高铁开通对民族地区旅游业发展的影响
张自强(1986—),男,贵州遵义人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为旅游经济,(E-mail)532959728@qq.com。 |
收稿日期: 2020-10-13
修回日期: 2020-11-30
网络出版日期: 2021-09-13
基金资助
贵州省哲学社会科学规划青年项目(21GZQN08)
Impact of High-Speed Rail on Tourism Development in Ethnic Regions
Received date: 2020-10-13
Revised date: 2020-11-30
Online published: 2021-09-13
高铁快速发展极大地提升了目的地可达性,民族地区交通条件落后但旅游资源独特,高铁开通能否成为推动民族地区旅游业发展的引擎,抑或加剧发展差距,亟待检验高铁的旅游经济效应。基于2000—2017年中国20个民族地区的省级面板数据,运用多期双重差分法评估高铁开通对民族地区旅游业发展的影响。结果发现,高铁开通促进了民族地区的国内旅游总人次和国内旅游总收入分别平均增长16.52%和23.29%,对站点地区具有增长效应,但对地区间旅游业发展差距的影响不显著,不具有分配效应,表明高铁开通能成为民族地区旅游业发展的引擎;影响机制检验发现,高铁开通具有扩散效应和结构效应,但未观察到虹吸效应和过道效应;动态性检验发现,高铁开通对旅游业发展的增长效应在开通后第一二年仍显著,而分配效应均不显著。
张自强 , 陈萍 , 杨重玉 . 高铁开通对民族地区旅游业发展的影响[J]. 热带地理, 2021 : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.17.张自强2020-0574
High-speed rail (HSR) has significantly improved the accessibility of tourist destinations, thereby promoting the increase and gathering of tourist flow. In addition to promoting the development of tourism, the HSR may exacerbate the gap in regional tourism development. Thus, the tourism economic growth effect and distribution effect of HSR opening coexist. Existing studies are controversial regarding the growth effect. Moreover, they have not considered the distribution effect. Accordingly, it is urgent to test whether the HSR can become a promotion engine for the development of regional tourism or aggravate the development gap. Using provincial panel data of 20 ethnic regions in China from 2000 to 2017, this study evaluated the applicability of the difference-in-differences (DID) method through parallel trend testing and used DID to evaluate the impact of the HSR on tourism development in ethnic regions. In addition, three factors need to be considered to ensure robust estimation results. First, a placebo test is performed. According to the counterfactual hypothesis, the opening year of the HSR is advanced by two years, and the DID is used to perform an estimation again. Second, robustness tests are conducted using semiparametric-DID to perform an estimation and DID to perform an estimation by replacing the explanatory and control variables, respectively. Finally, the endogeneity test is conducted using Two-stage least squares method. The major research conclusions are as follows: 1) Overall, HSR has promoted the development of tourism in ethnic regions, with an average increase of 16.52% in total domestic tourist arrivals and of 23.29% in total domestic tourism revenue. Thus, HSR has a growth effect on the tourism economy in ethnic areas. Furthermore, HSR does not affect the gap in total domestic tourist arrivals among ethnic regions or in total domestic tourism income among ethnic regions. Hence, HSR does not have a distribution effect on the tourism economy in ethnic regions. 2) From the perspective of robustness, after replacing the variables and estimation methods, the HSR has a significant positive impact on the total domestic tourist arrivals and domestic tourism revenue in ethnic regions. That is, while it still has the growth effect of the tourism economy, it does not have the distribution effect, indicating that the overall estimation result is relatively robust. 3) From the perspective of the impact mechanism, HSR has a significant positive impact on GDP growth and industrial structure adjustment in ethnic regions, but it has no significant impact on population at the end of the year, passenger turnover, and cargo weekly transshipment volume. That is, the HSR has diffusion and structural effects but does not have a siphon or aisle effect in ethnic areas. Thus, the tourism economic growth effect of HSR in the minority areas is mainly due to the diffusion effect of HSR. Tourist flows from central cities or regions continue to flow to relatively remote ethnic regions and, simultaneously, promote the adjustment of the industrial structure in ethnic regions. As there is no siphon or aisle effect, HSR does not aggravate the regional tourism development gap. 4) From a dynamic standpoint, the growth effect of the HSR on the tourism economy in ethnic regions still lags. As time passes since the opening of HSR, its economic effect gradually weakens. Even if the opening time of HSR is extended, the distribution effect of HSR on the tourism economy in ethnic areas is still not observed. In general, this study examines the tourism economy of HSR. It considers its growth and distribution effects. This provides a basis for accurately evaluating the economic effects of HSR and guiding the inclusive development of regional tourism.
表1 变量定义与描述性统计Table 1 Variable definition and descriptive statistics |
变量名称 | 测量与简称 | 全样本 | 高铁开通样本 | 高铁未开通样本 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均值 | 标准差 | 均值 | 标准差 | 均值 | 标准差 | ||||
国内旅游总人次 | 取对数(万人次),ln travel_dp | 6.64 | 1.71 | 7.27 | 1.50 | 6.37 | 1.73 | ||
国内旅游总收入 | 取对数(亿元),ln travel_di | 3.33 | 2.21 | 4.15 | 1.70 | 2.98 | 2.31 | ||
高铁开通 | 虚拟变量,HRS | 0.31 | 0.46 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
旅游资源禀赋 | 资源丰裕度,travel_r | 64.75 | 91.62 | 52.74 | 78.09 | 70.04 | 96.66 | ||
经济发展水平 | 人均GDP取对数(万元/人),lnper_GDP | -0.12 | 0.68 | 0.31 | 0.41 | -0.32 | 0.69 | ||
人均第三产业产值取对数(万元/人),ln per_opt | -1.15 | 0.74 | -0.68 | 0.45 | -1.35 | 0.75 | |||
城镇化水平 | 年末城镇人口占比,urban | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.18 | ||
产业结构 | 综合指数×100,indstr | 213.75 | 14.89 | 217.22 | 13.14 | 212.22 | 15.37 | ||
财政支出水平 | 财政收支比,ratio | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.28 | ||
财政支出占GDP比,ratio_GDP | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.24 | |||
人口规模 | 人口密度(人/km2),density | 88.55 | 176.95 | 60.64 | 178.10 | 100.83 | 175.40 | ||
道路里程 | 总里程(万km),road | 4.39 | 5.14 | 3.16 | 4.39 | 4.93 | 5.35 |
表2 高铁开通对地区旅游业发展的影响Table 2 The impact of the opening of high-speed rail on the development of regional tourism |
变量 | ln travel_dp | ln travel_di | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) 增长效应 | (2) 分配效应 | (3) 增长效应 | (4) 分配效应 | ||
HSR | 0.165 2** (0.081 1) | 0.078 7 (0.182 1) | 0.232 9** (0.101 3) | 0.121 4 (0.130 8) | |
ln travel_dpt -1 | — | 0.635*** (0.037 8) | — | — | |
ln travel_dit -1 | — | — | — | 0.500 2*** (0.038 8) | |
HSR* ln travel_dpt -1 | — | 0.008 2 (0.024 4) | — | — | |
HSR* ln travel_dit -1 | — | — | — | 0.007 4 (0.027 3) | |
travel_r | -0.001 9** (0.000 9) | -4.58e-06 (0.000 6) | -0.002 6** (0.001 1) | -0.000 4 (0.000 8) | |
ln per_GDP | 0.039 3 (0.333 2) | 0.096 1 (0.204 2) | 0.053 7 (0.415 9) | 0.347 5 (0.273 7) | |
ln per_opt | -0.026 2 (0.396 2) | 0.242 (0.237 9) | 0.535 7 (0.494 6) | 0.348 (0.320 2) | |
urban | 0.029 9*** (0.008 6) | -0.042 8 (0.131 3) | -0.040 9 (0.306 5) | -0.023 4 (0.175 8) | |
indstr | 0.249 1** (0.116 5) | 0.006 7 (0.005 9) | 0.029 5*** (0.010 7) | 0.015 8** (0.008) | |
ratio | 0.929 5*** (0.317 8) | -0.027 7 (0.070 1) | -0.116 8 (0.145 4) | -0.226 2** (0.095 2) | |
ratio_GDP | -0.000 5*** (0.000 2) | 0.646 4*** (0.198 8) | 0.534 6 (0.396 7) | 0.515 9** (0.260 5) | |
density | 0.033 6* (0.019 9) | -0.000 2** (0.000 1) | -0.000 1 (0.000 2) | 0.000 1 (0.000 1) | |
road | -1.389 1 (2.204 8) | 0.012 (0.014 4) | 0.005 0 (0.024 8) | 0.002 9 (0.019 3) | |
常数项 | -1.389 1 (2.204 8) | 1.140 4 (1.461 6) | -3.888 6 (2.752 4) | -1.234 (1.975 5) | |
Hausman检验 | — | 70.28*** | — | 88.45*** | |
时间固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
个体固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
观测值 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | |
R 2 | 0.340 1 | 0.906 3 | 0.365 0 | 0.855 7 |
|
表3 安慰剂检验、替换估计方法与高铁开通变量的估计结果Table 3 The estimation result about replacing estimation method and high-speed rail opening variable |
变量 | 安慰剂检验 | ln travel_dp | ln travel_di | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) lntravel_dp | (2) lntravel_di | (3) Semi-DID | (4) 替换HRS | (5) 替换HRS | (6) Semi-DID | (7) 替换HRS | (8) 替换HRS | |||
HSR | -0.060 2 (0.078 2) | 0.131 (0.097 5) | 1.753*** (0.378 7) | 0.072* (0.079 8) | 0.187 7 (0.185 8) | 1.329 6*** (0.247 9) | 0.209 7** (0.099 3) | 0.161 3 (0.126 7) | ||
ln travel_dpt- 1 | — | — | — | — | 0.647 8*** (0.038 3) | — | — | — | ||
ln travel_dit -1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.501 2*** (0.038 8) | ||
HSR*ln travel_dpt -1 | — | — | — | — | -0.007 1 (0.025 6) | — | — | — | ||
HSR*ln travel_dit -1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.001 2 (0.027 9) | ||
控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | ||
常数项 | -1.779 1 (1.363 9) | -6.447 3 (1.701 1) | — | -1.952 9 (2.302 7) | 1.126 2 (1.511 2) | -3.919 8 (2.866 4) | -1.255 1 (2.036 8) | |||
时间固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | ||
个体固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | ||
Hausman检验 | — | — | — | — | 69.37*** | — | — | 89.84*** | ||
R 2 | 0.318 7 | 0.332 2 | — | 0.33 | 0.912 8 | — | 0.352 6 | 0.855 5 |
表4 替换控制变量的估计结果Table 4 The estimation result about replacing control variables |
变量 | ln travel_dp | ln travel_di | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) 替换travel_r | (2) 替换indstr | (3) 替换travel_r | (4) 替换indstr | (5) 替换travel_r | (6) 替换indstr | (7) 替换travel_r | (8) 替换indstr | |
HSR | 0.162 1* (0.082 9) | 0.161 9* (0.083 8) | 0.103 7 (0.196 8) | 0.142 3 (0.194 5) | 0.237 2** (0.103 6) | 0.232 7** (0.103 9) | 0.133 7 (0.135 9) | 0.163 6 (0.135 6) |
ln travel_dpt -1 | — | — | 0.636 3*** (0.038) | 0.645 4*** (0.037 4) | — | — | — | — |
ln travel_di t-1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.503 4*** (0.039 1) | 0.515 5*** (0.038 5) |
HSR*ln travel_dpt -1 | — | — | 0.004 2 (0.027 1) | -0.001 6 (0.026 8) | — | — | — | — |
HSR*ln travel_dit -1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.003 7 (0.030 1) | -0.006 2 (0.029 9) |
控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
常数项 | -2.72 (2.274 1) | 6.036 8*** (1.769) | 1.027 5 (1.5085) | 2.629 7** (1.209 1) | -5.383 6* (2.841 4) | 4.027 1* (2.194 8) | -1.571 2 (2.032 8) | 1.953 7 (1.604 9) |
时间固定效应 | 是 | 是 | — | — | 是 | 是 | — | — |
个体固定效应 | 是 | 是 | — | — | 是 | 是 | — | — |
Hausman检验 | — | — | 69.89*** | 67.48*** | — | — | 86.55*** | 86.46*** |
R 2 | 0.335 | 0.302 8 | 0.906 9 | 0.912 7 | 0.385 5 | 0.327 6 | 0.857 2 | 0.861 1 |
表5 高铁开通对旅游业发展的两阶段最小二乘法回归的估计结果Table 5 The Two-stage least squares regression estimation result of the opening of high-speed rail on tourism development |
变量 | 增长效应 | 分配效应 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IV第一阶段 | IV第二阶段 | IV第一阶段 | IV第二阶段 | IV第一阶段 | IV第二阶段 | |||
HSR | ln travel_dp | ln travel_di | HSR | ln travel_dp | HSR | lntravel_di | ||
HSR | 0.332 4* (0.356 9) | 0.623 5* (0.353) | — | 0.295 6 (0.343 4) | — | 0.185 3 (0.025 86) | ||
ln travel_dpt -1 | — | — | — | — | 0.637 5*** (0.072 6) | — | — | |
ln travel_dit -1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.507 4*** (0.064 7) | |
HSR* ln travel_dpt -1 | — | — | — | — | -0.018 4 (0.045 2) | — | — | |
HSR* ln travel_dit -1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | -0.0059 (0.049 5) | |
ln freight*2000年虚拟变量 | -0.071 7 (0.048 9) | — | — | 0.089** (0.016 4) | — | 0.155* (0.032 1) | — | |
ln freight*2001年虚拟变量 | -0.065 (0.048 2) | — | — | 0.088 (0.016 8) | — | 0.151 4 (0.033 9) | — | |
ln freight*2002年虚拟变量 | 0.071 1 (0.049 6) | — | — | 0.080 8 (0.017 2) | — | 0.139 4* (0.034 8) | — | |
ln freight*2003年虚拟变量 | 0.088 3 (0.050 1) | — | — | 0.075** (0.016 6) | — | 0.118 8 (0.034 6) | — | |
ln freight*2004年虚拟变量 | -0.092 9 (0.050 5) | — | — | 0.085 2 (0.016 8) | — | 0.139 1 (0.034 6) | — | |
ln freight*2005年虚拟变量 | 0.086 8 (0.048 4) | — | — | 0.082 7** (0.016 7) | — | 0.144 9* (0.035 1) | — | |
lnfreight*2006年虚拟变量 | 0.041 9* (0.047 7) | — | — | 0.083 8 (0.015 7) | — | 0.145 2 (0.032 1) | — | |
lnfreight*2007年虚拟变量 | -0.041 8 (0.048 1) | — | — | 0.085 7 (0.015 8) | — | 0.146 5 (0.031 8) | — | |
lnfreight*2008年虚拟变量 | 0.036 5 (0.049 3) | — | — | 0.082 9* (0.016 2) | — | 0.138 8* (0.032 8) | — | |
lnfreight*2009年虚拟变量 | -0.044 4 (0.049 7) | — | — | 0.047 9 (0.015 6) | — | 0.081 8 (0.031 9) | — | |
lnfreight*2010年虚拟变量 | 0.115 (0.055 9) | — | — | 0.054 5*** (0.020 6) | — | 0.096 4*** (0.04) | — | |
lnfreight*2011年虚拟变量 | 0.081 5 (0.057 8) | — | — | 0.055 2 (0.02) | — | 0.097 6 (0.038 8) | — | |
lnfreight*2012年虚拟变量 | 0.074 9** (0.056 2) | — | — | 0.048 3** (0.018 7) | — | 0.074 9** (0.037 6) | — | |
lnfreight*2013年虚拟变量 | 0.107 3* (0.049 2) | — | — | 0.034 2 (0.017 4) | — | 0.060 7 (0.032 9) | — | |
lnfreight*2014年虚拟变量 | 0.055 6** (0.060 6) | — | — | 0.019 2* (0.019 7) | — | 0.031 9* (0.033 7) | — | |
lnfreight*2015年虚拟变量 | 0.018 4** (0.061 4) | — | — | 0.008 5 (0.017 2) | — | 0.011 7 (0.032 1) | — | |
lnfreight*2016年虚拟变量 | 0.034 2** (0.061 5) | — | — | 0.089 9* (0.019 3) | — | 0.155 5* (0.036 8) | — | |
控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
第一阶段F值 | 18.91 | — | — | 315.04 | — | 98.33 | — | |
时间固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
个体固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
R 2 | 0.708 9 | 0.954 4 | 0.955 9 | 0.980 7 | 0.978 9 | 0.921 6 | 0.975 9 |
表6 高铁开通对民族地区旅游业影响机制的估计结果Table 6 Estimation result of the mechanism of the opening of high-speed rail on tourism in ethnic regions |
变量 | 扩散效应 | 结构效应 | 虹吸效应 | 过道效应 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ln GDP | ln sture2 | ln sture3 | ln person | ln turnover1 | ln turnover2 | |
HSR | 0.011 4* (0.008 3) | 0.009 9** (0.017) | 0.003 (0.002 9) | -0.007 6 (0.166 5) | 0.120 7 (0.130 8) | 0.071 (0.123 4) |
控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
常数项 | 5.655*** (0.002) | 2.9418*** (0.379 9) | 4.573 4*** (0.077 9) | 9.451 3*** (0.325 7) | 5.198 6 (3.560 4) | 4.015 5 (3.358 4) |
时间固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
个体固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
R 2 | 0.617 9 | 0.724 5 | 0.990 2 | 0.983 5 | 0.475 5 | 0.338 6 |
表7 高铁开通对旅游业增长效应的动态影响Table 7 The dynamic impact of the opening of high-speed rail on the growth effect of tourism |
变量 | lntravel_dp | lntravel_di | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | ||
HSR it -1 | 0.248*** (0.084 6) | — | — | — | 0.216 6** (0.106 6) | — | — | — | |
HSR it -2 | — | 0.186 2** (0.089 3) | — | — | — | 0.169 9 (0.112) | — | — | |
HSR it -3 | — | — | 0.120 5 (0.095 7) | — | — | — | 0.145 6 (0.119 8) | — | |
HSR-line | — | — | — | 0.005 3** (0.002 3) | — | — | — | 0.007 4** (0.003) | |
控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
常数项 | -1.798 4 (2.190 2) | -1.832 2 (2.207 5) | -1.7259 (2.217 7) | -0.600 1 (2.016 3) | -4.325 3 (2.758 2) | -4.366 4 (2.769 6) | -4.325 4 (2.773 9) | -4.799* (2.534) | |
时间固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
个体固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
R 2 | 0.358 | 0.354 7 | 0.346 | 0.871 4 | 0.373 2 | 0.371 5 | 0.369 5 | 0.881 5 |
表8 高铁开通对旅游业分配效应的动态影响Table 8 The dynamic impact of the opening of high-speed rail on the distribution effect of tourism |
变量 | lntravel_dp | lntravel_di | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | ||
HSR it -1 | 0.135 (0.183 5) | — | — | 0.136 6 (0.141 1) | — | — | |
HSR it -2 | — | -0.117 3 (0.221 1) | — | — | 0.048 5 (0.157 4) | — | |
HSR it -3 | — | — | -0.186 (0.260 9) | — | — | -0.094 7 (0.185) | |
lntravel_dpt -1 | 0.929 8*** (0.017 8) | 0.638*** (0.038) | 0.644 3*** (0.038) | — | — | — | |
lntravel_dit -1 | — | — | — | 0.500 8*** (0.039) | 0.504 7*** (0.039 3) | 0.5028*** (0.039 6) | |
HSR it -1*lntravel_dpt -1 | -0.002 (0.025 3) | — | — | — | — | — | |
HSR it -2*lntravel_dpt -1 | — | 0.023 (0.029 3) | — | — | — | — | |
HSR it -3*lntravel_dpt -1 | — | — | 0.026 (0.035 1) | — | — | — | |
HSR it -1*lntravel_dit -1 | — | — | — | 0.005 2 (0.000 8) | — | — | |
HSR it -2*lntravel_dit -1 | — | — | — | — | 0.013 9 (0.033 1) | — | |
HSR it -3*lntravel_dit -1 | — | — | — | — | — | -0.000 5 (0.000 8) | |
控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
常数项 | 0.465 6 (0.701 8) | 1.124 8 (1.488 6) | 1.351 7 (1.495 3) | -1.544 (1.979 5) | -1.485 (2.000 2) | -1.323 8 (2.008) | |
Hausman检验 | 71.83*** | 69.89*** | 69.61*** | 88.78*** | 88.34*** | 88.31*** | |
R 2 | 0.968 9 | 0.900 8 | 0.900 4 | 0.858 2 | 0.857 0 | 0.852 9 |
1 中国目前共有5个自治区、30个自治州和120个自治县(旗),分布在河北省、内蒙古、辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省、浙江省、湖北省、湖南省、广东省、广西、海南省、重庆市、四川省、贵州省、云南省、西藏、甘肃省、青海省、宁夏、新疆共20个省市地区,其中云南省的民族自治县最多,共有29个,黑龙江省和浙江省最少,仅有1个自治县。
2 1995年重庆市仍棣属于四川省,对此,以历年重庆市客运总量占四川省客运总量的平均值来推算。
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