中国城镇化对老年人健康的影响
黄柏石(1992―),男,江西萍乡人,博士研究生,研究方向为健康地理和城市地理,(E-mail)huangbsh8@mail2.sysu.edu.cn; |
收稿日期: 2021-01-06
修回日期: 2021-06-03
网络出版日期: 2021-09-16
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42171196)
高校基本科研业务费中山大学青年教师重点培育项目(20lgzd10)
The Effects of Urbanization on Older Adults' Health: Evidence from 2 805 Counties in China
Received date: 2021-01-06
Revised date: 2021-06-03
Online published: 2021-09-16
基于2010年第六次全国人口普查微观数据和夜间灯光数据等,运用多层级logistic回归模型估计中国城镇化水平和速度与老年人自评健康的关联,分析城镇化健康效应在不同老年人群体间的差异,并运用倾向得分匹配方法,控制“自选择”机制对分析结果的干扰。结果表明:1)中国县区城镇化水平和速度与老年人自评健康呈显著正相关关系,居住于城镇化水平中等和城镇化速度较快县区的老年人更可能自评为健康;2)城镇化水平和速度与老年人自评健康的关系在不同受教育程度和户口状态的老年人群体间存在显著差异,城镇化水平和速度对受教育程度较低、持有本地户口老年人健康水平的提升效益更大;3)控制了老年人居住“自选择”的干扰后,县区城镇化水平和速度与老年人自评健康的正向关联依然稳健,表明“自选择偏误”对中国县区城镇化水平和速度与老年人自评健康的关系没有显著的影响。
黄柏石 , 刘晔 , 潘泽瀚 . 中国城镇化对老年人健康的影响[J]. 热带地理, 2021 : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.16.黄柏石-2021-0013中国城镇化对老年人健康的影响(排版稿)
China's rapid urbanization has contributed to an epidemiological transition from infectious diseases to chronic diseases over the last four decades. The aging of the population has also raised considerable challenges for the sustainable development of China's economy and society. Determining the effects of urbanization on older adults' general health in China is helpful for a more comprehensive assessment of current development in urbanization and to find active interventions to achieve healthy aging. Based on a micro-data sample from the 2010 China population census, nighttime light data, and other statistical data, this study employed two-level logistic regression models to estimate the relationships of the level and rate of urbanization with self-rated health among older Chinese adults on the county-level geographic scale and explore the differences in the health effects of urbanization in different groups of older people. We applied propensity score matching to control for self-selection bias. This study found that (1) the level and rate of China's urbanization have a significant positive correlation with older adults' self-reported health, such that older people living in areas with moderate urbanization and experiencing rapid urbanization are more likely to report good health; (2) those with junior high school education or below and those with local hukou benefit more from urbanization development; (3) after controlling for self-selection bias, the level and rate of urbanization are still positively associated with the self-reported health of older adults. In summary, this study used nationally representative census data covering 2805 counties across 31 provinces to provide a more comprehensive picture of urbanization-health relationships across the country. Longitudinal studies are warranted to determine causality, which may help policymakers and practitioners develop effective interventions to promote older adults' health and healthy aging.
表1 县区环境特征和老年人个体变量的描述性统计Table 1 Descriptive statistics of county-level characteristics and individual-level attributes |
变量 | 测量方法 | 所有老年 人样本 | 自评为健康的 老年人样本 | 自评为不健康 的老年人样本 | p值 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
结果 变量 | 自评健康/% | 健康=1,不健康=0 | — | — | — | |
健康 | — | 43.57 | — | — | — | |
不健康 | — | 56.43 | — | — | — | |
预测 变量 | 2010年城镇化水平 | 夜间灯光指数 | 12.34 (23.40) | 13.72 (24.05) | 11.24 (22.82) | 0.000a |
2000—2010年城镇化速度/% | 2000—2010年夜间灯光指数的年均变化率 | 26.98 (80.85) | 24.16 (73.33) | 29.16 (86.14) | 0.000a | |
社会剥夺指数 | 方法详见1.2.3节 | -0.26 (2.72) | -0.47 (2.70) | 0.09 (2.72) | 0.000a | |
人均GDP/元(log) | — | 10.14 (0.73) | 10.22 (0.72) | 10.09 (0.73) | 0.000a | |
距海岸线距离/m(log) | 县区质心与中国海岸线的最短直线距离 | 12.34 (1.51) | 12.21 (1.55) | 12.45 (1.46) | 0.000a | |
每千人拥有医院卫生院床位数/床 | 194.08 (3 351.65) | 246.20 (3 787.83) | 153.84 (2 970.73) | 0.000a | ||
PM2.5的平均质量浓度/(μg·m-3) | 43.18 (17.03) | 44.09 (17.04) | 42.78 (16.99) | 0.000a | ||
1981—2010年累年平均气温/℃ | 14.40 (4.47) | 14.54 (4.44) | 14.29 (4.50) | 0.000a | ||
平均海拔/m | — | — | — | — | 0.000b | |
<500 | — | 74.35 | 76.58 | 72.62 | — | |
500~1500 | — | 19.22 | 17.78 | 20.34 | — | |
1 500~2 500 | — | 5.50 | 4.95 | 5.92 | — | |
≥2 500 | — | 0.93 | 0.69 | 1.12 | — | |
年龄/岁 | 以69岁和79岁为断点, 划分3个年龄组 | — | — | — | 0.000b | |
60~69 | 56.46 | 71.59 | 44.78 | — | ||
70~79 | 32.05 | 23.42 | 38.72 | — | ||
≥80 | 11.49 | 4.99 | 16.50 | — | ||
性别 | 男性=1,女性=0 | — | — | 0.000b | ||
女性 | — | 51.13 | 46.18 | 54.95 | — | |
男性 | — | 48.87 | 53.82 | 45.05 | — | |
民族 | 汉族=0,少数民族=1 | — | — | 0.000b | ||
汉族 | — | 93.02 | 93.70 | 92.49 | — | |
少数民族 | — | 6.98 | 6.30 | 7.51 | — | |
婚姻状况 | 有配偶=1,未婚、离婚或丧偶=0 | — | — | — | 0.000b | |
有配偶 | 70.59 | 79.68 | 63.57 | — | ||
未婚、离婚或丧偶 | 29.41 | 20.32 | 36.43 | — | ||
受教育程度 | 被登记人接受教育的最高学历 | — | — | — | 0.000b | |
未上过学 | 25.66 | 16.71 | 32.57 | — | ||
小学和初中 | 65.12 | 71.26 | 60.38 | — | ||
高中 | 5.86 | 7.62 | 4.50 | — | ||
大学及以上 | 3.36 | 4.41 | 2.55 | — | ||
户口状态 | 基于“普查时点居住地”和“户口登记地”两个问题,以普查时点居住地与户口登记地不处于同一县级单元区分“本地户口”与“外地户口”,根据“户口性质”判断“农业户口”与“非农户口” | — | — | — | 0.000b | |
本地农业户口 | 67.49 | 63.67 | 70.45 | — | ||
本地非农户口 | 30.63 | 34.30 | 27.80 | — | ||
外地农业户口 | 1.13 | 1.22 | 1.05 | — | ||
外地非农户口 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.70 | — | ||
是否为独居老人 | 依据“本户应登记人数” 区分是否为独居老人,是=1,否=0 | — | — | — | 0.000b | |
否 | 92.24 | 94.22 | 90.72 | — | ||
是 | 7.76 | 5.78 | 9.28 | — | ||
人均住房面积/m2 | 本户住房面积/本户人口数 | 32.42 (23.91) | 33.17 (24.46) | 31.85 (23.46) | 0.000a | |
住房建成年代 | 1990年以前=1,1990年以后=0 | — | — | — | 0.000b | |
1990年以前 | 56.55 | 59.30 | 54.42 | — | ||
1990年以后 | 43.45 | 40.70 | 45.58 | — | ||
房屋设施 | 包括管道自来水、厨房、 厕所和洗澡设施 | — | — | — | 0.000b | |
没有、一种、两种或三种 | 66.49 | 60.38 | 71.20 | — | ||
四种 | 33.51 | 39.62 | 28.80 | — | ||
个体样本数量/人 | — | 574 725 | 250 419 | 324 306 | — | |
县区单元数量/个 | — | 2 805 | 2 805 | 2 805 | — |
|
表2 多层级logistic模型回归结果Table 2 Results of multi-level logistic regression models |
效应和变量 | 发生比(OR)(95%置信区间) | |
---|---|---|
模型1 | 模型2 | |
固定效应部分 | ||
2010年城镇化水平(参照组:第一分位) | ||
第二分位 | 1.13(1.08~1.18)*** | |
第三分位 | 1.15(1.09~1.21)*** | |
第四分位 | 1.08(1.01~1.16)** | |
2000—2010年城镇化速度(参照组:第一分位) | ||
第二分位 | 1.03(0.99~1.08) | |
第三分位 | 1.07(1.02~1.12)*** | |
第四分位 | 1.08(1.04~1.13)*** | |
社会剥夺指数 | 1.00(0.99~1.00) | 0.99(0.98~1.00)** |
人均GDP的对数 | 1.07(1.04~1.10)*** | 1.05(1.01~1.08)*** |
每千人拥有的医院卫生院床位数 | 1.00(1.00~1.00)*** | 1.00(1.00~1.00)*** |
PM2.5的平均质量浓度 | 1.00(1.00~1.00)*** | 1.00(1.00~1.00)*** |
距海岸线距离的对数 | 0.92(0.91~0.93)*** | 0.92(0.91~0.93)*** |
1981—2010年累年平均气温 | 1.01(1.01~1.01)*** | 1.01(1.01~1.01)*** |
平均海拔/m(参照组:<500) | ||
500~1 500 | 1.05(1.01~1.10)** | 1.07(1.02~1.12)*** |
1 500~2 500 | 1.15(1.07~1.23)*** | 1.15(1.07~1.23)*** |
≥2 500 | 0.98(0.88~1.09) | 1.02(0.92~1.14) |
年龄/岁(参照组:60~69) | ||
70~79 | 0.43(0.43~0.44)*** | 0.43(0.43~0.44)*** |
≥80 | 0.25(0.24~0.25)*** | 0.25(0.24~0.25)*** |
男性(参照组:女性) | 1.22(1.21~1.24)*** | 1.22(1.21~1.24)*** |
少数民族(参照组:汉族) | 1.01(0.98~1.04) | 1.01(0.98~1.04) |
婚姻状况(参照组:有配偶) | 0.72(0.71~0.73)*** | 0.72(0.71~0.73)*** |
受教育程度(参照组:未上过学) | ||
小学和初中 | 1.50(1.48~1.53)*** | 1.50(1.48~1.53)*** |
高中 | 1.78(1.73~1.83)*** | 1.78(1.73~1.83)*** |
大学及以上 | 1.85(1.79~1.92)*** | 1.85(1.79~1.92)*** |
户口状态(参照组:本地农业户口) | ||
本地非农户口 | 1.07(1.05~1.09)*** | 1.08(1.06~1.09)*** |
外地农业户口 | 1.19(1.13~1.26)*** | 1.19(1.13~1.26)*** |
外地非农户口 | 1.10(1.03~1.17)*** | 1.10(1.03~1.18)*** |
独居老人(参照组:否) | 0.85(0.83~0.88)*** | 0.85(0.83~0.88)*** |
人均住房面积 | 1.01(1.00~1.01)*** | 1.00(1.00~1.00)*** |
住房建成年代(参照组:1990年以后) | 0.91(0.90~0.92)*** | 0.91(0.90~0.92)*** |
房屋设施(参照组:没有、一种、两种或三种) | 1.27(1.25~1.29)*** | 1.27(1.25~1.29)*** |
随机效应部分 | ||
组间方差 | 0.12(0.12~0.13)*** | 0.12(0.11~0.13)*** |
县样本量 | 2 805 | 2 805 |
个体样本量 | 574 725 | 574 725 |
AIC | 713 084.69 | 713 037.58 |
log likelihood | -356 516.34 | -356 486.79 |
LR test | 9 848.47*** | 9 373.18*** |
ICC | 0.04 | 0.04 |
|
表3 倾向得分匹配的结果Table 3 Results of the propensity score-matching |
变量 | 平均处理效应ATT(标准误) | |
---|---|---|
近邻匹配(k=1) | 卡尺匹配 | |
处理组(2010年城镇化水平/%) | ||
>25 | 0.445 ***(0.014) | 0.445 ***(0.014) |
>50 | 0.479 ***(0.008) | 0.479 ***(0.008) |
>75 | 0.506 ***(0.009) | 0.506 ***(0.009) |
处理组(2000—2010年城镇化速度/%) | ||
>25 | 0.433 ***(0.002) | 0.433 ***(0.002) |
>50 | 0.434 ***(0.002) | 0.434***(0.002) |
>75 | 0.433 ***(0.002) | 0.433 ***(0.002) |
|
表4 稳健性检验Table 4 Results of robustness tests |
效应和变量 | 发生比(OR)(95%置信区间) | ||
---|---|---|---|
模型S1:将夜间灯光灰度 值>0的地区视为城镇 | 模型S2:将夜间灯光灰度 值>10的地区视为城镇 | 模型S3:以人口 密度衡量城镇化 | |
2010年城镇化水平(参照组:第一分位) | |||
第二分位 | 1.12(1.06~1.17)*** | 1.13(1.08~1.19)*** | 0.96(0.92~1.01) |
第三分位 | 1.20(1.13~1.27)*** | 1.17(1.11~1.23)*** | 1.09(1.03~1.16)*** |
第四分位 | 1.08(1.01~1.17)** | 1.10(1.02~1.18)** | 0.98(0.91~1.04) |
2000—2010年城镇化速度(参照组:第一分位) | |||
第二分位 | 1.01(0.97~1.06) | 1.03(0.98~1.07) | 1.02(0.97~1.06) |
第三分位 | 1.01(0.96~1.06) | 1.08(1.03~1.13)*** | 1.10(1.05~1.14)*** |
第四分位 | 1.02(0.97~1.08) | 1.04(0.99~1.09)* | 1.09(1.03~1.14)*** |
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1 https://microdata.stats.gov.cn/
2 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/dmsp/downloadV4composites.html
3 https://data.cnki.net/Yearbook/Navi?type=type&code=A
4 http://fizz.phys.dal.ca/~atmos/martin/?page_id=140
5 http://data.cma.cn/
6 http://www.resdc.cn/
7 http://www.ngcc.cn/
8 近邻匹配,即寻找倾向得分最近的k个不同组的个体进行匹配,如果k=1,则为一对一匹配。
9 卡尺匹配,又称半径匹配,即限制倾向得分的绝对距离<0.25个倾向得分的样本标准差的范围内进行匹配
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