城市高温脆弱性预警系统构建与应用
吴朝玮(1996—),男,福建三明人,博士研究生,主要从事灾害脆弱性与健康风险评估研究,(E-mail)bulancw@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2022-12-28
修回日期: 2023-02-07
网络出版日期: 2024-01-20
基金资助
国家重点研究发展计划项目“城市群生态安全协同联动决策支持系统开发与综合示范”(2016YFC0502905)
Construction and Application of Urban Heat Vulnerability Early Warning System
Received date: 2022-12-28
Revised date: 2023-02-07
Online published: 2024-01-20
基于人与环境耦合系统视角构建了“暴露性-易损性-适应力”的城市高温脆弱性研究框架和预警指标体系,提出了城市高温指数、多元主体适应力耦合技术、多元群体脆弱风险评价标准库等关键预警技术和方法。以城市多元利益主体为服务对象,设计了城市高温脆弱性预警系统,在厦门市试点应用并取得了良好效果。2021年9月“城市高温指数”业务模块在福建省公共气象服务平台——“知天气”App正式上线。基于多尺度脆弱性框架的研究视角和方法为动态精细化表征极端自然灾害的影响提供了有效途径。文章提出的城市高温脆弱性预警系统支持了城市多元利益主体在高温天气下开展生产生活,也有助于地方定制针对性的防灾减灾方案。
吴朝玮 , 税伟 , 黄志刚 , 汪春辉 , 乔璐 , 吴叶玲 . 城市高温脆弱性预警系统构建与应用[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(1) : 121 -142 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003818
Extreme heat events caused by climate change have seriously threatened the sustainable human-environment system development. It has become the frontier of integrated geography to scientifically assess the comprehensive impact of heat waves on the urban system and to provide stakeholders with decision support services to cope with extreme heat. This study constructed an "exposure-susceptibility-adaptive capacity" framework for urban heat vulnerability and an early warning index system based on the perspective of the human-environment system. We then proposed key early warning technologies, including an urban heat index model, multi-subject adaptive capacity coupling technology, and a multi-group vulnerability assessment criteria library. Taking urban diversified groups and urban administrators as the service target, we designed the urban heat vulnerability early warning system. The system mainly comprises a mobile application that provides users with an interactive interface, and a dedicated management backend. The mobile application has four main functions: Urban heat index forecast, Crowd heat vulnerability risk warning service, Outdoor work guidance service, and Public facility-assisted adaptation and decision support menu. The layer data and the warning message are mainly handled by the dedicated management backend. The system provides hourly location-based heat vulnerability warnings and targeted healthy living tips for tourists, the elderly, children, and people with heat-sensitive conditions. Additionally, the system can provide a scientific basis for communities to improve their adaptive capacity to heat waves. As a pilot, the system was deployed in Xiamen City to provide personalized support services for healthy living in hot weather to residents and communities. In September 2021, the "Urban Heat Index" module was officially launched on the "Zhi Tian Qi" public meteorological service platform of the Fujian Province. The research perspective and methodology, based on a multiscale vulnerability framework, provide an effective method to dynamically and finely characterize the impacts of extreme natural hazards. The research results support urban multi-stakeholders in managing production and life during hot weather and help authorities develop targeted disaster prevention and mitigation plans for specific areas. Moreover, the findings provide a scientific reference for planning departments to improve and optimize the spatial allocation of emergency resources.
表1 城市高温脆弱性预警指标体系Table 1 Index system of early warning for urban heat vulnerability |
目标层 | 要素层 | 预警指标层 | |
---|---|---|---|
城 市 高 温 脆 弱 性 | 暴 露 性 | 暴露源 | 最高温度 |
相对湿度 | |||
暴露数量 | 人口分布 | ||
暴露时长 | 高温持续日数 | ||
当日高温持续时长 | |||
易 损 性 | 土地覆被 | ||
高程 | |||
与海岸线的距离(可根据所选研究区不同进行调整) | |||
与河流湖泊的距离 | |||
适 应 力 | 面向 城市 不同 群体 | 老年群体 | |
儿童群体 | |||
高温敏感疾病患者群体 | |||
游客群体 | |||
外卖送餐群体 | |||
高温户外作业群体 | |||
面向城市 治理主体 | 纳凉设施 医疗卫生设施 |
表2 城市高温指数等级Table 2 Urban heat index warning scales |
指数等级 | 标记颜色 | 分级方法 | 说明 |
---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ级 | 蓝色(RGB:R:117;G:213;B:255) | HI<平均值-σ | 低影响 |
Ⅱ级 | 黄色(RGB:R:255;G:210;B:61) | 平均值-σ≤HI≤平均值 | 中等影响 |
Ⅲ级 | 橙色(RGB:R:255;G:100;B:0) | 平均值<HI≤平均值+σ | 较高影响 |
Ⅳ级 | 红色(RGB:R:255;G:12;B:3) | HI>平均值+σ | 高影响 |
|
附表1 游客群体脆弱风险等级Table S1 Vulnerability scale for tourist groups |
HI预警等级 | 高温强度/℃ | ||
---|---|---|---|
[35, 37) | [37, 40) | [40, +∞) | |
Ⅰ级 | 1不舒适 | 2很不舒适 | 4炎热 |
Ⅱ级 | 1不舒适 | 2很不舒适 | 4炎热 |
Ⅲ级 | 1不舒适 | 3酷热难耐 | 4炎热 |
Ⅳ级 | 2很不舒适 | 3酷热难耐 | 4炎热 |
附表2 旅游出行建议Table S2 Travel advices |
脆弱风险等级 | 出游建议 |
---|---|
Ⅰ级 | 脆弱风险等级为1级,体感不舒适;温馨提示:出游注意补充水分,并做好防晒措施 |
Ⅱ级 | 脆弱风险等级为2级,体感很不舒适;温馨提示:减少户外活动,及时补充水分,做好防晒防暑准备 |
Ⅲ级 | 脆弱风险等级为3级,酷热难耐;温馨提示:避免户外活动,建议居家开启降温设备,若身体出现不适请及时就医 |
Ⅳ级 | 脆弱风险等级为4级,十分炎热;温馨提示:调整出游计划,开启降温设备,时刻关注健康状况和高温天气信息 |
附表3 老年群体脆弱风险等级Table S3 Vulnerability scale for elderly groups |
HI预警等级 | 高温强度/℃ | ||
---|---|---|---|
[35, 36) | [36, 37) | [37, +∞) | |
Ⅰ级 | 1较易中暑 | 2易中暑 | 4极易威胁健康 |
Ⅱ级 | 1较易中暑 | 2易中暑 | 4极易威胁健康 |
Ⅲ级 | 2易中暑 | 3易威胁健康 | 4极易威胁健康 |
Ⅳ级 | 2易中暑 | 3易威胁健康 | 4极易威胁健康 |
附表4 老年群体健康生活提示Table S4 Tips for healthy lifestyles in elderly groups |
脆弱风险等级 | 健康生活提示 |
---|---|
Ⅰ级 | 脆弱风险等级为1级,较易中暑;温馨提示:注意清淡饮食和及时补充水分 |
Ⅱ级 | 脆弱风险等级为2级,易中暑;温馨提示:避免外出,居家开启降温设备,做好防暑降温措施 |
Ⅲ级 | 脆弱风险等级为3级,易出现健康威胁;温馨提示:居家开启降温设备,关注健康状态,注意保持阶段性通风 |
Ⅳ级 | 脆弱风险等级为4级,极易出现健康威胁;温馨提示:时刻关注健康状况,若身体出现不适请及时就医 |
附表5 儿童群体脆弱风险等级Table 5 Vulnerability scale for kid groups |
HI预警等级 | 高温强度/℃ | ||
---|---|---|---|
[35, 36) | [36, 37) | [37, +∞) | |
Ⅰ级 | 1较易中暑 | 2易中暑 | 3易威胁健康 |
Ⅱ级 | 1较易中暑 | 2易中暑 | 3易威胁健康 |
Ⅲ级 | 1较易中暑 | 2易中暑 | 4极易威胁健康 |
Ⅳ级 | 2易中暑 | 3易威胁健康 | 4极易威胁健康 |
附表6 儿童群体健康生活提示Table S6 Vulnerability lifestyles in kids groups |
脆弱风险等级 | 健康生活提示 |
---|---|
Ⅰ级 | 脆弱风险等级为1级,较易中暑;温馨提示:注意清淡饮食,注意补充水分 |
Ⅱ级 | 脆弱风险等级为2级,容易中暑;温馨提示:避免在阳光下玩耍,及时补充水分,预防中暑,开启降温设备 |
Ⅲ级 | 脆弱风险等级为3级,易出现健康威胁;温馨提示:时刻关注儿童健康状态,若出现身体不适时请及时就医 |
Ⅳ级 | 脆弱风险等级为4级,极易出现健康威胁;温馨提示:居家开启降温设备,时刻关注健康状况和高温天气信息 |
附表7 高温敏感疾病患者群体脆弱风险等级Table S7 Vulnerability scale for groups of patients with heat-sensitive diseases |
HI预警等级 | 高温强度/℃ | ||
---|---|---|---|
[35, 36) | [36, 39.7) | [39.7, +∞) | |
Ⅰ级 | 1可能引发症状 | 2较易引发症状 | 3易引发症状 |
Ⅱ级 | 1可能引发症状 | 2较易引发症状 | 4极易引发症状 |
Ⅲ级 | 1可能引发症状 | 3易引发症状 | 4极易引发症状 |
Ⅳ级 | 2较易引发症状 | 3易引发症状 | 4极易引发症状 |
附表8 高温敏感疾病患者群体健康生活提示Table S8 Tips for healthy lifestyles for groups of groups with heat-sensitive diseases |
脆弱风险等级 | 健康生活提示 |
---|---|
Ⅰ级 | 脆弱风险等级为1级,可能出现症状;温馨提示:避免外出活动,居家做好防暑降温措施 |
Ⅱ级 | 脆弱风险等级为2级,较易出现症状;温馨提示:及时开启降温设备,备好防暑药物和常用症状缓解药物 |
Ⅲ级 | 脆弱风险等级为3级,易出现症状;温馨提示:时刻关注健康状态,防止高温引起症状加重 |
Ⅳ级 | 脆弱风险等级为4级,极易出现症状;温馨提示:注意休息,时刻关注身体健康状况并准备医疗救护设备 |
附表9 户外高温作业群体脆弱风险等级Table S9 Vulnerability scale for outdoor work groups in hot weather |
HI预警等级 | 高温持续天数/d | ||
---|---|---|---|
2 | 3 | >3 | |
Ⅰ级 | 1可能中暑 | 2较易中暑 | 3易中暑 |
Ⅱ级 | 1可能中暑 | 2较易中暑 | 4极易中暑 |
Ⅲ级 | 1可能中暑 | 3易中暑 | 4极易中暑 |
Ⅳ级 | 2较易中暑 | 3易中暑 | 4极易中暑 |
附表 10 外卖送餐员高温健康作业建议Table S10 Tips for delivery workers working in hot weather |
脆弱风险等级 | 健康生活提示 |
---|---|
Ⅰ级 | 当前送餐区域高温风险等级为1级,可能中暑;温馨提示:工作时注意补充水分和防止晒伤 |
Ⅱ级 | 当前送餐区域高温风险等级为2级,较易中暑;温馨提示:工作请做好防晒防暑准备,及时饮水和寻找纳凉点 |
Ⅲ级 | 当前送餐区域高温风险等级为3级,易中暑;温馨提示:减少在高温时段的送餐活动,可到集中休息点享受空调 |
Ⅳ级 | 当前送餐区域高温风险等级为4级,极易中暑;温馨提示:当前送餐区域十分炎热,建议调整区域送餐计划 |
附表11 高温作业群体健康生活提示Table S11 Tips for outdoor work groups working in hot weather |
脆弱风险等级 | 健康生活提示 |
---|---|
Ⅰ级 | 当前作业区域高温风险等级为1级,可能中暑;温馨提示:作业时注意补充水分和防止晒伤 |
Ⅱ级 | 当前作业区域高温风险等级为2级,较易中暑;温馨提示:作业请做好防晒防暑准备,及时饮水和寻找荫蔽处 |
Ⅲ级 | 当前作业区域高温风险等级为3级,易中暑;温馨提示:减少在高温时段作业,增加作业休息补水时间间隔 |
Ⅳ级 | 当前作业区域高温风险等级为4级,极易中暑;温馨提示:十分炎热,建议适当调整区域作业计划 |
1 https://www.worldpop.org/
税 伟:负责研究框架设计、研究进展和综合指导;
吴朝玮:负责研究执行、核心算法设计与编写,并完成了本文的撰写与修改;
黄志刚、汪春辉:负责项目模块的综合开发和数据处理;
乔 璐:指导和参与完成了模型搭建和权重设定;
吴叶玲:指导和参与完成了人群健康脆弱风险标准库的建设。
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