乡村性和乡村旅游吸引力:基于游客感知视角的要素结构辨识和认知机制解析
王铭杰(1998—),男,浙江温州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为区域规划与乡村旅游,(E-mail)306264432@qq.com; |
收稿日期: 2021-07-20
修回日期: 2021-09-06
网络出版日期: 2021-11-16
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(41901176)
海南省自然科学基金(418QN207)
海南省哲学社会科学规划课题 [HNSK (JD) 17-08]
Rurality and Rural Tourism Attraction: Element Structure Identification and Cognitive Mechanism Analysis Based on Tourists' Perception
Received date: 2021-07-20
Revised date: 2021-09-06
Online published: 2021-11-16
在旅游研究领域中,乡村性被普遍认为是乡村旅游的核心吸引力。然而,现有研究基本没有从游客感知视角对乡村性要素结构进行辨识,未能展现游客对乡村旅游吸引力的认知逻辑,也无法体现乡村性和乡村旅游吸引力之间的关系。因此,在游客感知视角下,使用VEP和半结构访谈相结合的质性研究方法,对受访者提供的乡村照片以及相对应的访谈内容进行编码归纳。研究发现:1)乡村性要素可依据游客视觉、听觉、触觉、味-嗅觉和定位系统构建乡村性结构,并可从中归纳出“本底乡村性”和“植入乡村性”两种类型。2)在乡村旅游的过程中,游客在个人主观层面存在“核心—边缘”结构的感知特征,其中“核心乡村性”和“边缘乡村性”两者之间界限模糊,且存在相互转换的可能。3)在游客感知视角下,乡村性和乡村旅游吸引力之间存在“感知系统—乡村性要素—乡村性景观—乡村旅游吸引力”为逻辑主线的认知机制,认为乡村旅游吸引力虽然可以以本底乡村性构成的本底性景观为基础,但同时也是一个复合的结构,由本底乡村性、植入乡村性组合而成的本底性、植入性和融合性景观综合构成,其中尤其不能忽略融合性景观对乡村旅游吸引力的营造作用。
王铭杰 , 孟凯 , 张世泽 , 李雯婕 , 唐佳欣 , 王辰露 . 乡村性和乡村旅游吸引力:基于游客感知视角的要素结构辨识和认知机制解析[J]. 热带地理, 2021 , 41(6) : 1325 -1337 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003407
With the development of the economy and the improvement in quality of life, the need for leisure tourism is increasing. Rural tourism, which can fulfil people's need to stay away from the city and pursue leisure, has been favored in recent years. From the perspective of tourists and the market, it is precisely owing to the unique characteristics of rural areas, formally called rurality, that people's psychological needs for rural tourism are met. Many scholars at home and abroad believe that rurality, which differs from the city lifestyle, and originated in the countryside, is the core attraction of rural tourism. However, most studies on rurality are concentrated in the field of geography, and relevant scholars have attempted to set up a scale to evaluate rurality or use social semiotics to interpret the connotation of rurality. However, extant research is still unable to identify the elements and structure of rurality from the perspective of tourists' perception, failing to show tourists' cognitive logic in the rural tourism experience or reflect the relationship between rurality and rural tourism attraction. To solve these problems, this study utilizes the qualitative research method combining visitor employed photography with semi-structured interviews, based on the five sensory perceptual systems proposed by Gibson (including the visual, auditory, tactile, taste-smell, and basic orienting systems). A total of 202 rural pictures and corresponding interview texts provided by 20 interviewees were coded to identify the elements and structure of rurality and illustrate the cognitive mechanism of rural tourism attraction from the perspective of tourists' perception. The main conclusions are summarized as follows. (1) First, as per tourists' perception, the rurality structure contains 234 elements and 42 categories, and further summarized into two core dimensions: basic rurality and implanted rurality. (2) Second, in the process of rural tourism, tourists rank rurality elements according to their attractiveness intensity, showing the "core-marginal" perception characteristic of their personal subjective level. Notably, the boundary between core rurality and marginal rurality is blurred, and the possibility of mutual conversion exists. (3) Third, the cognitive mechanism of rural tourism attraction from the perspective of tourists' perception follows the logical development of "Perceptual system—Rurality elements—Rurality landscape—Rural tourism attraction." Under the guidance of these logical clues, the study finds that although rural tourism attraction can be based on a basic landscape, it is also a composite structure, composed of basic, implanted, and integrative landscapes. The core attraction is mostly exerted by the integrative landscape. Overall, the study reveals the elements and structure of rurality from the perspective of tourists' perceptions in the tourism context and analyzes the cognitive mechanism of rural tourism attraction. The research expands and enriches the study of rurality, especially in the field of tourism. Moreover, it plays a guiding role in the development of rural tourism destinations and suggests that rural tourism developers take active steps to create integrative landscapes for tourists.
表1 Gibson感知系统理论模型Table 1 Gibson's theory model of perceptual system |
系统名称 | 感知方式 | 感知器官 | 感知来源 |
---|---|---|---|
视觉系统 | 视觉 | 眼部机构 | 环境光的变化 |
听觉系统 | 听觉 | 耳蜗器官 | 空气中的震动 |
触觉系统 | 触觉 | 皮肤、关节、肌肉 | 组织形变、关节确认、肌纤维 |
味-嗅觉系统 | 味觉、嗅觉 | 口腔、鼻腔 | 介质组成 |
基本定位系统 | 身体信息 | 大脑前庭器官 | 重力和加速度 |
表2 受访者的基本情况Table 2 Basic information of interviewees |
序号 | 性别 | 年龄/岁 | 职业 | 受教育程度 | 照片数量/张 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 男 | 22 | 学生 | 硕士 | 22 |
P2 | 女 | 24 | 公务员 | 本科 | 26 |
P3 | 女 | 24 | 公司职员 | 专科及以下 | 10 |
P4 | 女 | 48 | 经商 | 本科 | 8 |
P5 | 男 | 74 | 退休 | 专科及以下 | 11 |
P6 | 男 | 27 | 公司职员 | 本科 | 7 |
P7 | 男 | 33 | 工人 | 专科及以下 | 6 |
P8 | 女 | 14 | 学生 | 专科及以下 | 7 |
P9 | 女 | 46 | 教师 | 本科 | 7 |
P10 | 男 | 20 | 学生 | 专科及以下 | 8 |
P11 | 女 | 42 | 公司职员 | 硕士 | 18 |
P12 | 女 | 26 | 公司职员 | 本科 | 17 |
P13 | 女 | 23 | 待业 | 本科 | 12 |
P14 | 男 | 38 | 公司职员 | 专科及以下 | 7 |
P15 | 女 | 25 | 教师 | 本科 | 6 |
P16 | 女 | 69 | 退休 | 专科及以下 | 7 |
P17 | 女 | 26 | 公司职员 | 专科及以下 | 5 |
P18 | 女 | 24 | 公司职员 | 本科 | 6 |
P19 | 男 | 25 | 学生 | 硕士 | 6 |
P20 | 男 | 52 | 经商 | 专科及以下 | 6 |
表3 要素提炼的部分结果Table 3 Partial results of elements extraction |
图片示例 | 受访者 | 访谈描述内容 | 要素概念 | 感官来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | P1 | “在乡村里的小溪旁有一些村民撑着船在岸边卖一些自家种植的瓜果蔬菜。这些瓜果蔬菜普遍价格便宜,而且比起城市里买到的更加新鲜爽口,也更加绿色、安全无污染,许多周边城市过来的游客会在周末节假日慕名而来,买好多回家屯着慢慢吃。路过他们附近时,这些船上的村民还会不停向我们介绍自己家的这些蔬菜,这样的场面令我感受到乡村农家无比的淳朴和热情。” | 蔬菜 原生态食品 吆喝 淳朴民风 | 视觉系统 味-嗅觉系统 听觉系统 触觉系统 |
![]() | P2 | “亭子在树林中间,让我不禁想到在炎热的夏天,要是能够与几个朋友一起坐在树荫下的亭子里喝喝茶,吹吹凉风,感受微风掠过面庞的轻柔触感和地上泥土的清香,那会是多么美好的画面。对我而言,在这样的自然环境中喝茶比起在城市的茶室让我觉得更加私密隐蔽,更加放松逍遥。” | 景观亭 喝茶 风吹簌簌 微风拂面 泥土芬芳 | 视觉系统 视觉系统 听觉系统 触觉系统 味-嗅觉系统 |
![]() | P5 | “破旧的木屋门口贴着一副已经被太阳晒褪色、晒起角的对联,摸上去能明显感觉到木头和纸张常年经受风吹日晒所积累出的粗糙感。进屋后,一股冷飕飕的气息扑面而来,夹杂着一股木头潮湿的霉味。这栋木质老房子让我想起了自家的老宅,只可惜后来被认定成危房拆迁了,真是非常可惜。” | 房屋外观 装饰贴画 触摸建筑 幽闭老宅 木头霉味 | 视觉系统 视觉系统 触觉系统 定位系统 味-嗅觉系统 |
![]() | P9 | “远远便看到了许多柿子挂在树梢,走近了还能闻到淡淡的香气,我们都忍不住去摘了好多。这些树上的柿子虽然不是自己种的,但总觉得是自己亲自去摘下来的,吃起来会更加放心!” | 水果 果香 果蔬采摘 吃得放心 | 视觉系统 味-嗅觉系统 触觉系统 触觉系统 |
![]() | P13 | “灰色的石头与两旁的绿植搭配和谐,身处其中能感觉到岁月静好的舒适缓慢。由火山石搭建的房屋和院墙在两边整齐紧凑地排列,共同营造出中间这条狭窄悠长的石头小路。这条小路一眼望不到头,颇有几分神秘的色彩,顿时激发我去一探究竟的欲望。” | 色彩组合 建筑用材 狭长小路 | 视觉系统 视觉系统 定位系统 |
![]() | P17 | “入住的民宿是网红树屋的造型,拍照非常好看。民宿里有乒乓球桌、KTV包厢、温泉、无边泳池和图书角,项目很丰富。最关键的是这旁边的酒吧街真是太热闹了,夜晚灯火通明,听着驻唱歌手唱歌,和朋友在这喝上两杯聊聊人生,很有感觉。” | 网红民宿 住宿配套 酒吧街 歌手唱歌 喝酒 | 视觉系统 触觉系统 视觉系统 听觉系统 味-嗅觉系统 |
![]() | P20 | “来到乡村的田野小路里散步,发现旁边有一条精致的游步道,道路两侧的景观林布置的姹紫嫣红,再配合上乡间新鲜的空气,让我觉得顿时神清气爽、心旷神怡。在这样的自然景色下,让我这个不太锻炼的人都有了想跑跑步的冲动。” | 步道 景观林 清新空气 跑步 | 视觉系统 视觉系统 味-嗅觉系统 触觉系统 |
|
表4 范畴归纳结果Table 4 Results of category induction |
范畴 | 要素概念(举例) | 感官来源 |
---|---|---|
洁净的山水单体 | 河、湖、海、沙、小溪、池塘、水库、山岳…… | 视觉 系统 |
美丽的乡村自然全貌 | 山水景观、特殊形状、色彩组合…… | |
开阔的田园风光(大视域) | 树林、草原、农田、菜园、果园、庄园、花海…… | |
原生态的动植物(小视域) | 树木单体、水果、蔬菜、奇花异草、家养畜牧、野生动物…… | |
稀缺的水文和天气景观(大视域) | 彩虹、星空、雪景、雾凇、云海、潮汐…… | |
自然的天气景观产物(小视域) | 露珠、水汽、薄雾、雨、雪、云朵…… | |
地方传统的建筑和聚落形式 | 建筑用材、房屋构成元素、房屋外观、传统历史建筑、院落样式、院落空间元素、整村布局…… | |
地方传统的生产要素和场景 | 农具、庄稼、劳作、传统生产技艺、生产设备…… | |
地方日常化的生活要素和场景 | 村民、做饭、晾晒、买卖、喝茶、淘洗…… | |
地方遗址遗迹和历史人事 | 古窑、古战场、纪念碑、村落历史、古今人物…… | |
地方特色化的传统民俗和节庆 | 传统服饰、传统歌舞、民间习俗、比赛竞技…… | |
乡村传统物件和基础设施 | 装饰贴画、煤油灯、放映机、水井、水缸、石桥、船只、渡口、乡间道路…… | |
自然和农业资源改造景观 | 景观林、人造花海、艺术农田…… | |
新建建筑和体验场所 | 景观亭、博物馆、史料馆、产业园、研究所、游乐场、滑雪场、网红民宿、酒吧街、网红打卡地…… | |
城市化的生活设施 | 马路、路灯、交通驿站、公共厕所、垃圾回收站…… | |
乡村旅游衍生物和配套设施 | 展板、栈道、步道、观景台、缆车、房车、体验项目、文创商品、商业街到、景区…… | |
现代植入节庆活动 | 艺术展览、主题巡演、外来节庆…… | |
舒缓纯净的自然声 | 泉水叮咚、流水潺潺、海浪拍打、树叶沙沙、风吹簌簌、踩雪咯吱、自然寂静…… | 听觉 系统 |
欢快的动物声 | 虫鸣声、鸟叫声、家养畜牧声、野生动物声…… | |
农村原真的生活声 | 木门声、爆竹声、炒菜声…… | |
质朴的村民日常活动声 | 吆喝、本地方言、村民唠嗑…… | |
地方传统的乐器声和歌声 | 传统乐器、民乐、民歌…… | |
现代活动项目声 | 拉练口号、广播音乐、现代歌曲、歌手唱歌…… | |
游客进入乡村声 | 马达轰隆、游客唱歌、游客聊天…… | |
舒适的气候 | 避暑、多风、清凉、湿润…… | 触觉 系统 |
乡土环境中的触碰 | 触碰植物、抚摸动物、触摸建筑、微风拂面…… | |
慢节奏的栖居 | 烟火气息、生活节奏、自然原真…… | |
闲适舒缓的运动 | 爬山、徒步、溯溪、跑步、垂钓、骑车…… | |
地方原生活动参与体验 | 打牌、划船、果蔬采摘、文娱活动…… | |
乡村特有文化感知 | 价格实惠、吃得放心、热情好客、淳朴民风、文化积淀…… | |
现代运动形式 | 滑板、滑草、滑雪、滑翔伞、射箭、露营、攀岩…… | |
新奇的新建设施触感 | 体验辅助设施、新型建筑材料…… | |
乡村游玩项目体验 | 陶艺、卡丁车、漂流、研学、户外拓展、真人CS、住宿配套…… | |
城市生活气息 | 小资情调、商业气息、城市氛围…… | |
原生植物的芳香气息 | 草香、花香、果香、木香…… | 味-嗅觉 系统 |
乡间自然的气息 | 清新空气、泥土芬芳、木头霉味…… | |
农家烹饪的香气 | 锅气、饭菜香气、烧烤炭火气…… | |
传统乡村美味佳肴 | 农家家常菜、原生态食品、传统名小吃…… | |
高品质现代美食饮品 | 酒吧喝酒、咖啡厅饮食、主题餐厅品尝…… | |
特定的时间感 | 怀念过去、联想未来…… | 定位 系统 |
特殊的空间感 | 高大山峦、环绕群山、无垠田野、开阔视野、狭长小路、幽闭老宅…… | |
乡野的方位感 | 位于山林、远离城市、乡村全貌…… |
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