自然地理学与人文地理学的关系:以史为鉴 *
克里斯蒂安·凯斯特洛特,比利时鲁汶大学地球与环境科学系地理学荣休教授,(E-mail)chris.kesteloot@kuleuven.be |
洛伦佐·巴尼奥利,意大利米兰比可卡大学社会学与社会研究系地理学副教授,(E-mail)lorenzo.bagnoli@unimib.it。 |
丁雁南,(1982—),男,安徽合肥人,副教授,博士,国家“万人计划”青年拔尖人才,研究方向为地图学史、城市历史地理学、地理学思想史,(E-mail) dingyannan@fudan.edu.cn。 |
收稿日期: 2023-10-01
修回日期: 2023-12-14
网络出版日期: 2024-01-20
Human and Physical Geography: Can We Learn Something from the History of Their Relations?
Received date: 2023-10-01
Revised date: 2023-12-14
Online published: 2024-01-20
克里斯蒂安·凯斯特洛特 , 洛伦佐·巴尼奥利 , 丁雁南 , 安宁 . 自然地理学与人文地理学的关系:以史为鉴 *[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(1) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.temp.003791
A short overview of the history of academic geography since the 19th century shows that there has never been a unity of physical and human geography in the past, at least in the form that is strived for today to justify the relevance of geography in coping with the present problems faced by humanity. But the fact that the limits of positivism start to be recognized in physical geography opens a way to collaboration for addressing the pressing problems affecting our planet today. The paper ends with some examples of how such a collaboration might look like and advocates greater attention to a political chorological approach, concentrating on the diversity of regions in the world, by taking both their internal and external relationships in terms of power structures into account.
Key words: human geography; physical geography; chorology; postpositivism
(1. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium; 2. Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy; 3. Centre for Historical Geography Studies, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; 4. School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China)
1 距今更近出版的手册使用“人类”(humans)一词而不是“男人”(man)以示对性别中立的尊重。
2 每当使用复数形式的“人类”一词时(不幸的是在“人类-环境的相互作用”这个表述中却不是复数),人们可以不那么直白地传达这样一种信息:人类是生活在不同的社会中的,其中构建了人与人之间以及人与环境之间的关系,而这些社会在空间和历史时间上是多样化的。
3 另见泰勒和奥基夫近期的一篇论文(Taylorand O'Keefe, 2021),其中简要描述了地理学从一个研究领域(连接各主题)转变为学科(专业化)的这段历史,并倡导回归到研究领域的状态以应对气候紧急情况。
4 本节主要基于萨耶(Saey, 1990)、德帕特和范德乌斯腾(De Pater and Van Der Wusten, 1996)以及卡斯特里(Castree, 2005)的论述。不过,这些作者都不是专门在考虑人文地理学同自然地理学之间的关系。卡斯特里就地理学中对自然的处理作了精深的分析,非常接近于讨论两个分支学科之间的关系。
5 在这方面,斯托吉亚诺斯近期的工作是一个强有力的例子(Stogiannos, 2019)。他拒斥拉采尔是环境决定论者的这个观点,因为拉采尔在解释地缘政治关系时,除了领土之外还考量了政治、经济和人种学等诸多现象。
6 这一原则是为了规避归纳问题:要确保一个理论的正确性,仅仅通过积累经验性的证据是不可能的。原因在于无法逐一验证某个普遍真理的所有实例。波普尔的解决方案是用证伪取代验证:努力的方向应该是证明哪些理论是错误的。如果是那样,它们应被更好的理论所取代。
7 然而,在这一构想中,在环境决定论和可能论同辩证历史决定论之间存在着关键性的差异:对于雷克吕来说,社会阶级(按马克思主义对这一概念的理解,即在生产资料所有权方面的差异)对于理解自然资源的获取和劳动产品的分配至关重要,而对于其他人来说社会阶级与此无关(Kesteloot and Saey, 1986 )
8 以雷克吕为主题的一期《比利时地理学评论》(Revue Belge de Géographie)专刊曾刊发了他于1895年为地理研究所而准备的三年制地理学学位课程方案。课程方案清晰地确认了这一观点(Reclus, 1986)63-65。
9 不过,哈维和瓦尔德纳(Harvey and Wardenga, 2006)提供了阅读哈特向作品的其他层面的另一个例子。
10 另见当期杂志中埃米利阿亚诺•托卢索(Emiliano Tolusso)的论文(Tolusso, 2021)。
11 罗兹为自然地理学中的这种情况感到痛心(Rhoads, 2004)749,但他没有意识到在人文地理学中也经历了同样的过程,这使得2个分支学科在智识上愈加疏离。
12 参见塞耶在城市经济学中对这个问题的讨论(Sayer, 1979)。这或许可以解释沃尔特·克里斯塔勒为何在他的理论中提出“中心地”概念而不是使用城市。在自然地理学中,像降水、山脉或森林等都是类似的混沌概念。
13 关于地理学中近期变化的概述,参见《比利时地理学杂志》(BELGEO)2003年第2期专刊“二十一世纪初的地理学标记”。
14 这方面最有影响力的进展来自女性主义地理学和后殖民地理学。
15 另见唐娜·哈拉维(Donna Haraway)提出的“落位知识”(situated knowledge)概念(Haraway, 1988)。
16 在自然地理学研究中也会出现这个问题,参见本期杂志中默腾斯(Mertens, 2021)给出的有力例证。
17 许多完全不同的学科也许享有共同的方法论,但没有谁据此声称这些学科是统一的。没有人会因为药学研究和计量社会学或经验心理学使用相似的抽样和测试方法就声称它们是统一的。
18 例如,欧洲委员会(Council of Europe)恰好在2000年开始施行的著名的《欧洲景观公约》(European Landscape Convention),在这一点上意义非凡。公约事实上在关于景观的传统定义,即景观是因自然和人类因素相互作用而造就个性的地区,同坚持景观乃是人对此之认知的新定义之间架起了一道桥梁(Raffestin, 2005)。
19 这并不是说自然地理学家们不参与该运动,参见斯雷梅克(Slaymaker, 2017),以及《加拿大地理学家》杂志(The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien)2017年第1期专刊的其他撰稿人等。
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