spread of microlithic technology in northern China is an important manifestation of the adjustment and adaptation of LGM’s deteriorating environment in northern China. To adapt to the LGM period of China’s Yangtze River in the middle and lower reaches of the cold and humid environment and invented the pottery. This is the southern region in the LGM period to deepen the resources and expand the specific embodiment of resources. However, the spread of pottery in East Asia is closely related to the environmental events such as the extrapolation of the LGM coastline.

Key words: human activity, LGM, environmental evolution, microlith

侯光良，许长军，兰措卓玛，朱燕. 末次冰盛期中国人类活动的响应与适应[J]. 热带地理, 2018, 38(6): 819-827.

HOU Guangliang, XU Changjun, LAN Cuozhuoma, ZHU Yan. The Response and Adaptation of Chinese Human Activities to the Last Glacial Maximum[J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 38(6): 819-827.

参考文献

Bettinger R L, Barton L, Morgan C and Guilderson T P．2010．Archaeological
records of Dadiwan in the past 60 ka and the origin of millet agriculture．Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(16): 1636-1642．

Boaretto E, Wu X H, Yuan J R, Bar-Yosef O, Chu V, Pan Y, Liu K X, Cohen D, Jiao T L, Li S C, Gu H B, Goldberg P and Weiner S．2009．Radiocarbon
Dating of Charcoal and Bone Collagen Associated with Early Pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China．Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 54(2): 9595-9600．

Charles T K, Yasuhiro T and Yaroslav V K．2003．The Origin of the Japanese Machine in East Asia．The Review of Archaeology Fall, 24(2): 3-14．

谌世龙．1999．桂林庙岩洞穴遗址的发掘与研究//中山大学. 中石器文化及有关问题研讨会论文集．广州：广东人民出版社．[Chen Shilong．1999．Excavation and Research of Guilin Temple Rock Cave Site. In: Sun Yat-sen University. Proceedings of the Symposium on Chinese Stoneware Culture and Related Issues．Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Press．]

陈胜前．2006．中国狩猎采集者的模拟研究．人类学学报，25（1）：42-55．[Chen Shengqian．2006．Modeling Hunter-Gatherers of China．Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 25(1): 42-55.]

陈宥成，曲彤丽．2017．中国早期陶器的起源及相关问题．考古，37（6）：82-92．[Chen Youcheng and Qv Tongli．2017．The Origin and Related Problems of Early Chinese Pottery．Archeology, 37(6): 82-92．]

Clark P U, Dyke A S, Shakun J D, Carlson A E, Clark J, Wohlfarth B, Mitrovica J X, Hostetler S W and Mccabe A M．2009．The Last Glacial Maximum．Science, 325(5941): 710-714．

崔之久，杨建强，赵亮，张威，谢又予．2004．鄂尔多斯大面积冰楔群的发现及20ka以来中国北方多年冻土南界与环境．科学通报，49（13）：1304-1310．[Cui Zhijiu, Yang Jianqiang, Zhao Liang, Zhang Wei and Xie Youyu．2004．Discovery of large-area ice wedges in Ordos and the southern boundary of permafrost in northern China since 20ka．Chinese Science Bulletin, 49(13): 1304-1310．]

Dykoski C A, Edwards R L, Cheng H, Yuan D X, Cai Y J, Zhang M L, Lin Y S, Qing J M, An Z S and Revenaugh J．2005．A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave, China．Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 233(12): 71-86．

Feng L I, Chen F Y, Wang Y H and Gao X．2016．Technology diffusion and population migration reflected in blade technologies in northern China in the Late Pleistocene．Science China Earth Sciences, 59(8): 1540- 1553．

Grootes P M, Stuiver M, White J W C, Johnsen S and Jouzel J．1993．Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenlandice cores．Nature, 366(6455): 552-554．

郭正堂，羊向东，陈发虎，鹿化煜，吴海斌．2014．末次冰盛期以来我国气候环境变化及人类适应．科学通报，59（30）：2937-2939．[Guo Zhengtang, Yang Xiangdong, Chen Fahu, Lu Huayu and Wu Haibin．
2014．Climate changes in China since the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene human adaptation．Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(30): 2937–2939．]

何勇，丹利，董文杰，季劲均，秦大河．2005．末次冰盛期以来中国陆地植被净初级生产力的模拟．科学通报，50（11）：1119-1124．[He Yong, Dan Li, Dong Wenjie, Ji Jingjun and Qin Dahe．2005．Simulation
of net primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation in China since the last ice age．Chinese Science Bulletin, 50(11): 1119-1124．]

加藤真二．2015．试论华北细石器工业的出现．华夏考古，29（2）：56-67．[Jia Tengzhener．2015．On the Emergence of the Fine Stone Industry in North China．Huaxia Archaeology, 29(2): 56-67．]

金昌柱，徐钦琦，郑家坚．1998．中国晚更新世猛犸象（Mammuthus）扩散事件的探讨．古脊椎动物学报，36（1）：47-53．[Jin Changzhu, Xu Qinqi and Zheng Jiajian．1998．A Probe into the Diffusion Event of China’s Late Pleistocene (Mammuthus)．Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 36(1): 47-53．]

吉笃学，陈发虎，Bettinger R L，Elston R G，耿志强，Barton L，王辉，安成邦，张东菊．2005．末次盛冰期环境恶化对中国北方旧石器文化的影响．人类学学报，24（4）：270-282．[Ji Duxue, Chen Fahu, Bettinger R L, Elston R G, Geng Zhiqiang, Barton L, Wang Hui, An Chengbang and Zhang Dongjv．2005．Human Response to the Last Glacial Maximum: Evidence from North China．Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 24(4): 270-282．]

李锋，陈福友，高星，刘德成，张东菊，王山．2011．甘肃省水洛河、清水河流域2009年旧石器考古调查．人类学学报，30（2）：137- 148．[Li Feng, Chen Fuyou, Gao Xing, Liu Decheng, Zhangdongjv and Wang Shan．2011．A Report on the 2009 Reconnaissance of Paleolithic Remains in the Shuiluo and Qingshui River Valley, Gansu Province．Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 30(2): 137-148．]

李广雪，刘勇，杨子赓．2009．中国东部陆架沉积环境对末次冰盛期以来海面阶段性上升的响应．海洋地质与第四纪地质，29（4）：13- 19．[Li Guangxue, Liu Yong and Yang Zigeng．2009．Sea-level rise and sedimentary environment response in the east China continental shelf since last glacial maximum．Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology, 29(4): 13-19．]

李有骞．2009．东北地区末次冰期以来旧石器遗存的分期、类型及相关问题．中原文物，33（3）：25-36．[Li Youqian．2009．The Stages, Types and Related Problems of Paleolithic Remains Since the Last Glacial Period in Northeast China．Cultural Relics of the Central Plains, 33(3): 25-36．]

Lu H Y, Zhang J P, Liu K B, Wu N Q, Li Y M, Zhou K S, Ye M L, Zhang T Y, Zhang H J, Yang X Y, Shen L C, Xu D and Li Q．2009．Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicummilliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago．Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106: 7367- 7372．

Lu H Y, Yi S W, Xu Z W, Zhou Y L, Zeng L, Zhu F L, Feng H, Dong L N, Zhuo H X, Yu K F, Joseph M, Wang X Y, Chen Y Y, Lu Q, Wu B, Dong Z B, Qu J J, Wang X M and Guo Z T．2013．Chinese deserts and sand fields in Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Optimum．Chinese Science Bulletin, 58(23): 2775-2783．

Li X Q, Shang X, Dodson J and Zhou X Y．2009．Holocene agriculture in the Guanzhong Basin in NW China indicated by pollen and charcoal evidence．Holocene, 19: 1213-1220．

Madsen D B, Chen F H and Gao X．2007．Changing views of Late Quaternary human adaptation in arid China. In: Madsen D B, Chen F H and Gao X. Late Quaternary Climate Change and Human Adaptation in Arid China. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 227-232.

Mix A C, Bard E and Schneider R．2001．Environmental processes of the ice age: land, oceans, glaciers (EPILOG)．Quaternary Science Reviews, 20(4): 627-657．

任进成，周静，李锋，陈福友，高星．2017．甘肃石峡口旧石器遗址第1地点发掘报告．人类学报，36（1）：1-16．[Ren Jincheng, Zhou Jing, Li Feng, Chen Fuyou and Gao Xing．2017．A Preliminary Report on 2015’s Excavation at Shixiakou Paleolithic Locality 1in Gansu Province, North China．Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 36(1): 1-16．]

施雅风，孔昭宸，王苏民，唐领余，王富葆，姚檀栋，赵希涛，张丕远，施少华．1993．中国全新世大暖期鼎盛阶段的气候与环境．中国科学（B），23（8）：865-872．[Shi Yafeng, Kong Zhaochen, Wang Sumin, Tang Lingyu, Wang Fubao, Yao Tandong, Zhao Xitao, Zhang Peiyuan and Shi Shaohua．1993．Climate and environment in the maximum of China’s Holocene Megathermal．Scientia Sinica, 23(8): 865-872．]

Sun Y B, Clemens S C, Morrill C, Lin X P, Wang X L and An Z S．2012．
Influence of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on the East Asian winter monsoon．Nature Geoscience, 5(1): 46-49．

王小友，张家富．2016．龙王辿遗址第一地点细石器加工技术与年代-兼论华北地区细石器的起源．南方文物，55（4）：49-56．[Wang Xiaoyou and Zhang Jiafu．2016．The Processing Technology and Age of Microlith on the First Site of Longwangchan Site: and Discussion of the Origin of Microlith in North China．Relics from South, 55(4): 49-56．]

Wang Y J, Cheng H, Edwards R L, An Z S, Wu J Y, Shen C C and Dorale J A．2001．A High-Resolution Absolute-Dated late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu cave．Science, 294(5550): 2345-2348．

王幼平，汪松枝．2014．MIS3阶段嵩山东麓旧石器发现与问题．人类学学报，33（3）：304-314．[Wang Youping and Wang Songzhi．2014．New Achievements and Perspectives on Paleolithic Archaeology During the MIS3 Along the Eastern Foot of Songshan Mountain, Henan Province．
Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 33(3): 304-314．]

Wu X, Zhang C, Goldberg P, Cohen D, Pan Y, Arpin T and Bar-Yosef O．2012．Early pottery at 20,000 years ago in Xianrendong Cave, China．Science, 336(6089): 1696．

谢传礼，赵泉鸿．1996．末次盛冰期中国海古地理轮廓及其气候效应．第四纪研究，16（1）：1-10．[Xie Chuanli and Zhao Quanhong．1996．The paleogeoraphic configuration of China seas and its climatic influence during the last glacial maximum．Quaternary Sciences, 16(1): 1-10. ]

杨达源．1986．晚更新世冰期最盛时长江中下游地区的古环境．地理学报，41（4）：302-310．[Yang Dayuan．1986．The paleoenviroment of the mid-lower regions of Changjiang in the full-glacial period of late Pleistocene．Acta Geographica Sinica, 41(4): 302-310．]

张虎才．2009．我国东北地区晚更新世中晚期环境变化与猛犸象——披毛犀动物群绝灭研究综述．地球科学进展，24（1）：49-60．[Zhang Hucai．2009．A Review of the Study of Environmental Changes and Extinction of the Mammuthus-Colelodonta Fauna during the Middle -late Late Pleistocenein NE．Advance in Earth Science, 24(1): 49-60．]

张兰生．2012．中国古地理：中国自然环境的形成．北京：科学出版社．[Zhang Lansheng．2012．China’s Ancient Geography-The Formation of China’s Natural Environment．Beijing: Science Press．]

赵松龄，刘敬圃．1996．晚更新世末期陆架沙漠化环境演化模式的探讨．中国科学，26（2）：142-146．[Zhao Songling and Liu Jingpu．1996．
Discussion on the Evolution Model of Shelter Desertification Environment at Late Stage of Late Pleistocene．Scientia Sinica, 26(2): 142-146．]

中国第四纪孢粉数据库小组．2000．中国中全新世（6 ka B P）和末次盛冰期（18 ka B P）生物群区的重建．植物学报（英文版），42（11）：1201-1209．[China Quaternary Pollen Database Group．2000．
Reconstruction of the Middle Holocene (6 ka BP) and the Last Glacial Maximum (18 ka BP) Biome in China．Acta Botanica Sinica, 42 (11): 1201-1209．]

周广明，和奇．2016．人类文化进程中的陶器起源：关于陶器起源的另一种假说．南方文物，36（1）：51-58．[Zhou Guangming and He Qi．2016．The Origin of Pottery in the Process of Human Culture: Another Hypothesis about the Origin of Pottery．Relics from South, 36(1): 51-58．]

[1]	赵增友，石胜强，殷建军，张春生，代稳，秦趣. 唐朝末年以来广西柳州干湿变化及人类活动演变[J]. 热带地理, 2018, 38(4): 575-585.
[2]	李扬，余克服，王英辉，郭靖，黄学勇，裴继影，罗燕秋. 三亚鹿回头岸礁海域夏季表层海水营养盐年际变化特征[J]. 热带地理, 2017, 37(5): 708-717.
[3]	黄康有，何嘉卉，宗永强，郑卓，章桂芳，曹玲珑．. 珠江三角洲三水盆地早全新世以来孢粉分析与古环境重建 [J]. 热带地理, 2016, 36(3): 364-373.
[4]	余少华，陈芳，谢叶彩，周洋，吴聪，陈炽新，龙桂．. 珠江口万顷沙晚第四纪沉积及古环境重建[J]. 热带地理, 2016, 36(3): 374-387.
[5]	乐远福，郑卓，Barry V ROLETT，黄博津，黄康有，Rachid CHEDDADI．. 闽江下游全新世孢粉记录的植被与环境变化[J]. 热带地理, 2016, 36(3): 417-426.
[6]	马婷，郑卓，满美玲，李杰，彭环环，韩爱艳，黄康有．. 南亚热带全新世火灾记录的气候变化及人类影响[J]. 热带地理, 2016, 36(3): 486-494.
[7]	付淑清，黄光庆，郑艳伟，宫清华，唐光良. 香港岛水域全新统重矿物与硅藻记录及其古环境意义[J]. 热带地理, 2014, 34(4): 527-533.
[8]	邓晓宇，张强，孙鹏，方朝阳. 气候变化和人类活动对信江流域径流影响模拟[J]. 热带地理, 2014, 34(3): 293-301.
[9]	王丽荣，余克服，赵焕庭，张乔民. 南海珊瑚礁经济价值评估[J]. 热带地理, 2014, 34(1): 44-49.
[10]	郑文武, 邹君, 田亚平, 邓运员. 基于RS和GIS的区域人类活动强度空间模拟[J]. 热带地理, 2011, 31(1): 77-81.
[11]	施祺, 赵美霞, 黄玲英, 严宏强, 张会领. 三亚鹿回头岸礁区人类活动及其对珊瑚礁的影响[J]. 热带地理, 2010, 30(5): 486-490,509.
[12]	李猷, 王仰麟, 彭建, 刘珍环, 吴健生. 快速城市化地区海岸线分维动态演变研究——以深圳市为例[J]. 热带地理, 2009, 29(5): 429-433.
[13]	田光进. 全球化与全球变化关系研究[J]. 热带地理, 2009, 29(2): 150-155.
[14]	. 赵焕庭研究员对华南河口海岸研究的贡献[J]. 热带地理, 2008, 28(4): 322-325.
[15]	陈天然, 余克服, 施祺, 李淑, 王嵘, 赵美霞. 广东大亚湾石珊瑚群落的分布及动态变化[J]. 热带地理, 2007, 27(6): 493-498.