多元视野下的海南省临高县海岸带综合评估与深度空间管控探讨
邱彭华(1974—),男,湖南郴州人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为湿地科学、区域规划、华南地区环境生态及其管理,(E-mail)cphscnu@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2019-08-15
修回日期: 2020-08-26
网络出版日期: 2020-12-10
基金资助
海南省自然科学基金(418MS050)
国家自然科学基金(42061048)
海南省重大科技计划项目(ZDKJ2019006)
Comprehensive Assessment and Deep Spatial Management of Coastal Zone in Lingao County, Hainan Province from Multiple Viewpoints
Received date: 2019-08-15
Revised date: 2020-08-26
Online published: 2020-12-10
为进一步加强海岸带综合管理,探索更有效的空间管控方法,从各类生态环境敏感性的形成机理出发,通过选取代表性评价指标构建评价模型,综合评估了海南省临高县海岸带生态环境敏感性和地质灾害风险性,并将其与国土规划相结合,对研究区进行了深度空间管控分区分析。结果表明:1)土地荒漠化、土地盐渍化、暴雨洪涝、赤潮、海岸侵蚀均以轻度敏感为主,土壤侵蚀、台风灾害以中度敏感为主,特殊生境、风暴潮和灾害性海浪以高度敏感为主。综合敏感性轻度、中度、高度与极度敏感区面积分别为10 651.28、9 682.11、3 275.29和983.88 hm2,其中高度敏感区以调楼镇分布面积最大,极度敏感区以博厚镇分布最广;2)地质灾害以地震、崩塌、滑坡、地面沉降、砂土液化为主,除地震风险分为风险大区与中等区外,其余4种均只有中等风险区和风险小区,综合风险则有大、中等和小3个分级,其中风险大区主要分布于博厚、东英、波莲与皇桐镇的断裂带两侧各15 m范围区内,总面积为118.86 hm2;3)集生态敏感性、地质灾害风险与国土规划多元视野的海岸带深度空间管控分区,可较好地识别重要保护对象与关键保护区域,并使海岸带获得充分开发与利用。
邱彭华 , 杜娜 , 刘兵兵 , 杨星 , 谢跟踪 , 钟尊倩 . 多元视野下的海南省临高县海岸带综合评估与深度空间管控探讨[J]. 热带地理, 2020 , 40(6) : 1094 -1108 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003284
Sensitivity and risk assessments are not only effective methods for disaster prevention and alleviation but are also important bases for scientific spatial planning and regional environmental policy-formulation. To further strengthen the integrated management of coastal zone and explore more efficient methods of ecological space control, ten factors, namely soil erosion, desertification, soil salinization, typhoon disaster, rainstorm and flood disaster, special habitat, storm surge, disastrous wave, coastal erosion, and red tide, were selected to evaluate the eco-environmental sensitivity of the coastal zone in Lingao County, Hainan Province. Earthquake, collapse, landslide, land subsidence, and sand liquefaction were considered in the risk assessment of geological hazards. The results derived from eco-environmental sensitivity and risk assessment of geological hazards were combined with territorial planning to analyze the deep spatial management zoning of the study area. The results indicated that: 1) Desertification, soil salinization, rainstorm and flood disaster, red tide, and coastal erosion were mainly slightly sensitive; soil erosion and typhoon disaster were mainly moderately sensitive; and special habitat, storm surge, and disastrous wave were highly sensitive. The area of moderate, high, and extreme-high comprehensive sensitivity zone was 9 682.11, 3 275.29, and 983.88 hm2, respectively. Among them, Diaolou Town had the largest distribution area in the highly sensitive zone, and Bohou Town had the most widely distributed area in the extreme-highly sensitive zone. 2) The main geological hazards were earthquake, collapse, landslide, land subsidence, and sand liquefaction. Except for the seismic risk, which was divided into high-risk zone and middle zone, the other four types only had medium-risk and low-risk zones. The comprehensive risk zones were classified as high, medium, and low, among which the risk areas were mainly distributed in the 15 m area on each side of the fault zone of Bohou, Dongying, Bolian, and Huangtong Town, with a total area of 118.86 hm2. 3) The development and utilization of the coastal zone in Lingao County may be divided into three levels. The first level includes specific protected zone, moderate development zone, and intensive development zone. The second level included eight zones, including natural reserves, retention zone, utilization zone in control, agricultural development zone, tourism and leisure zone, public facility zone, residential construction zone, and industrial zone. The third level consisted of 18 tertiary divisions. 4) The deep spatial management zoning of the coastal zone with multiple horizons of ecological sensitivity, geological hazard risk, and territorial planning can better identify important protection objects and key protection areas and enable the coastal zone to be fully developed and utilized. Although this paper attempted to diagnose and identify the intensity and spatial distribution of various eco-environmental sensitivity types in the coastal zone from the views of quantification and visualization, some problems need to be explored further in the process of application, such as index selection, model construction, data acquisition, synergistic influence among different ecological environment sensitivity types, and so on. Moreover, the visual expression of geological hazard formation mechanism in the coastal zone and the commonness and individuality of the quantitative measurement of potential geological hazard risk assessment are also aspects that need to be strengthened.
表1 临高县海岸带生态环境敏感性类型及其计算模型Table 1 Types of ecological environmental sensitivity in Lingao County coastal zone and their calculation models |
敏感性类型 | 敏感性指数计算公式 | 参数说明 |
---|---|---|
土壤侵蚀 | SSj为j空间单元土壤侵蚀敏感性综合指数;Cij为j单元i因子敏感性等级值;Wi为因子权重1)。参评因子:R值、土壤质地、地形起伏度和植被类型。 | |
土地荒漠化 | DSj为j空间单元荒漠化敏感性指数;Dij为j单元i因子敏感性等级值。参评因子:湿润指数、冬春季>6 m/s大风天数、土壤质地、植被覆盖(冬春)。 | |
土地盐渍化 | YSj为j空间单元土地盐渍化敏感性指数;Yij为j单元i因子敏感性等级值。参评因子:蒸发量/降雨量比值、浅层地下水位深度、地下水矿化度、地形。 | |
台风灾害 | TCSi为i空间单元台风灾害敏感性综合指数;Gi与Pi为i单元台风平均最大风力等级、台风频率的敏感性等级值,α、β为权重值2)。 | |
暴雨洪涝灾害 | RFSj为j空间单元暴雨洪涝灾害敏感性指数;Srij为j单元i因子敏感性等级值。参评因子:极值洪水位与地形相对高度关系、暴雨过程降水量频率、24 h暴雨过程降水强度极值。 | |
特殊生境 | HBSj为j空间单元生境敏感性指数;Spij为j单元i因子敏感性等级值。参评因子:被保护物种数量、被保护物种等级、被保护生态系统保护级别。 | |
风暴潮灾害 | STSj为j空间单元风暴潮灾害敏感性指数;Tj与Pj分别为j单元风暴增水极值与地形相对高度的对应关系、风暴潮平均年发生次数的敏感性等级值。 | |
灾害性海浪致灾 | SWSj为j空间单元灾害性海浪致灾敏感性指数;Hj、Nj为j单元海浪波高极值与地表及海面相对高度对应关系、灾害性海浪的平均年发生日数的敏感性等级值。 | |
海岸侵蚀 | CESj为j空间单元海岸侵蚀敏感性指数;Cij为j单元i因子的敏感性等级值。参评因子:海岸侵蚀速率、海岸类型、波浪作用水深。 | |
赤潮 | RTSj为j空间单元生境敏感性指数;Fj、Ej、Oj分别为j单元的历史赤潮发生频次、水体富营养化指数、扩散条件3个参评因子的敏感性等级值。 | |
综合敏感性 | S com j为第j评价单元的综合敏感性指数;Sij为第j评价单元第i敏感性类型评价指数值。 |
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表2 临高县海岸带生态环境敏感性评价指标及其分级Table 2 Evaluation indices and classification of ecological environmental sensitivity in Lingao County coastal zone |
敏感性类型 | 参评指标 | 不敏感 | 轻度敏感 | 中度敏感 | 高度敏感 | 极敏感 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤 侵蚀 | R值/[m·t·cm·(hm-2· h-1·a-1)] | <25 | 25~100 | 100~400 | 400~600 | >600 | 景可等(2005) |
土壤质地 | 石砾、沙 | 粗砂土、细砂土、 黏土 | 面砂土、壤土、黏壤土、砂黏壤土 | 砂壤土、粉黏土、壤黏土 | 砂粉土、粉土 | 临高县农业局(1985); 龚子同等(2004) | |
地形起伏度/m | 0~50 | 50~100 | 100~200 | 200~300 | >300 | — | |
植被类型 | 草本沼泽、稻田、水体 | 阔叶林、针叶林、草甸、灌丛和萌生矮林、竹林 | 稀疏灌木草地、 一年二熟旱作 | 荒漠、一年 一熟旱作 | 无植被 | — | |
土地 荒漠化 | 湿润指数 | >0.65 | 0.50~0.65 | 0.20~0.50 | 0.05~0.20 | <0.05 | — |
冬春> 6 m/s 大风天数/d | <15 | 15~30 | 30~45 | 45~60 | >60 | 高素华(1988); 吴正等(1995) | |
土壤质地 | 基岩 | 黏质 | 砾质 | 壤质 | 沙质 | 临高县农业局(1985);龚子同等(2004) | |
植被覆盖(冬春) | 茂密 | 适中 | 较少 | 稀疏 | 裸地 | — | |
土地 盐渍化 | 蒸发量/降雨量 | <1 | 1~3 | 3~10 | 10~15 | >15 | — |
浅层地下水位深/m | >15 | 10~15 | 5~10 | 3~5 | <3 | 海南地质大队(1981) | |
地下水矿化度/(g·L-1) | <1 | 1~5 | 5~10 | 10~25 | >25 | ||
地形 | 二级及以上台地、丘陵 | 洪积平原、三角洲、一级台地 | 泛滥冲积平原 | 海积沙堤 | 滨海低平原、海积冲积平原 | — | |
台风 灾害 | 台风平均最大风力/级 | <6 | 6~8 | 8~10 | 10~12 | >12 | — |
台风频次1)/(次·a-1) | <0.1 | 0.1~0.3 | 0.3~0.6 | 0.6~0.9 | >0.9 | — | |
暴雨 洪涝 灾害 | 极值洪水位与地形 相对高度对应关系 | 高于极值高水位 | 低于极值高水位 1 m以内 | 低于极值高水位1~2 m以内 | 低于极值高水位2~3 m以内 | 低于极值高水位3 m以上 | 李文欢(2001); 温克刚等(2008); 张京红等(2010) |
暴雨过程降水量频率/(次·10a-1) | <5 | 5~10 | 10~20 | 20~30 | >30 | ||
24 h暴雨过程降水强度极值/mm | <50 | 50~100 | 100~200 | 200~300 | >300 | ||
特殊 生境 | 被保护物种数量/种 | 无 | 1~5 | 5~8 | 8~10 | >10 | 黄晖等(2012) |
被保护物种等级 | 无保护物种 | 地区性保护物种 | 其他国家与省级保护物种 | 国家二级 | 国家一级 | ||
被保护生态 系统级别 | 无级别 | 暂无级别,但专家认为应保护 | 市县级 | 省级 | 国家级 | ||
风暴潮灾害 | 风暴增水极值与地形 相对高度对应关系 | 高于增水 极值水位2) | 低于增水极值 水位1 m以内 | 低于增水极值 水位1~2 m以内 | 低于增水极值水位2~4 m以内 | 低于增水极值水位4 m以上 | 王红心(1998); 梁海燕等(2005); 王青颜等(2005); 石海莹(2013) |
平均年发生次数3) | <0.1 | 0.1~0.5 | 0.5~1 | 1~2 | >2 | ||
灾害性海浪 | 离海岸距离 | 宽于海浪波高极值 | 窄于海浪波高极值4 m以内 | 窄于海浪波高极值4~8 m以内 | 窄于海浪波高极值8~12 m以内 | 窄于海浪波高极值12 m以上 | 夏小明(2015); 麦卫斌(2018) |
平均年发生日数/d | <10 | 10~20 | 20~40 | 40~60 | >60 | ||
海岸 侵蚀 | 海岸侵蚀速率/(m·a-1) | <0.1 | 0.1~0.5 | 0.5~1.0 | 1.0~2.0 | >2.0 | 夏东兴等(1993); 黄巧华等(1997); 季荣耀(2007); 夏小明(2015) |
海岸类型 | 淤泥质、潟湖湾砂质、淤泥质岸段人工海岸 | 基岩、基岩段 人工海岸 | 非潟湖湾凹岸砂质、沙质岸段人工海岸 | 近平直岸砂质 | 凸岸砂质 | ||
波浪作用水深4) | >1.5个波高 | 1.1~1.5个波高 | 0.8~1.1个波高 | 0.4~0.8个波高 | <0.4个波高 | ||
赤潮 | 历史赤潮发生频次/次 | 无 | 1 | 2 | 3 | >3 | 周祖光(2013); 黄春等(2016); 李俊峰等(2017) |
水体富营养化指数5) | <0.5 | 0.5~1.0 | 1.0~2.0 | 2.0~.0 | >3.0 | ||
扩散条件 | 开阔海域 | 开敞度6)>0.4 | 0.2<开敞度≤0.4 | 0.1<开敞度≤0.2 | 开敞度≤0.1 | ||
赋分值 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | — | |
分级标准 | 1.0~2.0 | 2.0~4.0 | 4.0~6.0 | 6.0~8.0 | >8.0 | — |
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表3 临高县海岸带分类型敏感性分级区面积 (hm2)Table 3 Area of sensitive classification of coastal zones in Lingao County |
敏感性 类型 | 土地土壤类 | 气象灾害类 | 特殊生境类 | 海洋灾害类 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤侵蚀 | 土地荒漠化 | 土地盐渍化 | 台风 | 暴雨洪涝 | 特殊生境 | 风暴潮 | 灾害性海浪 | 海岸侵蚀 | 赤潮 | |||||
合计 | 36 181.31 | 36 181.31 | 36 181.31 | 49 456.96 | 49 456.96 | 49 456.96 | 49 456.96 | 17 671.88 | 49 456.96 | 17 149.34 | ||||
不敏感 | 0.00 | 3 355.84 | 6 104.15 | 0.00 | 17 413.24 | 42 090 | 29 326.39 | 0.00 | 45 644.72 | 12 247.64 | ||||
轻度敏感 | 0.00 | 29 853.62 | 22 473.2 | 0.00 | 30 143.22 | 2 370.62 | 2 598.10 | 0.00 | 3 271.34 | 4 901.70 | ||||
中度敏感 | 32 441.94 | 2 971.85 | 4 387.45 | 49 456.96 | 1 802.98 | 0.00 | 366.11 | 0.00 | 371.11 | 0.00 | ||||
高度敏感 | 3 739.37 | 0.00 | 3 216.51 | 0.00 | 97.52 | 4 996.34 | 17 166.36 | 17 671.88 | 169.79 | 0.00 | ||||
极敏感 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
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表4 临高县海岸带综合敏感性分级统计 (hm2)Table 4 Comprehensive sensitivity classification statistics of coastal zone in Lingao County |
类型 | 波莲镇 | 博厚镇 | 东英镇 | 皇桐镇 | 临城镇 | 调楼镇 | 新盈镇 | 合计 | 占比2/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
不敏感 | 1 844.70 | 7 901.22 | 4 813.59 | 842.39 | 2 490.65 | 3 084.60 | 3 887.24 | 24 864.40 | 50.27 |
轻度敏感 | 1.18 | 4 217.27 | 2 387.47 | 338.40 | 1 457.59 | 1 431.50 | 817.87 | 10 651.28 | 21.54 |
中度敏感 | 0.00 | 1 610.12 | 2 335.52 | 0.00 | 2 868.33 | 1 429.92 | 1 438.22 | 9 682.11 | 19.58 |
高度敏感 | 0.00 | 721.57 | 896.81 | 0.00 | 178.15 | 1 095.39 | 383.37 | 3 275.29 | 6.62 |
极度敏感 | 0.00 | 390.61 | 53.66 | 0.00 | 205.08 | 27.68 | 306.85 | 983.88 | 1.99 |
合计 | 1 845.88 | 14 840.79 | 10 487.05 | 1 180.79 | 7 199.80 | 7 069.09 | 6 833.55 | 49 456.96 | 100.00 |
占比1/% | 3.73 | 30.01 | 21.20 | 2.39 | 14.56 | 14.29 | 13.82 | 100.00 | — |
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表5 临高海岸带地质灾害风险分级统计 (hm2)Table 5 Risk classification statistics of geological hazards in Lingao coastal zone |
镇名 | 地震风险 | 崩塌风险 | 滑坡风险 | 地面沉降风险 | 砂土液化风险 | 综合风险 | 合计 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
大 | 中等 | 中等 | 小 | 中等 | 小 | 中等 | 小 | 中等 | 小 | 大 | 中等 | 小 | ||||||||
波莲镇 | 11.72 | 1 834.17 | 0.00 | 1 845.89 | 1 668.26 | 177.63 | 0.00 | 1 845.89 | 0.00 | 1 845.89 | 11.72 | 1 656.54 | 177.63 | 1 845.89 | ||||||
博厚镇 | 62.33 | 14 778.45 | 843.91 | 13 996.87 | 212.04 | 14 628.74 | 695.07 | 14 145.71 | 406.27 | 14 434.51 | 62.32 | 1 900.42 | 12 878.04 | 14 840.78 | ||||||
东英镇 | 15.74 | 10 471.31 | 276.18 | 10 210.87 | 2 347.58 | 8 139.47 | 0.00 | 10 487.05 | 1 368.23 | 9 118.82 | 15.74 | 2 368.36 | 8 102.95 | 10 487.05 | ||||||
皇桐镇 | 8.37 | 1 172.42 | 0.00 | 1 180.79 | 0.00 | 1 180.79 | 917.00 | 263.79 | 0.00 | 1 180.79 | 8.37 | 911.28 | 261.13 | 1 180.79 | ||||||
临城镇 | 0.00 | 7 199.80 | 287.85 | 6 911.95 | 1 870.19 | 5 329.61 | 131.72 | 7 068.08 | 1 834.93 | 5 364.87 | 0.00 | 2 068.28 | 5 131.52 | 7 199.80 | ||||||
调楼镇 | 0.00 | 7 069.10 | 290.76 | 6 778.34 | 927.65 | 6 141.45 | 0.00 | 7 069.10 | 682.66 | 6 386.44 | 0.00 | 933.59 | 6 135.51 | 7 069.10 | ||||||
新盈镇 | 20.71 | 6 812.84 | 422.37 | 6 411.18 | 1 385.43 | 5 448.12 | 0.00 | 6 833.55 | 909.54 | 5 924.01 | 20.64 | 1 585.12 | 5 227.79 | 6 833.55 | ||||||
小计 | 118.86 | 49 338.10 | 2 121.07 | 47 335.89 | 8 411.16 | 41 045.80 | 1 743.79 | 47 713.17 | 5 201.63 | 44 255.33 | 118.79 | 11 423.59 | 37 914.58 | 49 456.96 | ||||||
占比/% | 0.24 | 99.76 | 4.29 | 95.71 | 17.01 | 82.99 | 3.53 | 96.47 | 10.52 | 89.48 | 0.24 | 23.10 | 76.66 | 100.00 |
表6 临高县海岸带空间细化管控分区方案Table 6 Management and control plan for spatial refinement zoning of coastal zone in Lingao County |
一级分区名称 | 二级分区名称 | 三级分区名称 | 面积/hm2 | 占比/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ.特定 保护区 | Ⅰ-1 自然保护区 | Ⅰ-1-1 自然保护区核心区 | 2 127.25 | 4.30 |
Ⅰ-1-2 自然保护区缓冲区 | 51.45 | 0.10 | ||
Ⅰ-1-3 自然保护区实验区 | 2 818.42 | 5.70 | ||
小计 | 4 997.12 | 10.10 | ||
Ⅰ-2 现状保留区 | Ⅰ-2-1 生态红线区内重要湿地 | 1 499.04 | 3.03 | |
Ⅰ-2-2 二级保护林地 | 728.76 | 1.47 | ||
Ⅰ-2-3 基本农田 | 11 857.48 | 23.98 | ||
Ⅰ-2-4 综合敏感性极度敏感区 | 276.39 | 0.56 | ||
小计 | 14 361.67 | 29.04 | ||
合计 | 19 358.79 | 39.14 | ||
Ⅱ.适度 开发区 | Ⅱ-1 控制利用区 | Ⅱ-1-1 综合敏感性高度敏感区 | 2 018.57 | 4.08 |
Ⅱ-1-2 地质灾害大风险区 | 22.44 | 0.05 | ||
Ⅱ-1-3 风景名胜-特殊用地-水库 | 142.53 | 0.29 | ||
小计 | 2 183.54 | 4.42 | ||
Ⅱ-2 农业发展区 | Ⅱ-2-1 海洋捕捞区 | 8 041.98 | 16.26 | |
Ⅱ-2-2 海湾水产养殖区 | 18.31 | 0.04 | ||
Ⅱ-2-3 种植业等发展区 | 4 011.75 | 8.11 | ||
Ⅱ-2-4 林业发展区 | 10 392.60 | 21.01 | ||
小计 | 22 464.64 | 45.42 | ||
Ⅱ-3旅游休闲区 | Ⅱ-3-1 旅游建设用地区 | 599.62 | 1.21 | |
Ⅱ-4公共设施区 | Ⅱ-4-1 交通等基础设施用地区 | 1 811.53 | 3.66 | |
合计 | 27 059.33 | 54.71 | ||
Ⅲ.集约 开发区 | Ⅲ-1居住建设区 | Ⅲ-1-1 城镇与乡村建设用地区 | 2 511.95 | 5.08 |
Ⅲ-2产业用地区 | Ⅲ-2-1 工业及其他产业发展区 | 526.89 | 1.07 | |
合计 | 3 038.84 | 6.15 | ||
总计 | 49 456.96 | 100.00 |
1 全国重要地质钻孔数据库服务平台,http://zk.cgsi.cn/。
2 临高县国土资源局. 海南省临高县地质灾害防治规划(2015—2020年). 2016.
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