中缅非法跨境活牛贸易的时空过程与运作机制
董晓芳(1997―),女,白族,云南鹤庆人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为区域经济管理与开发,(E-mail)1789101453@qq.com; |
收稿日期: 2023-10-08
修回日期: 2024-04-18
网络出版日期: 2024-07-05
基金资助
云南省哲学社会科学创新团队(2023CX02)
云南省中青年学术技术带头人后备人才项目(202105AC160059)
国家社会科学基金项目(19XGJ024)
Spatiotemporal Process and Operational Mechanism of Illegal Cross-Border Cattle Trade between China and Myanmar
Received date: 2023-10-08
Revised date: 2024-04-18
Online published: 2024-07-05
中缅非法跨境活牛贸易是影响边境安全的重要因素之一,开展其研究对维护边境地区安全稳定和双边贸易具有重要现实意义。文章基于实地调研,并结合历史文献档案和统计数据资料等,深度剖析中缅非法跨境活牛贸易的时空过程,并探讨了以“裙带关系”为核心的社会网络在此过程的运行机制。主要结论为:1)时间上,非法跨境贸易大致经历缓慢增长萌芽期、猖獗发展期和明显下降消退期3个阶段;2)空间上,以北线、中线和南线3条路线为主,贯穿印度北部、缅甸北部,最后进入中国云南;3)中缅非法跨境活牛贸易依赖于自然地理环境和跨境“裙带关系”提供的信任、规范和执行机制,从而形成完整的社会网络贸易链。最后,建议通过简化正规贸易和加强智慧边境建设等方式来治理非法跨境贸易。
董晓芳 , 李灿松 , 刘晓凤 , 饶允昌 . 中缅非法跨境活牛贸易的时空过程与运作机制[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(7) : 1184 -1195 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20230771
Since the 1990s, border security has been a pressing issue in political geography. With the increasing interactions between China and its neighboring countries, border security has increased the attention of scholars and government officials. Security issues along the China-Myanmar border are particularly eye-catching owing to Myanmar's fast-changing social and political reforms and unrest, as well as the complicated situation in Northern Myanmar that has gathered a large number of armed ethnic minorities. Tensions have resulted in prominent traditional and non-traditional security issues along the China-Myanmar border. Illegal cross-border trade is one non-traditional security problem in the region; specifically, illegal cross-border cattle trade is a particular but understudied case. This study investigates the actors, transportation, and social networks involved in illegal cross-border cattle trade. Using first-hand materials collected in the border area and secondary archives, the study analyzes the spatial and temporal features and operation mechanisms of smuggling. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) From the perspective of the time stage, the study identifies approximately three stages. Before 2004, the illegal cross-border cattle trade, relying on kin relationships, was in its embryonic stage. From 2004 to 2018, the domestic beef market was in short supply, and the illegal cross-border cattle trade, this time relying on nepotism, gradually became more frequent, reaching 1.6-2 million heads per year and entering the development stage. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2018 and 2020, owing to the enhanced border control, the volume of illegal cross-border trade has plummeted, decreasing by around tens of thousands to more than 100,000 each year, and then entering a period of extinction. (2) Spatially, illegal cross-border trade mainly comprises three routes: the northern, central, and southern routes, from northern India to China's Yunnan Province through northern Myanmar. Among the three routes, the middle route sees the largest number of cross-border cattle, among which, the cross-border flow of cattle from Myanmar through the Yunnan Ruili Nongdao channel is the largest, followed by the northern route; the southern route sees the lowest number. (3) The China-Myanmar illegal cross-border cattle trade relies on the trust bond, regulation, and enforcement mechanism provided by the natural geographical environment and cross-border nepotism, thus forming a complete social network trade chain. The study suggests methods to control illegal cross-border trade by simplifying formal trade and strengthening the construction of smart borders. The findings provide reference for the prevention and control of illegal cross-border trade. Although illegal cross-border cattle trade can be regarded as a type of illegal cross-border trade, owing to the large volume of live cattle, the transportation is more difficult, and it is easier to detect. As such, the choice of illegal cross-border routes is quite different from that of general small goods and is more obviously affected by natural geographical conditions and social and interpersonal network factors. Thus, illegal cross-border cattle trade provides a unique case study of the relations between illegal cross-border trade and human, physical, and geographical conditions.
表1 访谈对象的基本信息Table 1 Basic information of interviewees |
对象 | 编码 | 访谈位置 | 国籍 | 性别 | 年龄/岁 | 职业 | 民族 | 访谈重点 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
政府 人员 | G1 | 德宏州社科院会议室 | 中国 | 男 | 40+ | 公务员 | 汉族 | 抓获非法跨境 活牛贸易的主要时间、地点、数量以及现有的 监管措施 |
G2 | 德宏州社科院会议室 | 中国 | 男 | 47+ | 云南省驻缅甸(内比都)商务代表 | 汉族 | ||
G3 | 南伞口岸 | 中国 | 男 | 36+ | 边防武警 | 傣族 | ||
G4 | 章凤口岸 | 中国 | 男 | 31+ | 边防武警 | 汉族 | ||
G5 | 畹町口岸 | 中国 | 男 | 41+ | 边防武警 | 白族 | ||
非法 从业 人员 | I1 | 沧源县勐董镇酒吧街 | 中国 | 男 | 41+ | 牲畜买卖商 | 阿昌族 | 非法跨境活牛的来源、贸易路线及相关社会 网络 |
I2 | 沧源县勐董镇酒吧街 | 缅甸 | 男 | 44+ | 牲畜买卖商 | 阿昌族 | ||
I3 | 沧源县勐董镇酒吧街 | 中国 | 男 | 38+ | 牲畜买卖商 | 傣族 | ||
I4 | 沧源县勐董镇酒吧街 | 中国 | 男 | 42+ | 牲畜买卖商 | 德昂族 | ||
I5 | 沧源县芒卡镇某养殖场 | 中国 | 男 | 41+ | 牲畜买卖商 | 佤族 | ||
I6 | 沧源县芒卡镇某养殖场 | 中国 | 男 | 45+ | 牲畜买卖商 | 佤族 | ||
I7 | 陇川县陇把镇某养殖场 | 中国 | 男 | 44+ | 牲畜买卖商 | 汉族 | ||
村民 | V1 | 勐海县打洛镇 | 中国 | 男 | 50+ | 农民 | 佤族 | 非法跨境活牛的运输方式、数量及主要通道 |
V2 | 盈江县那邦镇 | 中国 | 男 | 52+ | 农民 | 傣族 | ||
V3 | 沧源县勐董镇 | 中国 | 男 | 43+ | 农民 | 佤族 | ||
V4 | 腾冲市猴桥镇 | 中国 | 女 | 45+ | 小卖部老板 | 汉族 | ||
V5 | 镇康县南伞镇 | 缅甸 | 女 | 47+ | 农民 | 克钦族 | ||
V6 | 中缅边境某农场 | 中国 | 男 | 40+ | 农场主 | 傣族 | ||
居民 | R1 | 瑞丽某玉石店 | 中国 | 女 | 35+ | 瑞丽玉石商人 | 景颇族 | 亲属参与非法 跨境活牛贸易 的情况 |
R2 | 畹町口岸 | 缅甸 | 男 | 51+ | 瑞丽玉石商人 | 果敢族 | ||
R3 | 孟连县娜允镇 | 中国 | 女 | 43+ | 火锅店老板 | 德昂族 | ||
R4 | 瑞丽市弄岛镇 | 中国 | 男 | 45+ | 司机 | 汉族 | ||
R5 | 沧源县芒卡镇 | 中国 | 男 | 44+ | 司机 | 佤族 | ||
R6 | 陇川县陇把镇 | 中国 | 女 | 39+ | 烧烤店老板 | 汉族 | ||
R7 | 中缅边境某农场 | 缅甸 | 男 | 43+ | 屠宰夫 | 佤族 |
表2 中缅非法跨境活牛贸易的发展阶段Table 2 Development stages of illegal cross-border cattle trade between China and Myanmar |
发展阶段 | 时间 | 参与者 | 每年数量/头 | 关系 |
---|---|---|---|---|
萌芽期 | 2004年以前 | 中缅两侧亲戚或同族 | 0~1 000 | 亲缘关系 |
发展期 | 2004—2018年 | 中缅非法跨境活牛贸易网络参与者 | 160万~200万 | 裙带关系 |
消退期 | 2018年至今 | 中缅非法跨境活牛贸易网络参与者 | 1万~20万 | 裙带关系 |
1 http://www.stats.gov.cn/
2 http://www.customs.gov.cn/
3 数据来源:中华人民共和国海关总署官网海关统计数据在线查询平台. http://stats.customs.gov.cn/
董晓芳:开展调研,负责处理研究数据和绘图,分析数据,撰写及修改全文;
李灿松、饶允昌:确定选题和研究思路,设计论文框架,组织全程的调研和资料收集,指导研究全过程并修改全文;
刘晓凤:提出修改意见,参与文章的校对和修改。
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