功能区位联系下中国有机畜牧业企业空间格局及其影响因素
赵权威(1994—),男,安徽阜阳人,硕士,主要从事城镇与区域规划研究,(E-mail)zhaoquanwei666@126.com; |
收稿日期: 2021-07-10
修回日期: 2021-11-22
网络出版日期: 2022-06-29
基金资助
国家自然基金项目“大都市郊区有机农业的多维度创新体系研究”(41071095)
北京市都市农业学科群项目(XK100190553)
The Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of China's Organic Livestock Enterprises under the Link of Functional Location
Received date: 2021-07-10
Revised date: 2021-11-22
Online published: 2022-06-29
基于中国744家有机畜牧业企业基本数据,对其服务功能和生产功能区位进行分析,并采用Pearson相关性分析和多元回归分析方法对功能区位影响因素进行研究。结果表明:1)有机畜牧业企业服务功能区位和生产功能区位具有较强的共聚现象;2)有机畜牧业企业生产功能区位和服务功能区位受饲料产量、环境质量、政策效益等多种影响因子的综合作用,其中自然资源和传统畜牧产业发展水平对其影响较大;3)服务功能区位和生产功能区位空间集聚程度较高,导致有机畜牧业企业影响因素具有相对一致性,但囿于有机畜牧业企业功能部门自身的区位偏好差异,同一影响因子对于其服务功能和生产功能区位的作用程度具有一定的异同性。最后,提出2点建议:1)通过提升与强化地区综合性环境条件因子与环境承载力,增强不同层面空间单元的要素优势,引导有机畜牧业企业根据不同功能部门需求向其功能区位优势聚集区布局;2)地方政府应加大政策扶持力度,引导新生有机畜牧业企业在资源环境条件优越地区集聚,并鼓励和引导传统企业根据实际情况向有机农业生产方式转换。
赵权威 , 王玉华 . 功能区位联系下中国有机畜牧业企业空间格局及其影响因素[J]. 热带地理, 2022 , 42(6) : 878 -888 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003497
Since the 18th and 19th National Congress, China has put forward ecological civilization construction and rural resolution, requiring the transformation of traditional agricultural production models to a high quality, sustainable, green ecological production model. As an eco-environmental, sustainable, and high value-added agricultural production model, organic agriculture is in-line with the future development direction of China's rural areas and policy guidelines and is also a useful alternative model to traditional agriculture. In order to promote the development of the organic livestock industry in China, this study analyzed the service function and production function basic data of 744 organic livestock enterprises and explored the factors of functional location using Pearson's correlation analysis and multi-regression analysis methods. There is substantial research available related to the functional location of the organic livestock industry that can provide a certain reference value for the location analysis of different industries. The multi-scale analysis of different functional locations can provide reference and policy recommendations for the functional location layout of organic livestock enterprises in China. The results of this study showed the spatial agglomeration characteristics of organized livestock enterprise service and production function locations, such as central and eastern Inner Mongolia, northwestern Xinjiang, northeast Sichuan, and southern Anhui. There is a strong cohesion phenomenon among the organic livestock enterprise service and production function locations in China. However, this is limited to the development characteristics and affected zone, as different functional structures of some organic livestock enterprises have not occurred in the production expansion process. The production and service function locations of organic livestock enterprises are affected by multiple influencing factors, such as feed output, environmental quality, and policy benefits, of which natural resources and the development level of the traditional livestock industry have the greatest impact. It is also important to note that the location layout of organic livestock enterprises has deeper contacts with feed resources and environmental quality at the macro level. The influencing factors of organic livestock enterprise service and production function locations are consistent, but the same influencing factor has certain differences in the extent of their service and production function locations. According to the demand, organic livestock enterprises should guide different functional departments to lay out the functional location gathering area and balance the needs of the service and production function sectors in the initial development phase, select resource endowment, rich in knowledge and technology, convenient transportation, cheap land prices, and low labor cost-effective suburban areas. Local governments should increase policy support and guide deployment in areas with rich natural resources and developed traditional livestock industries. Moreover, according to actual conditions, they should guide enterprises to convert production from traditional to organic in the traditional livestock production industry.
表1 有机畜牧业企业功能区位影响因素指标选取与解释说明Table 1 The selection and explanation of the explanatory variables about organic livestock enterprises'f unction location |
影响因素 | 具体影响因子 | 综合性影响因子 | 解释说明 |
---|---|---|---|
自然因素 | 地形、地貌、降水、光照、温度、土壤、耕地面积等 | 饲料产量(X 1) | 草地面积,每亩产粮食产量 |
环境质量(X 2) | 农药化肥施用量,农作物总播种面积 | ||
经济因素 | 经济规模、产业规模、劳动成本、土地价格、 金融投资、银行贷款等 | 经济发展水平(X 3) | GDP总量、人均GDP |
农业生产比重(X 4) | 第一产业产值占GDP比例 | ||
畜牧业发展水平(X 5) | 畜产品产量、畜产品产值 | ||
社会因素 | 政策、交通运输、科研技术水平、人力资本、历史 文化、地方风俗等 | 政策效益(X 6) | 畜牧业固定资产投资值(不包含农户) |
交通运输能力(X 7) | 货运量、通勤率、中转站数量 | ||
科研创新水平(X 8) | 论文数量、专利数量、高学历人数 |
表2 省域和市域空间层面上有机畜牧业企业功能结构相关性分析结果Table 2 The correlation analysis results of organic livestock enterprise's structure functions at the provincial level and prefectural level |
空间尺度 | 功能种类 | 指标 | X 1 | X 2 | X 3 | X 4 | X 5 | X 6 | X 7 | X 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
省域 | 服务功能 | Pearson系数 | 0.447 | 0.339 | -0.058 | 0.321 | 0.414 | 0.305 | 0.249 | 0.496 |
显著性 | 0.012 | 0.062 | 0.757 | 0.079 | 0.020 | 0.096 | 0.175 | 0.005 | ||
生产功能 | Pearson系数 | 0.449 | 0.311 | -0.071 | 0.292 | 0.415 | 0.304 | 0.251 | 0.566 | |
显著性 | 0.006 | 0.089 | 0.706 | 0.110 | 0.020 | 0.097 | 0.175 | 0.001 | ||
N | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | ||
市域 | 服务功能 | Pearson系数 | 0.152 | 0.129 | -0.121 | 0.156 | 0.109 | - | 0.069 | 0.125 |
显著性 | 0.050 | 0.112 | 0.076 | 0.025 | 0.114 | - | 0.631 | 0.268 | ||
生产功能 | Pearson系数 | 0.128 | 0.131 | -0.177 | 0.167 | 0.079 | - | 0.106 | 0.176 | |
显著性 | 0.101 | 0.107 | 0.009 | 0.016 | 0.254 | - | 0.459 | 0.119 | ||
N | 234 | 234 | 234 | 234 | 234 | - | 234 | 234 |
|
表3 省域和市域空间层面上有机畜牧业企业功能结构多元回归分析结果Table 3 The correlation analysis results of organic livestock enterprise's structure functions at the provincial level and prefectural level |
空间尺度 | 指标 | X 1 | X 2 | X 3 | X 4 | X 5 | X 6 | X 8 | 调整后R 2 | 个案数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
省域 | 服务功能 | 0.399** | 0.137 | - | 0.127 | 0.346* | 0.108 | 0.121 | 0.377 | 31 |
生产功能 | 0.406** | 0.077 | - | 0.080 | 0.337* | 0.097 | 0.228 | 0.426 | 31 | |
市域 | 服务功能 | 0.319 | 0.574* | 0.214 | 0.208 | 0.503* | - | 0.215 | 0.257 | 234 |
生产功能 | 0.320 | 0.568* | 0.325 | 0.220 | 0.513* | - | 0.355 | 0.262 | 234 |
2)市域空间层面上,饲料产量、环境质量和传统畜牧业发展水平对有机畜牧业企业功能区位分布影响较为显著,经济发展水平、农业生产比重、科研创新水平等也有一定程度的影响。相较于省域空间层面,环境质量和传统畜牧业发展水平综合性影响因子的影响力有显著提升,经济发展水平、农业生产比重、科研创新水平等影响程度也有一定程度的上升,而饲料产量影响力则略有下降。有机畜牧业企业服务功能、生产功能的部门分布数量与环境质量(X 2)和传统畜牧业发展水平(X 5)标准化系数分别达到0.574、0.568和0.503、0.513(见表3)。有机生产对于生产环境标准有较高要求,而良好的环境质量将减少企业前期生产要素环境整治中的资金投入,有利于有机畜牧业企业环境条件改善与顺利渡过转换期,进入实现正常的生产与产出活动。另外,传统畜牧业发达地区具有较为完整的生产、运输以及销售产业链,完善的生产设施、服务体系与产业环境也为推动有机畜牧业企业发展提供良好的产业环境。此外,市域空间尺度的有机畜牧业企业进行区位选择时,除了对土地价格、农业生产环境、生产技术可获取性等基础影响因素的考量外,经济发展水平(X 3)、农业生产比重(X 4)以及科研创新水平(X 8)等综合性影响因子对其功能区位分布影响力亦进一步增强。其中,对于主体功能中的生产功能区位的影响力更显著。由于经济发达地区土地价格的不断高涨,投入产出效益相对较低的农业发展活动受到一定限制。生产功能性质的企业通常对土地需求较高,对于土地价格也更加敏感。同时,有机畜牧业企业生产过程中对于生产环境、加工技术、食物品质等生产环境与条件同样具有较高标准和要求,导致产业结构、科技需求等社会经济与技术服务环境条件影响程度也趋于强化。 3)有机畜牧业企业服务功能和生产功能空间区位影响因素存在一定的一致性和差异性。其一致性表现在饲料产量、环境质量、农业生产比重、传统畜牧业发展水平等与其服务功能和生产功能空间区位的相关性系数较为相近(见表2),多元回归分析同样显示这一结果(见表3)。中国有机畜牧业企业普遍发展时间较短,大部分企业规模偏小,尚处于初级发展阶段。受限于交通、组织管理等基础成本的影响,有机畜牧业企业不同功能部门空间分布趋向于一致。差异性则表现为:为制定影响企业发展方向的战略决策等服务功能倾向于具有信息、金融、市场等优势资源的大都市区域布局,而企业生产功能主要体现在企业的加工厂和基地,其中,基地倾向聚集于农业资源较为丰富的地区,而加工厂的主要功能为对原材料的加工,其空间分布在一定程度上受到基地约束。因此,企业生产功能易于聚集在自然禀赋较好的地区。总体而言,饲料产量、经济发展水平和科研创新水平等因素对有机畜牧业企业服务功能和生产功能空间分布的影响程度有一定差别,相对于生产功能区位影响更为显著。 4)除自然因素、经济因素和社会因素外,有机畜牧业企业功能区位选择还与自身生产规模、发展阶段、空间组织模式等具体产业环境与条件有密切联系。一般来说,生产规模大、发展较为成熟的有机畜牧业内部组织进行分工协作,专业化程度不断提高,生产片段化特征也越显著。如正谷(北京)农业发展有限公司随着企业发展,生产功能部门数量逐渐增多并在国内外多个地区进行功能区位布局。但部分有机畜牧业企业产品种类较为单一,且原始区位的优越性能够满足其规模扩张。因而随着生产规模不断扩大,但生产功能和服务功能区位仍保持共聚特征。如包头骑士乳业有限责任公司原始产地自然资源禀赋良好,产品生产成本较低,而且有着充足土地可满足企业的不断扩张,因而企业不同功能部门区位布局一致。因此,企业自身规模、生产力要素和所属行业与产业的发展阶段、生产组织结构与价值链结构等具体的产业环境与条件,也将进一步调整与引导有机畜牧业企业主体功能区位的选择决策与偏好。 |
赵权威:选题、方法、数据处理与内容分析;
王玉华:选题、思路框架、内容分析与结论完善。
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