多维距离视角下中国影响力评价研究——以东南亚国家为例
黄小丽(1992—),女,河南许昌人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为东南亚地缘政治、人口地理,(E-mail)huangedwina@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2023-06-24
修回日期: 2023-09-11
网络出版日期: 2024-01-20
基金资助
国家社会科学基金项目“基于东南亚社会调查的中国国家形象及影响因素研究”(20BSH092)
China's Influence Evaluation from the Perspective of Multidimensional Distances: A Case Study of Southeast Asian Countries
Received date: 2023-06-24
Revised date: 2023-09-11
Online published: 2024-01-20
基于“海外中国企业与员工调查”东南亚地区数据,运用熵值法计算中国影响力并进行实证分析,研究发现:中国在东南亚大多数国家的影响力均超过美国,其中新加坡和马来西亚的民众对中国影响力评价最高,菲律宾和缅甸的民众对中国影响力评价最低,在马来西亚中美两国影响力差距最大,在菲律宾两国影响力差距最小。回归结果表明,经济距离、制度距离和社会距离对中国影响力评价起显著抑制作用,地理距离起正向促进作用,但作用微弱,文化距离正向作用不够稳健;异质性结果显示,地理距离、经济距离和社会距离对低收入人群影响更大,文化距离和制度距离对美国评价高的人群作用更大,地理距离缩小了受访者对中国影响力评价的差距,而经济距离、社会距离扩大了受访者对中国影响力评价的差距。这启示增强与东南亚各国家的贸易往来和民间友好往来、加强影视文化输出可以有效提高中国影响力。
黄小丽 , 许庆红 , 应奎 , 丁金宏 . 多维距离视角下中国影响力评价研究——以东南亚国家为例[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(1) : 175 -187 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003815
National influence pertains to the encompassing evaluation and general impression of a given nation. As the Belt and Road Initiative celebrates its 10th anniversary, it is necessary to deepen the understanding its achievements by analyzing China's national influence. Using data from the Overseas Chinese Enterprises and Employees Comprehensive Survey in Southeast Asia, this study employed the entropy method to calculate China's level of influence. Additionally, it analyzed the significant role played by multidimensional distance factors. The findings revealed that China's influence surpasses that of the United States among most Southeast Asian countries. The citizens of Singapore and Malaysia rate China's influence the highest, while those in the Philippines and Myanmar rate it the lowest. The impact disparity between China and the United States is the greatest in Malaysia, and is smallest in the Philippines. The regression analysis indicates that China's influence is impeded by economic, institutional, and social distance. Specifically, there is a negative correlation between the degree of economic gap and institutional differences with the evaluation of China's influence. Moreover, the lower the degree of acceptance of the Chinese people in Southeast Asia, the less likely they are to view China's influence positively. These findings imply similar patterns in the Southeast Asian evaluation of China's influence that is closely related to economic and institutional differences. Geographic distance and cultural proximity may enhance individuals' perception of China's influence to a limited extent. However, the effect of geographical distance within the same region is relatively negligible, and the promotion effect of cultural distance is not robust, this defies the notion that spatial and cultural proximity to China can improve the manner in which people evaluate China's influence. In contrast, enjoying Chinese film and television productions, listening to Chinese music, and accessing information about China via the internet and new media can positively alter the perception of Southeast Asians toward China's overall impact. After accounting for potential measurement errors and the endogeneity of the key explanatory variables, the impact of multidimensional distance on the assessment of China's influence evaluation remains robust. Furthermore, there is clear individual variation in the effect of multidimensional distance on the evaluation of China's influence. Research indicates that geographical, economic, and social distance have a greater impact on low-income groups, while cultural and institutional distance have a greater effect on groups with higher evaluations of the United States. Geographical distance tends to narrow the gap in respondents' evaluations of China's influence, whereas economic and social distance tends to widen it. Therefore, China's influence can be enhanced by promoting trade and establishing friendly exchanges with Southeast Asian countries, and by increasing access to film and television productions.
表1 OCEES和ABS数据中美在东南亚各国的国家影响力比较Table 1 Comparison of the national influence of China and the US in Southeast Asian countries based on OCEES and ABS data |
国家/地区 | OCEES数据 | ABS数据 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
中国影响力 得分 | 美国影响力得分 | 中国影响力得分 | 美国影响力得分 | ||
菲律宾 | 0.61 | 0.49 | 0.56 | 0.45 | |
缅甸 | 0.61 | 0.38 | 0.59 | 0.22 | |
越南 | 0.71 | 0.47 | 0.55 | 0.25 | |
老挝 | 0.72 | 0.38 | ― | ― | |
泰国 | 0.73 | 0.44 | 0.70 | 0.31 | |
柬埔寨 | 0.71 | 0.39 | ― | ― | |
马来西亚 | 0.76 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.26 | |
新加坡 | 0.77 | 0.43 | 0.73 | 0.17 | |
印度尼西亚 | 0.66 | 0.39 | 0.59 | 0.28 | |
东南亚地区 | 0.69 | 0.42 | 0.63 | 0.28 |
|
表2 东南亚各国与中国地理距离、经济距离、文化距离、制度距离与社会距离加权后均值Table 2 Weighted mean of geographical distance, economic distance, cultural distance, institutional distance and social distance between Southeast Asian countries and China |
国家 | 地理距离/km | 经济距离 | 文化距离 | 制度距离 | 社会距离 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
菲律宾 | 2 824.17 | 0.95 | 2.45 | 0.94 | 1.76 |
缅甸 | 3 074.09 | 1.46 | 2.96 | 0.94 | 3.45 |
越南 | 3 109.84 | 1.03 | 1.75 | 0 | 0.63 |
老挝 | 3 261.66 | 1.18 | 3.13 | 0 | 1.98 |
泰国 | 3 302.77 | 0.41 | 4.13 | 0.25 | 0.67 |
柬埔寨 | 3 365.8 | 1.50 | 3.40 | 0.19 | 2.48 |
马来西亚 | 4 313.71 | 0.11 | 2.70 | 0.88 | 0.47 |
新加坡 | 4 460.37 | 1.46 | 1.14 | 0.31 | 0.26 |
印度尼西亚 | 5 182.05 | 0.88 | 1.28 | 1.00 | 2.88 |
表3 多维距离对中国影响力评价的基准回归结果Table 3 Benchmark regression results of multidimensional distance on the evaluation of China's influence |
解释变量 | 模型1 | 模型2 | 模型3 | 模型4 | 模型5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
地理距离 | 0.079***(0.019) | 0.091***(0.018) | 0.108***(0.023) | 0.097***(0.021) | 0.088***(0.019) | |
经济距离 | — | -0.052***(0.012) | -0.037***(0.013) | -0.032***(0.012) | -0.027**(0.012) | |
文化距离 | — | — | 0.016**(0.008) | 0.007(0.007) | 0.006(0.007) | |
制度距离 | — | — | — | -0.058***(0.018) | -0.054***(0.018) | |
社会距离 | — | — | — | — | -0.004***(0.001) | |
ln华人数量 | -0.005**(0.002) | -0.009***(0.002) | -0.008***(0.002) | -0.001(0.003) | -0.001(0.003) | |
美国影响力 | -0.255***(0.023) | -0.259***(0.023) | -0.260***(0.023) | -0.265***(0.023) | -0.273***(0.023) | |
看华语影视频率 (从不) | 很少 | 0.031***(0.008) | 0.030***(0.008) | 0.030***(0.008) | 0.031***(0.008) | 0.025***(0.009) |
频繁 | 0.056***(0.009) | 0.058***(0.009) | 0.059***(0.009) | 0.058***(0.009) | 0.050***(0.009) | |
华语音乐喜爱度 (不喜欢) | 一般 | 0.041***(0.009) | 0.035***(0.010) | 0.033***(0.010) | 0.031***(0.010) | 0.026***(0.009) |
喜欢 | 0.056***(0.009) | 0.052***(0.009) | 0.052***(0.009) | 0.049***(0.009) | 0.043***(0.009) | |
是否通过本国的电视了解中国 | -0.002(0.006) | -0.005(0.006) | -0.005(0.006) | -0.006(0.006) | -0.005(0.006) | |
是否通过本国的网络了解中国 | 0.024***(0.007) | 0.018**(0.007) | 0.017**(0.007) | 0.012(0.007) | 0.010(0.007) | |
是否通过本国的报刊杂志了解中国 | 0.006(0.008) | 0.007(0.008) | 0.007(0.008) | 0.008(0.008) | 0.008(0.008) | |
是否通过中国的传统媒体了解中国 | -0.005(0.008) | -0.005(0.008) | -0.005(0.008) | -0.004(0.008) | -0.004(0.008) | |
是否通过中国的新媒体了解中国 | 0.039***(0.007) | 0.039***(0.007) | 0.040***(0.007) | 0.037***(0.007) | 0.036***(0.007) | |
性别(女) | 0.018***(0.006) | 0.020***(0.006) | 0.020***(0.006) | 0.019***(0.006) | 0.017***(0.006) | |
年龄 | 0.008***(0.002) | 0.007***(0.002) | 0.007***(0.002) | 0.006***(0.002) | 0.006***(0.002) | |
年龄的平方 | -0.000***(0.000) | -0.000***(0.000) | -0.000**(0.000) | -0.000**(0.000) | -0.000**(0.000) | |
婚姻(不在婚) | 0.003(0.006) | 0.007(0.006) | 0.007(0.006) | 0.006(0.006) | 0.006(0.006) | |
受教育程度 (小学及以下) | 初中及高中 | 0.013(0.014) | 0.007(0.014) | 0.010(0.014) | 0.014(0.014) | 0.009(0.014) |
大专及以上 | 0.041***(0.015) | 0.037***(0.015) | 0.041***(0.014) | 0.046***(0.015) | 0.039***(0.015) | |
月收入 | 0.012***(0.003) | 0.006(0.004) | 0.006*(0.004) | 0.006*(0.004) | 0.007*(0.004) | |
宗教信仰 (无宗教信仰) | 佛教 | -0.010(0.008) | -0.015*(0.008) | -0.037***(0.013) | -0.010(0.014) | -0.007(0.014) |
基督教类 | -0.042***(0.011) | -0.048***(0.011) | -0.053***(0.012) | -0.013(0.017) | -0.014(0.017) | |
伊斯兰教 | -0.051***(0.014) | -0.072***(0.014) | -0.073***(0.014) | -0.036**(0.017) | -0.031*(0.017) | |
其他 | -0.017(0.016) | -0.032*(0.017) | -0.046**(0.018) | -0.018(0.019) | -0.013(0.019) | |
截距 | -0.145(0.149) | -0.033(0.153) | -0.231(0.210) | -0.203(0.187) | -0.109(0.174) | |
N | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | |
R 2 | 0.168 | 0.175 | 0.176 | 0.180 | 0.187 |
|
表4 多维距离对中国影响力评价的收入异质性分析结果Table 4 Income heterogeneity analysis results of multidimensional distances on the evaluation of China's influence |
解释变量 | 模型6:收入异质性 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
地理距离 | 0.425***(0.144) | — | — | — | — |
地理距离✕收入 | -0.041***(0.017) | — | — | — | — |
经济距离 | — | -0.205***(0.063) | — | — | — |
经济距离✕收入 | — | 0.017***(0.006) | — | — | — |
文化距离 | — | — | -0.015(0.043) | — | — |
文化距离✕收入 | — | — | 0.004(0.005) | — | — |
制度距离 | — | — | — | -0.112*(0.067) | — |
制度距离✕收入 | — | — | — | 0.004(0.008) | — |
社会距离 | — | — | — | — | -0.019***(0.004) |
社会距离✕收入 | — | — | — | — | 0.002***(0.000) |
国家层面控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
个体层面控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
截距 | -2.977***(1.193) | 0.812***(0.093) | 0.536***(0.122) | 0.423***(0.062) | 0.526***(0.051) |
N | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 |
R 2 | 0.170 | 0.172 | 0.166 | 0.172 | 0.176 |
表5 多维距离对中国影响力评价的美国影响力异质性分析结果Table 5 USA's influence heterogeneity analysis results of multidimensional distances on the evaluation of China's influence |
解释变量 | 模型7:美国影响力异质性 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
地理距离 | 0.085(0.060) | — | — | — | — |
地理距离✕美国影响力 | -0.013(0.117) | — | — | — | — |
经济距离 | — | -0.099***(0.023) | — | — | — |
经济距离✕美国影响力 | — | 0.125***(0.048) | — | — | — |
文化距离 | — | — | -0.010(0.014) | — | — |
文化距离✕美国影响力 | — | — | 0.065**(0.025) | — | — |
制度距离 | — | — | — | -0.016(0.033) | — |
制度距离✕美国影响力 | — | — | — | -0.149**(0.058) | — |
社会距离 | — | — | — | — | -0.010***(0.002) |
社会距离✕美国得分 | — | — | — | — | 0.014***(0.004) |
国家层面控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
个体层面控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
截距 | -0.189(0.485) | 0.698***(0.063) | 0.536***(0.060) | 0.381***(0.055) | 0.525***(0.050) |
N | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 |
R 2 | 0.168 | 0.172 | 0.168 | 0.175 | 0.177 |
表6 多维距离对中国影响力评价的分位数分析结果Table 6 Quantile regression results of multidimensional distances on the evaluation of China's influence |
解释变量 | 模型8:分位数回归 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
q25 | q50 | q75 | q90 | |
地理距离 | 0.117***(0.030) | 0.081***(0.023) | 0.042**(0.019) | 0.033**(0.016) |
经济距离 | -0.044***(0.017) | -0.024**(0.010) | -0.018**(0.008) | 0.006(0.009) |
文化距离 | 0.005(0.010) | 0.009(0.007) | 0.009(0.006) | 0.016***(0.005) |
制度距离 | -0.045**(0.022) | -0.070***(0.013) | -0.057***(0.012) | -0.057***(0.013) |
社会距离 | -0.007***(0.002) | -0.006***(0.001) | -0.003**(0.001) | -0.002**(0.001) |
国家层面控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
个体层面控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
截距 | -0.480*(0.259) | -0.064(0.194) | 0.407**(0.164) | 0.473***(0.142) |
N | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 |
Pseudo R 2 | 0.145 | 0.134 | 0.083 | 0.054 |
表7 多维距离对中国影响力评价的稳健性检验结果Table 7 The robustness test results of multidimensional distances on the evaluation of China's influence |
解释变量 | 模型9 | 模型10 | 模型11 | 模型12 | 模型13 | 模型14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
地理距离 | 0.003***(0.001) | 0.003***(0.001) | 0.004***(0.001) | 0.004***(0.001) | 0.004***(0.001) | 0.077***(0.020) |
经济距离 | — | -0.052***(0.012) | -0.056***(0.012) | -0.032***(0.012) | -0.024*(0.012) | -0.030***(0.010) |
文化距离 | — | — | -0.005**(0.002) | 0.000(0.002) | 0.001(0.002) | 0.004(0.007) |
制度距离 | — | — | — | -0.093***(0.030) | -0.093***(0.030) | -0.072***(0.016) |
社会距离(短距离) | — | — | — | — | — | -0.005***(0.001) |
中距离 | — | — | — | — | -0.042***(0.011) | — |
长距离 | — | — | — | — | -0.082***(0.019) | — |
国家层面控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
个体层面控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
截距 | 0.468***(0.053) | 0.666***(0.067) | 0.731***(0.074) | 0.574***(0.084) | 0.589***(0.083) | 0.093(0.193) |
N | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 | 4 596 |
R 2 | 0.166 | 0.173 | 0.175 | 0.178 | 0.187 | 0.118 |
第一段F值 | — | — | — | — | — | 22.513 |
工具变量1:是否有美国驻军 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.069***(0.011) |
工具变量2:是否与美国发生过战争 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.115***(0.021) |
过度识别检验Chi2 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.082 |
DWH检验Chi2 | — | — | — | — | — | 3.728* |
1 数据来源:中国人民共和国商务部. http://asean.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jmxw/202301/20230103379195.shtml。
2 “亚洲风向调查”是一项由中国台湾中央研究院政治学研究所与台湾大学人文社科高等研究院共同主持的大型跨国调查研究项目,由胡佛和朱云汉于2000年创立,分别于2005—2008、2010—2012、2014—2016和2018—2020年完成第二波至第五波调查,该数据是研究国家形象议题最具代表性和完整性的民意调查数据之一。
3 考虑到数据的可比性,中国和东南亚各国的人均GDP数据均来自世界银行国民经济核算数据,详细数据信息可访问https://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?view=chart。
4 文化维度指数来自Hofstede公布的2015年各国数据,缺失国家的数据根据邻国数据加权平均得到,详细信息可访问https://geert-hofstede.com。
5 东南亚各国与中国的建交年份数据来源:中国外交部. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/。
6 东南亚各国与中国制度得分来自政体指数数据,详细数据信息可访问https://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html。
7 人均国民总收入数据来源:世界银行. https://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.KD。
8 文化距离数据来源:宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院Berry教授团队. http://www.management.wharton.upenn.edu/guillen/Distance_Data_Downloads.htm。
9 制度距离数据来源:民主多样性研究所. https://www.v-dem.net/about/v-dem-project/。
黄小丽:提出研究设想,数据分析与建模,论文撰写修改;
许庆红:确定研究主题,论文撰写修改;
应 奎:数据分析与制图;
丁金宏:论文撰写修改。
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