2021年甘肃黄河石林和云南哀牢山失温事故的热平衡理论分析
龙佳(1996—),女,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生,研究方向为第四纪地质地貌,(E-mail)1649884979@qq.com; |
收稿日期: 2023-10-09
修回日期: 2023-12-22
网络出版日期: 2024-06-24
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42262024)
云南省科技人才与平台计划(202305AC160086)
Theoretical Analysis of the Thermal Balance of Thermal Loss Accidents in Shilin, Yellow River, Gansu Province, and Ailao Mountain, Yunnan Province, in 2021
Received date: 2023-10-09
Revised date: 2023-12-22
Online published: 2024-06-24
失温是野外活动中常被忽视的一种安全事故,其发生不仅是一个医学问题,也是一个热力学问题,并涉及具体的地理环境。从人体与环境的热传输和热平衡角度分析失温事故是提高公众对失温风险认知的有效途径,然而相关研究却鲜有报道。为此文章利用热平衡理论构建出一个人体维系正常体温理论所需服装热阻的计算模型,以2021年甘肃白银黄河石林和云南哀牢山2次最严重的失温死亡事件为案例,根据事件发生时的外界环境气温和人体活动状况(包括新陈代谢率和消耗系数)计算理论所需服装热阻。通过对比人体实际所穿服装热阻值与模型计算出理论所需服装热阻值来研究人体在事发环境下的失温风险。结果发现,在甘肃白银马拉松死亡事件中,理论所需服装热阻值均高于实际所穿服装热阻值,失温事故完全可能发生。对于哀牢山地质调查死亡事件,人体在事故发生期间只要处在登山和工作状态情景,理论所需服装热阻值与实际所穿服装热阻值差距不大,失温风险较低。但在宿营睡觉的状态下,理论所需服装热阻值就高于实际所穿服装热阻值且气温越低差距越大,尤其在夜间气温降到最低时,理论所需服装热阻值能高出实际所穿服装热阻值3.5倍以上,形成严重的失温风险。文章构建的模型能够对失温事故发生的可能性进行分析评估工作,为提高公众失温风险认识提供热力学、环境学的理论依据和研究范式,从而减少户外活动特别是地理工作者野外考察的失温风险。
关键词: 失温; 热平衡; 服装热阻; 黄河石林越野赛失温事件; 云南哀牢山失温事件
龙佳 , 董铭 , 苏怀 . 2021年甘肃黄河石林和云南哀牢山失温事故的热平衡理论分析[J]. 热带地理, 2025 , 45(5) : 928 -936 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20230772
Hypothermia is a type of safety accident that is often neglected in field activities. Its occurrence is not only a medical problem but also a thermodynamic problem and involves a specific geographical environment. An effective way to improve public awareness of hypothermia risk is to analyze hypothermia accidents from the perspective of heat transfer and heat balance between the human body and the environment. However, few reports have been written on relevant research. Therefore, this study uses the heat balance theory to build a calculation model of the clothing thermal resistance required by the human body to maintain a normal body temperature. The two most serious hypothermia death events in Shilin, Yellow River, Baiyin, Gansu province, and Ailao Mountain, Yunnan province, in 2021 are used as cases for analysis. The theoretical clothing thermal resistance has been calculated according to the external ambient temperature and human activity conditions (including metabolic rate and consumption coefficient) at the time of the event. By comparing the actual clothing thermal resistance value of the human body with the model, the theoretical clothing thermal resistance value has been calculated to study the hypothermia risk of the human body in the incident environment. The results show that, in the death incident of the Shilin Marathon on the Yellow River in Gansu Province, the theoretical thermal resistance of clothing required by the human body to maintain a normal body temperature was between 0.72 and 4.45 clo under different temperature conditions (resting, walking, and long-distance running), while the actual thermal resistance of the clothing worn by the accident personnel was 0.32 clo. The theoretical thermal resistance of the clothing is higher than that of the actual clothing, resulting in a high risk of temperature loss. Regarding the death event in the Ailao Mountain geological survey, the theoretical clothing thermal resistances required for the human body to maintain a normal body temperature under different temperatures while camping (sleeping), conducting field work, and mountaineering were 2.70-6.52 clo, 1.06-2.27 clo, and 0.55-1.75 clo, respectively. The actual thermal resistance of the clothing worn by the accident personnel was 1.86clo. During the accident, as long as the human body was in a climbing or working state, the difference between the theoretical and actual clothing thermal resistance was small, and the risk of hypothermia was low. However, while camping (sleeping), the theoretical clothing thermal resistance was higher than the actual clothing thermal resistance, and the lower the temperature, the greater the difference―especially at night when the temperature drops to its lowest point. At that point, the theoretical clothing thermal resistance could have been more than 3.5 times higher than the actual clothing thermal resistance, posing a serious risk of hypothermia. The results show the inevitability of hypothermia deaths in Shilin of the Yellow River in Gansu Province and Ailao Mountain in Yunnan Province. The insufficient prediction of hypothermia risk was the main cause of the hypothermia accidents. The calculation model constructed in this study can predict and evaluate the hypothermic risk of a certain outdoor activity in the future, provide a theoretical basis and research paradigm of thermodynamics and environmental science for improving public awareness about hypothermic risk, and is an effective means to prevent hypothermic accidents. Some measures and suggestions are provided for geographers engaged in long-term field investigation to avoid field hypothermia.
表1 单件服装热阻Table 1 Thermal resistance of a single garment |
服装类型 | 服装热阻/clo | 服装类型 | 服装热阻/clo |
---|---|---|---|
内裤 | 0.02 | 冲锋衣 | 0.6 |
短裤 | 0.11 | 长裤 | 0.16 |
短袖 | 0.12 | 短袜 | 0.05 |
保暖秋衣 | 0.2 | 长袜 | 0.1 |
保暖秋裤 | 0.19 | 鞋(薄底) | 0.02 |
羽绒服 | 0.55 | 鞋(厚底) | 0.04 |
长袖衬衫 | 0.21 | 毛衣(厚) | 0.35 |
背心 | 0.09 |
表2 白银黄河石林人体不同的活动状况、不同的气温下所需要的服装热阻Table 2 Sliver Yellow River Shilin human body different activity conditions, different temperatures under the need for clothing thermal resistance |
气温/℃ | 人体活动状况 | 新陈代谢率/(W·m-2) | 所需服装 热阻/clo | 实际服装 热阻/clo | 失温 风险 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 休息 | 55~70 | 3.49~4.45 | 0.32 | 存在 |
4 | 行走 | 200~260 | 0.94~1.22 | 0.32 | 存在 |
4 | 长跑 | >260 | <1.06 | 0.32 | 存在 |
9 | 休息 | 55~70 | 2.92~3.72 | 0.32 | 存在 |
9 | 行走 | 200~260 | 0.79~1.02 | 0.32 | 存在 |
9 | 长跑 | >260 | <0.89 | 0.32 | 存在 |
14 | 休息 | 55~70 | 2.36~3.00 | 0.32 | 存在 |
14 | 行走 | 200~260 | 0.64~0.83 | 0.32 | 存在 |
14 | 长跑 | >260 | <0.72 | 0.32 | 存在 |
表3 哀牢山地质人员在不同的活动水平、不同的气温下所需要的服装热阻Table 3 Clothing thermal resistance required by geological personnel in Ailao Mountain under different activity levels and different temperatures |
气温/℃ | 人体活动 状况 | 新陈代谢率/(W·m-2) | 所需服装 热阻/clo | 实际服装热阻/clo | 失温 风险 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 宿营(睡觉) | 40~70 | 3.73~6.52 | 1.86 | 存在 |
2 | 野外工作 | 130~200 | 1.47~2.27 | 1.86 | 无 |
2 | 登山 | 180~410 | 0.77~1.75 | 1.86 | 无 |
6 | 宿营(睡觉) | 40~70 | 3.26~5.71 | 1.86 | 存在 |
6 | 野外工作 | 130~200 | 1.29~1.98 | 1.86 | 无 |
6 | 登山 | 180~410 | 0.67~1.53 | 1.86 | 无 |
11 | 宿营(睡觉) | 40~70 | 2.70~4.72 | 1.86 | 存在 |
11 | 野外工作 | 130~200 | 1.06~1.64 | 1.86 | 无 |
11 | 登山 | 180~410 | 0.55~1.26 | 1.86 | 无 |
龙 佳:数据收集,计算分析,图表绘制,论文撰写;
董 铭:研究思路与框架完善、论文修改及润色;
苏 怀:论文选题,基础理论指导及论文修改。
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