1987—2017年海南岛海岸线变化特征遥感分析
张丽(1975—),女,新疆伊犁人,研究员,主要从事植被生态和海岸带遥感研究,(E-mail)zhangli@aircas.ac.cn。 |
收稿日期: 2019-10-08
修回日期: 2020-04-30
网络出版日期: 2020-08-11
基金资助
海南省重大科技计划项目(ZDKJ2019006)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA13020506)
Remote Sensing Analysis of Coastline Changes in Hainan Island during 1987-2017
Received date: 2019-10-08
Revised date: 2020-04-30
Online published: 2020-08-11
利用海岸线、红树林和近海围塘养殖等多个遥感专题信息产品,从岸线年均变化速率、利用率和综合利用程度等方面综合分析了海南岛1987—2017年的海岸线变化特征,并通过典型岸线类型变化探讨了人类活动对海南岛海岸带资源的影响。分析发现:1)海岸线长度总体呈稳定增长趋势。由1987年的1 655 km增至2017年的1 890 km,其中自然岸线持续减少,人工岸线急剧增长。2)岸线类型多样性降低,倾向性明显;而岸线的利用程度不断提高,利用程度综合指数由1987年的237.34增加到2017年的285.03,人类活动对海岸线变迁的干扰作用越来越明显。3)陆海格局变化特征复杂,整体呈向海扩张的态势。多种人为因素共同作用是导致岸线不断变迁的主要原因,人工养殖塘的开发使红树林湿地遭到侵占,生物岸线减少,港口建设、近海人工岛建设等引起砂质岸线等自然岸线减少。
张丽 , 廖静娟 , 袁鑫 , 穆晓东 , 宋茜茜 , 毕京鹏 . 1987—2017年海南岛海岸线变化特征遥感分析[J]. 热带地理, 2020 , 40(4) : 659 -674 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003260
Coastal zone of Hainan is one of the most valuable areas of natural resources and also forms a good ecological environment. Based on a 30-years coastal data derived from satellite imagery, which includes coastline, mangrove, nearshore aquaculture ponds, artificial islands, and ports, this study analyzed the coastline changes and other spatial elements in the coastal zone of Hainan Island. The human activities that impacted on the coasts of Hainan were also evaluated. The indices used for the analysis were: Length Change Intensity (LCI), Index of Coastline Type Diversity (ICTD), and Index of Coastline Utilization Degree (ICUD). In this study, we found that: 1) the length of the coastline increased steadily from 1,655 km (in 1987) to 1,890 km (in 2017). In contrast, the natural coastline length decreased continuously from 1,565 km (in late 1980s) to 1,140 km (in 2017), with a proportion drop from 94.6% to 60.3%. The length and proportion of artificial shoreline increased remarkably, from 90 km (in late 1980s) up to 750 km (in 2017) and a proportion changed from 5.40% to 39.7%. 2) The diversity of coastline types decreased while the coastline utilization degree increased. From 1987 to 2017, the ICUD increased continuously from 237.34 to 285.03, indicating that human activities had an increasing effect on coastline changes. 3) Land and sea pattern changes were complicated, with the coastline expanding into the sea. Overall, the coastal land area increased by 107.49 km. A variety of human factors contribute for the continuous changes of the coastline. The change in the biotic coastline is mainly the result of competition between mangroves and aquaculture ponds, and the construction of ports and offshore artificial islands, which are also responsible for the land sea pattern reform. Since 2000, the length of the coastline of Hainan Island has increased largely due to the coastal construction projects that have augmented the artificial shoreline. Currently, it is still necessary to strengthen the protection and control of coastlines and promote their sustainable utilization. With the increase in general awareness about environmental protection laws and the implementation of coastal zone management and ecological restoration protocols, the coastal ecological environment will be largely protected and restored. This study contributes to a better understanding of the ecological environmental changes in the coastal zone of Hainan and provides scientific basis for the protection and restoration of its ecological environment. The study provides a scientific application paradigm for the effective use of coastal datasets to conduct research on the coastal environment.
表1 采用的海岸带数据集基本信息Table 1 Information of the coastal data set in this study |
数据集 | 卫星数据 | 提取方法 | 精度评估/% | 分辨率/m | 时间跨度 | 数据来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
岸线变化和类型 | Landsat | 目视解译 | 95 | 30 | 8期:1987、1990、1995、2000、2005、2010、2015、2017年 | 毕京鹏等(2019) |
红树林 | Landsat | 支持向量机 | 99① | 30 | 7期:1987、1993、1998、2003、2007、2013、2017年 | 廖静娟等(2019) |
围塘养殖 | Landsat | 面向对象 | 97 | 30 | 4期:1990、2000、2010、2015年 | 袁鑫等(2020)② |
近海人工岛 | Landsat / GF-1/GF-2 | 目视解译 | 97 | 30/ 1~2 | 4期:2010、2014、2015、2016年 | 张云飞等(2020) |
港口变化 | Landsat | 目视解译 | 82 | 30 | 4期:2000、2005、2010、2015年 | 毕森等(2017) |
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图4 1987—2017年海南岛东部(a)、西部(b)岸段岸线类型变化Fig.4 Shoreline's types in the eastern (a) and western (b) parts of Hainan Island during 1987-2017 |
表2 1987—2017年海南岛各类型岸线长度比例和变化速率Table 2 Length proportion and annual change rate for shorelines in Hainan Island during 1987-2017 |
年 份 | 自然岸线 | 人工岸线 | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
河口岸线 | 基岩岸线 | 砂质岸线 | 生物岸线 | 淤泥质岸线 | 小计 | |||||||||||||||
比例 % | 变化速率(km·a-1) | 比例 % | 变化速率(km·a-1) | 比例 % | 变化速率(km·a-1) | 比例 % | 变化速率(km·a-1) | 比例 % | 变化速率(km·a-1) | 比例 % | 变化速率(km·a-1) | 比例 % | 变化速率(km·a-1) | |||||||
1987 | 1.0 | — | 9.4 | — | 47.3 | — | 10.2 | — | 26.6 | — | 94.6 | — | 5.4 | — | ||||||
1990 | 0.9 | -0.3 | 8.1 | -5.0 | 49.2 | 21.3 | 13.8 | 23.0 | 18.3 | -42.0 | 90.4 | -3.0 | 9.6 | 25.0 | ||||||
1995 | 0.4 | -1.8 | 8.2 | 0.6 | 49.0 | 0.4 | 17.4 | 12.8 | 14.1 | -14.2 | 89.1 | -2.2 | 10.9 | 4.8 | ||||||
2000 | 0.4 | -0.2 | 7.1 | -4.2 | 53.4 | 13.0 | 11.6 | -20.8 | 5.9 | -28.6 | 78.4 | -40.8 | 21.6 | 36.2 | ||||||
2005 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 10 | 10.2 | 44.0 | -30.8 | 13.4 | 6.8 | 4.5 | -4.6 | 72.5 | -18.0 | 27.5 | 21.0 | ||||||
2010 | 0.2 | -0.8 | 6.5 | -11.8 | 48.1 | 16.6 | 7.8 | -19.0 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 70.1 | -4.8 | 29.9 | 9.8 | ||||||
2015 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 7.3 | 3.8 | 43.1 | -11.4 | 7.7 | 0.8 | 4.2 | -10.6 | 62.8 | -16.6 | 37.2 | 30.8 | ||||||
2017 | 0.4 | 0 | 5.7 | -13.0 | 42.5 | 8.5 | 6.3 | -10.5 | 5.4 | 13.0 | 60.3 | -2.0 | 39.7 | 36.0 |
表3 1987—2017年海南岛红树林湿地重点保护区分布面积、变化量和变化速率Table 3 Area, variation, and change rate of mangrove in Reserves of Hainan Island during 1987-2017 |
地区 | 统计量 | 1987年 | 1993年 | 1998年 | 2003年 | 2007年 | 2013年 | 2017年 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
东寨港 | 面积/km2 | 14.66 | 15.32 | 16.12 | 16.66 | 17.29 | 17.88 | 17.33 |
变化量/(km2·a-1) | — | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.10 | -0.14 | |
变化速率/% | — | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 | -0.8 | |
清澜港 | 面积/km2 | 16.56 | 14.47 | 13.28 | 11.65 | 11.50 | 12.14 | 11.74 |
变化量/(km2·a-1) | — | -0.35 | -0.24 | -0.33 | -0.04 | 0.11 | -0.10 | |
变化速率/% | — | -2.2 | -1.7 | -2.6 | 0.3 | 0.9 | -0.8 | |
新盈港 | 面积/km2 | 4.15 | 3.30 | 3.05 | 2.94 | 2.63 | 2.76 | 2.91 |
变化量/(km2·a-1) | — | -0.14 | -0.05 | -0.02 | -0.08 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
变化速率/% | — | -3.8 | -1.6 | -0.8 | -2.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | |
马袅港 | 面积/km2 | 0.66 | 0.56 | 0.34 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
变化量/(km2·a-1) | — | -0.02 | -0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.00 | |
变化速率/% | — | -2.7 | -10.1 | 6.0 | 2.6 | 10.6 | 0.2 | |
花场湾 | 面积/km2 | 4.54 | 3.97 | 3.41 | 2.57 | 2.19 | 3.22 | 3.00 |
变化量/(km2·a-1) | — | -0.1 | -0.11 | -0.19 | -0.10 | 0.17 | -0.05 | |
变化速率/% | — | -2.2 | -3.0 | -5.7 | -4.0 | 6.4 | -1.7 | |
新英湾 | 面积/km2 | 6.23 | 7.60 | 7.23 | 4.83 | 4.78 | 5.77 | 6.07 |
变化量/(km2·a-1) | — | 0.23 | -0.08 | -0.48 | -0.01 | 0.17 | 0.08 | |
变化速率/% | — | 3.3 | -1.0 | -8.1 | -0.3 | 3.1 | 1.3 | |
东方 | 面积/km2 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.77 |
变化量/(km2·a-1) | — | -0.02 | 0.03 | -0.02 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
变化速率/% | — | -6.1 | 8.5 | -5.1 | 17.7 | 1.8 | 3.3 | |
总计 | 面积/km2 | 47.16 | 45.47 | 43.81 | 39.40 | 39.50 | 43.40 | 42.78 |
变化量/(km2·a-1) | — | -0.28 | -0.33 | -0.88 | 0.02 | 0.65 | -0.15 | |
变化速率/% | — | -0.6 | -0.7 | -2.1 | 0.1 | 1.6 | -0.4 |
图10 1990—2015年海南岛养殖塘重点监测区面积变化Fig.10 Changes in the area of coastal aquaculture ponds in Hainan Island during 1990-2015 |
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