中小流域暴雨洪水计算及参数地理综合研究进展
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赵玲玲(1980—),女,河南安阳人,研究员,博士,主要从事中小流域暴雨洪水及水生态过程研究,(E-mail)linglingzhao@foxmail.com; |
收稿日期: 2023-02-13
修回日期: 2023-03-10
网络出版日期: 2023-11-09
基金资助
国家自然科学基金“变化环境下华南中小流域设计暴雨洪水同频率假定检验与作用机制”(41771044)
广东省科学院发展基金“粤港澳大湾区城市群生态系统观测研究”(2020GDASYL-20200401001)
Storm and Flood Prediction and Progress in Parameter Synthesis Research in Small and Medium-Sized Watersheds
Received date: 2023-02-13
Revised date: 2023-03-10
Online published: 2023-11-09
中小流域暴雨洪水计算及其参数综合在洪水灾害防治中起着关键作用。变化环境引发暴雨洪水等水文极值增加,中小流域暴雨洪水灾害面临严峻挑战。文章对中小流域暴雨洪水计算全过程及参数综合研究进展进行系统回顾、梳理和总结,并对目前常用的产汇流计算方法及其参数在实际应用中存在的问题和局限性进行探讨。流域下垫面和暴雨特性的空间异质性大,产流损失根据其地理特征形成以经验和半经验方法为主的计算方法;汇流计算以推理公式和单位线法为主,流域地形地貌汇流特征能基本反映,但流域形状和微地形在当前计算方法中反映甚少;当前使用的参数成果均由20世纪80年代前的数据得到,限于资料精度和技术水平,参数综合要素较为简单,多地出现不适用现象,亟需开展新一轮的暴雨洪水计算参数综合;在中小流域暴雨洪水过程模拟及实时预报上,结合雷达测雨、高分辨率遥感、高性能计算和深度学习等技术方法的研究已初具规模,建议加强利用新兴技术计算流域产汇流参数,推进其在暴雨洪水设计上的应用。
赵玲玲 , 刘昌明 , 王梓尹 , 张鑫辉 , 杨兴 . 中小流域暴雨洪水计算及参数地理综合研究进展[J]. 热带地理, 2023 , 43(11) : 2119 -2134 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003763
The prediction of rainstorms and floods in small and medium-sized watersheds, as well as the synthesis of related parameters, plays a pivotal role in preventing flood disasters. Environmental changes have led to an increase in hydrological extremes such as rainstorms and floods, presenting unprecedented challenges for small and medium-sized river basins. In this review, we systematically categorize, and summarize the processes involved in predicting rainstorms and floods in these watersheds, along with advancements in correlated parameter synthesis research. Furthermore, we analyze and discuss the most commonly employed runoff and confluence estimation methods and their associated parameters in practical applications, as well as their limitations. First, we establish the concept of small- and medium-sized watersheds across various academic disciplines. From a hydrological perspective, these watersheds typically exhibit slope confluence and have relatively small catchment areas. In terms of eco-hydrology, the ecological water demand of the basin must be calculated based on the different communities occupying the river basin and divided by area according to the ecological samples from each district after the investigation. Thereafter, we summarized the methods and types of runoff calculation and parameter synthesis in small- and medium-sized basins, and the methods and principles of runoff analysis, such as rainfall–runoff correlation diagram, infiltration curve method, deduction method, runoff coefficient method, and hydrological model method as well as the methods of parameter synthesis, such as rainfall-runoff correlation diagrams and loss methods are introduced. Second, we summarize and discuss the assessment of confluence and its associated parameters in small- and medium-sized river basins. This encompasses background information and various calculation methods, such as the instantaneous unit line, comprehensive unit line, inference formula method, and empirical formula method. We also examine how the three major elements of parameter synthesis convergence influence confluence parameters. We emphasize that combining radar rainfall measurements, high-resolution remote sensing, high-performance computing, and deep learning can facilitate research on simulating and forecasting rainstorms and flood processes in small- and medium-sized basins. However, a significant portion of these basins lacks data, limiting the application of simulation and flood forecasting. To address this, integration with geographical parameters specific to small- and medium-sized basins is necessary to enhance regional reliability and forecasting accuracy. Additionally, when applying deep learning to simulate basins with limited or no data, the significance of parameter synthesis becomes even more pronounced. Finally, we discuss the problems and challenges associated with storm flood calculations and parameter synthesis methods in small- and medium-sized basins and offer predictions regarding future research and technical developments. We recommend strengthening the use of emerging technologies for watershed runoff and runoff parameter calculations and advocate for their application in storm flood design.
表1 中小流域定义Table 1 Definition of Middle and small watershed |
| 定义 | 集水面积F/km2 | 出处(文献) | 应用领域 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 是以分水岭和出口断面为界形成的集水单元 | <50 | 连增蛇等(2013) | 人类活动区域 |
| 是指一条河流或水系的集水区域, 河流从这个积水区域获得水量补给 | <30 | 王淼(2013) | 适用于社会经济发展地区 |
| 一般指集水面积在5~30 km2的闭合集水区域 | 5~30 | 刘春元等(1988) | 水土保持计算、水土流失治理单元 |
| 以分水岭为界,以小溪为地貌特征的一个集水区域 | 分水岭为界的 集水区域 | 赵珂等(2015) | 在国土规划领域,它是一个水文单元、自然生物单元、社会经济政治单元和资源管理规划单元 |
| 集水面积 ≤ 200 km2的流域 | ≤200 | 张桂娇等(2004) | 小流域产汇流计算单元 |
| 由地表水或地下水的分水线所包围的集水区或汇水区 | 3~50 | 侯轶攀等(2019) | 地质灾害发生的基本地形单元 |
| 流域面积 < 1 000 km2或河道基本上在一个县属范围 | <1 000 | 周理等(2014) | 水利计算单元 |
表2 产流分析的主要方法Table 2 Main methods of production flow analysis |
| 序号 | 净雨分析方法 | 原理简介 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 降雨径流相关图法 | 根据实测资料建立P~Pa ~R关系图 | |
| 2 | 下渗曲线法 | 降雨扣除下渗过程得到了净雨过程 | |
| 3 | 扣损法 | 初损法 | 假设损失只发生在降雨初期,满足总损失量后的降雨全部产生径流 |
| 4 | 初损后损法 | 简化的下渗曲线法,把实际损失简化为初损和后损两个阶段 | |
| 5 | 平均损失率法 | 把损失量平分到整个降雨过程 | |
| 6 | 稳定下渗率法 | 假定流域已经蓄满后发生的洪水,整个降雨过程中保持了稳定的下渗率 | |
| 7 | 径流系数法 | 综合径流系数法 | 采用加权平均法求定地面的综合径流系数。 |
| 8 | 变径流系数法 | 径流系数随降雨过程变化 | |
| 9 | 水文模型法 | SCS产流模型 | 基于水量平衡方程和两个假设条件建立了SCS模型公式 |
| 10 | 新安江产流模型 | 由新安江模型中的蒸散发板块和产流模板共同构成 | |
| 11 | LCM产流模型 | 中科院地理所刘昌明等提出的适合中国的降水动态入渗产流模型 | |
表3 降雨径流相关图法综合类型Table 3 Comprehensive types of rainfall-runoff correlation map method |
| 方法 | 参数综合模型 | 应用地区 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 降雨 径流 相关 图法 | 蓄满产流模型 | 湖北、江西、福建、广西省 | 考虑前期土壤含水量 |
| 相关图, 其中 | 江苏 | 为降雨量; 为前期影响雨量; 为纵坐标轴截距; 为 与相关图45%渐近线在纵轴上截距的差。 | |
| 给出经验相关图 | 陕西南部、云南、河南、山东 | 实测资料经验图 | |
| 相关图 | 河北 | 不考虑 | |
| 径流系数法 | 贵州 | 采用直线表示 | |
| 扣除 的某个百分数 | 四川 | 为最大初损 |
表4 损失法的几种综合类型Table 4 Several synthetic types of loss methods |
| 产流模式 | 方法 | 原理 | 公式 | 参数综合 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蓄满产流 | 初损 后损法 | 扣除初损 和 ,并用产流期内的平均损失率扣除后损 | 建立参数与流域面积F、前期影响雨量 、 雨强i、产流历时 和 产流期降雨 关系 | 前3种损失率之间的关系为:
| |
| 平均 损失率 | 仅考虑一个均化的产流期 平均损失率 | ||||
| 降雨历时内的平均损失率 | |||||
| 超渗产流 | 稳定下渗率法 | |
|
表5 单位线公式汇总Table 5 Summary of Unit line formulas |
| 方法 | 估算公式 | 参数 | 适用性 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 纳希瞬时 单位线 | 式中: 为伽玛系数;n为反映流域调蓄能力的参数;k为线性水库的蓄泄系数。 | 优点:简便实用,能反映出流域地形、地貌等汇流特性。 缺点:与流域汇流的非线性相矛盾。 | |
| 无因次单位线汇流模型 | 为净雨时段单位线纵坐标之和;S(t)为t时S曲线。 | 优点:消除面积因子影响,完整展示单位线特性 |
表6 地貌综合单位线Table 6 Geomorphic integrated unit line |
| 方法 | 计算公式 | 参数 | 适用性 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 广东省 综合 单位线 | ; ; ; | 式中: 为无因次单位线的纵坐标(比值); 为无因次单位线的横坐标(比值); 为时段单位线的纵坐标; 为时段单位线的横坐标; 为时段单位线的上涨历时; W=F/3.6,相当于1 mm的净雨所形成的时段单位的总洪量,F为流域面积;m 1为时段单位线滞时 | 优点:对流域地形地貌条件综合考虑。适用于流域面积<1 000 km2。 |
| 广东省 三角形 综合单位线 | 式中: 为t时刻雨量系列在桥址断面处产生的流量; 为第i时段雨量大小; 为t时刻第i时段雨量对应的单位线纵坐标;n为雨量时段数 | 三角形综合单位线体现了当地的地域特点 | |
| 地貌综合 瞬时单位线 (张静怡,2008) | ; ; | 式中:v为流速; 为a的伽马函数; 为最高级河流长度河长比( )、分叉比( )和面积比( ) | 缺点:分叉比、河长比、面积比受面积影响,从而使流域地貌瞬时单位线不唯一。 |
表7 推理公式法汇总Table 7 Summary of inference formula methods |
| 方法名称 | 估算公式 | 主要参数 | 优缺点(适应性) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 摩尔尼 推理公式 | 式中: 为流域出口断面的最大流量; 为径流系数; 为流域面积; 为流域平均降雨强度。 | 缺点:推理公式只适用于山区丘陵小流域的设计洪水计算,不适应与平原河流和平原河网排涝计算。 | |
| 林平一法 |
| 式中:n为暴雨衰减指数; 为设计雨力;;C为径流系数;K为全面汇流时间参数;L为河长; 主河道L的坡度; 为河道汇流糙率。 | 适用于流域面积<150 km2的小流域洪水计算。 |
| 水文所 推理公式法 | 式中: 为洪峰径流系数; 为平均降雨强度; 为流域汇水面积;其余同前。 | 适用于小流域。优点:公式简单,仅有3个变量,意义明确,公式结构具有一定物理基础。 | |
| 中铁法 | 式中:τ为流域某一位置处净雨水质点的汇流时间,w(τ,r)为流域面积增长函数, 为流域面上 时刻的雨强;其余同前。 | 优点:具有严密的理论基础,公式形式也非常简单。把流域造峰历时看作随雨强变化而变化。 | |
| 改进后的 美国推理法 | 式中: 为频率为p的计算洪峰流量;C为洪峰径流系数; 为频率为p的暴雨雨强;其余同前。 | 优点:改进后的公式考虑了时间段对暴雨洪峰的影响,雨强变化下洪峰的变化。 | |
| 半推理 半经验公式 | 式中: 为频率为p的计算洪峰流量; 为径流系数;S为暴雨雨力;τ为流域汇流时间;n为暴雨强度递减系数;其余同前。 | 适用于流域面积小于500 km2小流域。优点:反映不同流域的实际情况;还可推求时段洪水总量和洪水过程线。缺点:公式中的洪峰流量径流系数 、汇流参数m的计算或选取,与实际情况不符。 | |
| 推理公式法 |
| 式中: 为历时t的最大净雨量;τ为汇流时间;θ为地理参数θ=L/J1/3;L为主沟道长度;J为主沟道平均坡降;m为汇流参数;其余同前。 | 适用于F< 20 km2特小流域。 |
| 美国推理公式 |
| 式中: 为频率是p的计算洪峰;i为频率是P的暴雨雨强;C为洪峰径流系数;F为流域面积; 为造峰历时;L为流域主河槽长度;S为流域主河槽坡度。 | 优点:具有严密的理论基础,公式形式也非常简单。 缺点:把流域造峰历时看作与雨强无关。 |
| 推理公式法 |
| 式中:C为洪峰径流系数;n为暴雨衰减指数;H 24 p 为设计频率为p的24 h暴雨总量; 为平均汇流速度;其余同前。 | 适用于流域面积300 km2以下的流域优点:简便,能够反映一定的不同河流特性,理论依据充足。缺点:各参数的取值受人为因素影响很大,且不同河流、流域的不同河段各参数有区别。 |
| 推理公式法 |
| 式中: 为相应于τ时段的最大净雨; 为单一洪峰的净雨.在小流域设计洪水计算过程中,净雨历时 一般大于汇流时间τ,故以全面积汇流为主。 | 主要用于中小集水面积。 |
| 水科院 推理公式 |
| 式中: 为损失参数;其余同前。 | 适合于中国大部分区域。 |
表8 经验公式法汇总Table 8 Summary of empirical formula methods |
| 方法 | 计算公式 | 参数 | 适用性 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 经验公式法 |
| 式中: 为计算断面以上的集水面积; 为洪峰流量均值模数。 | 优点:简便。缺点:反映不同流域特性差,且由于水文图集出版的时间早,系列资料的长短对经验公式本身计算结果的影响大。 |
| 市政部门 经验公式 | 式中: 为汇水时间; 为系数; 为相应设计频率的1 h降雨量。 | 优点:应用简易。缺点:设计洪水选取的标准与水利部门的概念差异较大,公式计算出的仅为洪峰流量,且难以对其计算成果作出了合理分析。 | |
| 广东省 洪峰流量 经验公式法 | 式中: 为某频率的洪峰流量; 为随频率而异的系数; 为24 h设计暴雨量; 为汇流特征参数; 为集水面积。 | 适用性:反映了流域的地理特征和暴雨特征,对于集水面积<10 km2的河流使用效果好。 | |
| 公路科学研究所 经验公式 | 式中: 为设计控制断面处洪峰流量; 为项目区流域面积; 为径流模数; n为面积参数。 | 适用于:面积<10 km2流域。 | |
| 多年平均 年最大洪峰流量 计算 | 式中: 为多年平均最大洪峰流量; 为地理参数; 为多年平均最大日暴雨均值; 为流域面积;n为经验指数。 | 以实测和调查洪水资料为基础,综合考虑影响洪水的暴雨、地形、土壤、流域几何特征及人类活动,分析其与洪峰流量的关系。 |
表9 滞时(m 1)-雨强(i)综合类型Table 9 synthesis types |
| 综合类型 | 地区 | 地区综合公式 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 同雨强i 建立关系 | 雨强10 mm/h与 地理因子综合 | 安徽江淮山丘区 | (当 ) |
| (当 ) | |||
| 甘肃黄土区 | |||
| 湖南山区 | |||
| 浙江省 | |||
| 广西自治区(Ⅰ) | |||
| 云南区 | |||
| 非线性指数b 地区综合 | 陕西省陕北地区 | ||
| 江西省(Ⅰ区) | |||
| 四川省(Ⅰ区) | |||
| 福建沿海地区 | |||
| 浙江省 | |||
| 公式 中的参数a、b进行地区综合 | 黑龙江省 | ||
| 宁夏贺龙山区 | |||
| 青海浅脑混合区 | |||
| 考虑净雨量 和净雨历时 | 山东省山丘区 | ||
| 不考虑雨强 | 江苏省苏北山区 | ||
| 山东省 | |||
|
表10 不同区域汇流参数(m)-特征参数(θ)定线类型Table 10 Alignment types of paraneter(m)~character parameter (θ) in different area |
| 定线类型 | 地区 | 分类 | 值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 下垫面 | 山西 | 密闭林区 | |
| 裸露山丘区 | |||
| 贵州 | 山区、强岩溶、植被差 | ||
| 山区、少量岩溶、植被较好 | |||
| 甘肃 | 六盘山土石山林区 | ||
| 黄土区 | |||
| 青海 | 脑山区 | ||
| 浅、脑山区 | |||
| 地区定线 | 四川 | 盆地丘陵区( =1~30) | |
| 青衣江-鹿头山( =1~30) | |||
| 福建 | 沿海( ) | ||
| 内陆( ) | |||
| 洪水大小 | 湖北 | PMP及 >600 mm | 0.36 |
| 一般频率洪水 |
|
表11 汇流特征参数( )取值类型Table 11 Value types of character parameter |
| 值 | 省(区) |
|---|---|
| 湖南、四川、河南、广西、贵州、甘肃、清海、福建、吉林、山西等省(区) | |
| 湖北、内蒙、甘肃、江西等省(区) | |
| 山东 | |
| 陕西的陕北、渭北 |

赵玲玲:文章的整体架构,文章撰写与修改;
刘昌明:文章逻辑结构、思路提供指导;
王梓尹:协助论文修改校对,提供绘图制图支持,提出修改意见;
张鑫辉:完善文章思路,润色文章内容;
杨 兴:前期论文撰写,协助数据资料采集,提出修改意见。
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