海南渔民海神信仰谱系及其仪式活动
周俊(1984―),女,河南新乡人,副教授,博士,研究方向为海洋历史文化、非物质文化遗产,(E-mail)junzi_zhou@ 163.com。 |
收稿日期: 2022-01-14
修回日期: 2022-03-21
网络出版日期: 2022-07-23
基金资助
国家社科基金项目(重大项目)“南海渔民《更路簿》的抢救性调查、征集与综合性研究”(17ZDA189)
福建省高校人文社会科学研究基地海洋旅游研究中心项目“闽琼地区海神信仰的比较研究”(301031040504)
Hainan Fishermen's Marine Belief Pedigree and Their Ritual Activities
Received date: 2022-01-14
Revised date: 2022-03-21
Online published: 2022-07-23
以海南渔民海神信仰为研究对象,结合南海诸岛考古发现和海南岛方志等文献,及笔者2012―2020年在海南持续做的田野调研资料,从谱系理论出发,运用文献分析及田野调查等方法,对海南渔民海神信仰谱系及仪式活动进行研究。结果表明:海南渔民海神信仰谱系包括海洋水体本位神、航海保护神、渔商专业(行业)神、镇海神与引航神等海神家族谱系,岸上―岛屿―船上―东南亚移民社会等空间谱系,出海前―归航时―捕鱼前―海难―日常等时间谱系;海神信仰仪式活动主要有做海仪式、南海诸岛仪式以及日常实践中的仪式。在参与仪式的过程中,海南渔民通过一系列的情境展演与活动等互动,触发自身的集体记忆与文化认同,并形成一定的社会关系与秩序:1)树立了船长的绝对权威;2)形成先登岛拜庙者享有优先捕捞权的传统;3)众神合祀突出,其中拜“108兄弟公”出海仪式是最隆重和最受渔民重视的;4)海南渔民的地方性海神信仰是海南籍华侨的身份象征和地域认同的重要标志。
周俊 . 海南渔民海神信仰谱系及其仪式活动[J]. 热带地理, 2022 , 42(7) : 1107 -1117 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003516
This paper takes Hainan fishermen's Sea God belief as the research object, combines the archaeological discoveries of the South China Sea Islands, the local chronicles of Hainan Island and other documents, and the author's continuous field research data in Hainan from 2012 to 2020 and studies the Sea God belief pedigree and ritual activities of Hainan fishermen from the pedigree theory, using the methods of literature analysis and field investigation.The pedigree of the sea god family includes the sea water standard God, navigation protection God, fisherman professional (industry) God, sea god pilotage God, and others. These form the land-island-ship-spatial pedigree of immigrant societies in Southeast Asian countries; and the time pedigree of before going to sea-after returning home-before fishing-shipwreck-daily.These pedigrees have been incorporated in daily ritual activities in sea ceremonies in South China Sea Islands and daily practice. Based on the genealogical theory, the temporal and spatial genealogy of Hainan fishermen's belief and the social relations and order in ritual activities were analyzed, also by literature analysis and field investigation. The results showed that: 1) The captain has absolute authority. 2) Tradition that formed from those who first visit the island and worshiped the temple prioritized fishing. 3) Joint worship of gods is prominent, with the worship of 108 brothers being the most important and grand aspect of sacrificial ceremonies. 4) The local sea god belief of Hainan fishermen is an important symbol of identity and regional identity of overseas Chinese in Hainan.
神位
船主敕赐鲁班师傅至巧大神
神山峻灵广德明王
南无大慈大悲救苦救难灵感观世音菩萨
宣封掌教都统御天显应法师
敕封三界伏魔忠义仁勇护国保民关圣帝君
黄家香火有位福神一切圣众
1 麻蓝婆,即靖海夫人。麻蓝庙建于元代,清朝重修。据光绪元年《麻蓝庙序引》记载,麻蓝婆,史姓,诞生于元朝至正辛巳年(公元1314年)。在她28岁那年,她和妹妹及一只家狗,在近海的水边洗衣服。忽然狂风大作,雷雨交加。风雨过后,只剩妹妹和家狗,而麻蓝婆不知去向,村人都说她升仙了。她仙逝后,在附近海域救渔民于海难,成为庇佑一方的神灵。元朝末年,当地民众便在蔴蓝村南史家地建麻蓝庙祭祀她,称她为麻蓝婆。庙宇建成,香火之旺,闻名遐迩。
2 在很久之前,有一个渔船上一共有109位渔民,他们在出海的过程中,遭遇到非常强烈的强台风,在这样的紧急之下,突然出现了一群鲨鱼,抵住渔船,不让渔船沉下去。其中有一个渔民跳下海,想要奉献自己,让鲨鱼把自己吃掉,鲨鱼被他这种精神所打动,没有吃他,而其他108位渔民兄弟都不幸遇难,葬于大海之中。后来,琼海县以及西沙群岛的渔民就修建庙宇来祭祀死难的弟兄。
3 咸丰元年夏,清澜商船由安南顺化返琼,商民买棹附之。六月十日,泊广义孟早港,次晨解缆,值越巡舰员弁觎载丰厚,猝将一百零八人先行割耳,后捆沉渊以邀功利,焚舟献馘,越王将议降,心忽荡,是夜王梦见华服多人喊冤稽首,始悉员弁渔获污良。适有人持赃入告,乃严鞫得情,敕奸贪官弁诛陵示众,从兹英灵烈气往来巨涛韩浪之中,或飓风黑夜扶桅操舵,或汹洑沧波,引绳觉路。周人有求必应,履险如夷,时人比之灵胥,非溢谀也。
4 采访人:周俊;采访时间:2019-10-20;采访地点:海南省文昌市铺前镇冯XX家中。被采访人:冯XX。
5 采访人:周俊;采访时间:2019-07-20;采访地点:海南省三亚疍家文化陈列馆。被采访人:郑XX。
6 采访人:周俊,申素样;采访时间:2019-10-05;采访地点:海南省陵水新村郭XX家中。被采访人:郭XX。
7 海南省渔船悬挂旗帜,尤其以文昌市、儋州市、临高县船居多,琼海市渔船比较少。
8 采访人:周俊;采访时间:2020-03-15;采访地点:海南省文昌市铺前镇张XX家中。被采访人:张XX。
9 越南漫游(三十三)会安古镇中华古建筑之琼府会馆(Hainan-Assembly-Hall). 董铺客_新浪博客. http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_54202deb0102y50w.html.
10 临时使用可移动的香炉。
11 采访人:周俊;采访时间:2019-10-20;采访地点:海南省文昌市铺前镇冯XX家中。被采访人:冯XX。
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