制度变迁背景下集体建设用地改造与政府角色回归:以佛山市南海区为例
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郭炎(1984—),男,湖北荆州人,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为城乡发展与规划,(E-mail)tiverguo@whu.edu.cn; |
收稿日期: 2023-11-05
修回日期: 2024-02-18
网络出版日期: 2024-07-30
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(41971185)
国家社科基金重大项目(23&ZD114)
Roles of Local Government in Collective Construction Land Redevelopment under Institutional Change: A Case Study of Nanhai, Foshan
Received date: 2023-11-05
Revised date: 2024-02-18
Online published: 2024-07-30
集体建设用地再开发是盘活存量,促进城市高质量发展的主要途径,伴随着集体土地产权制度路径依赖式的变迁:自上而下的土地确权正式化集体建设用地的存在,赋予村集体权利,但在土地初次开发中自下而上形成的制度制约着改造。文章探讨制度变迁下,地方政府如何与村集体互动,化解上述制度制约,促进集体建设用地市场化改造的。研究发现,集体建设用地正式化开启了改造市场,但仍受空间破碎、集体土地经营内卷化、开发权模糊的约束。地方政府发挥了企业化的非正式角色,与村集体形成合作与竞争并存的协商型合作关系。合作在于政府从供、需两侧化解前述制约,充当村集体与市场主体间的“交易中介”,降低交易成本,助力改造。竞争表现为村集体为攫取地租把持政府,损害社会公平。地方政府的“非正式”角色应予以制度化,以规避其在维护社会公益上的失灵。
郭炎 , 杜汝旭 , 叶睿 , 袁奇峰 , 项振海 . 制度变迁背景下集体建设用地改造与政府角色回归:以佛山市南海区为例[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(8) : 1400 -1409 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20230845
After decades of rapid urban expansion, China's urban development has transitioned to focus on the quality improvement of existing spaces. Urban renewal is now a strategic measure crucial for advancing high-level territorial spatial planning and intensive land use. In coastal regions that have experienced rapid urbanization, redeveloping underutilized collective construction land is essential for achieving high-quality urban development. China has experienced a path-dependent institutional change in collective land property rights, typically village-based institutions created by rural collectives. When the government aims to grant legal status to collective construction land by redefining property rights and promoting redevelopment, these informal institutions inevitably pose constraints. This study conducts a theoretical and empirical analysis of the roles, behaviors, and outcomes of local governments in constructing a collective land redevelopment market. First, it explores the relationship between the government and the market under gradual institutional change and how this relationship manifests in the redevelopment of collective construction land. Then, it empirically examines the case of Nanhai District in Foshan City, using data from the "Three Olds Reconstruction" database and a redevelopment project with which the authors are deeply involved. The study investigates the formation mechanisms of collective construction land, changes in land development institutions, constraints on redevelopment, and measures taken by local governments to construct the land redevelopment market. Despite the government's efforts to legitimize collective construction land through titling and market initiation, issues such as land fragmentation, involution of collective land management, and ambiguity in property rights persist, constraining further redevelopment. Local governments play an entrepreneurial role characterized by a negotiated relationship of both cooperation and competition with village collectives, the property rights holders. Cooperation involves the government acting as a 'transaction broker' between village collectives and investors, reducing institutional constraints and transaction costs. Competition arises as village collectives seek to capture land rents. The appreciation in land value, mainly generated by public investment, should benefit the general public. However, village collectives leverage their possession of land rights to "hold-up" the government, forcing compromises in profit-sharing. This capture of public value by village collectives jeopardizes social equity. To enhance collective land redevelopment and balance development efficiency with social justice, the following policy recommendations are proposed: 1) formalizing the government's informal role as a "transaction broker" to lower transaction costs and mitigate negative impacts; and 2) establishing clear standards for profit-sharing among stakeholders and a system for transferring land development rights to ensure equitable profit distribution.
表1 改造项目跨权属主体整合情况Table 1 Integration of cross ownership entities in renovation projects |
| 项目与用地 | 总计 | 整合权属主体数/个 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | ≥3 | ||
| 项目数/个 | 598 | 412 | 124 | 62 |
| 项目数占比/% | 100 | 68.9 | 20.74 | 10.37 |
| 用地面积/hm2 | 2 492.88 | 1 331.93 | 446.46 | 714.5 |
| 用地面积占比/% | 100 | 53.43 | 17.91 | 28.67 |
| 单个项目占地面积/hm2 | 4.17 | 3.23 | 3.6 | 11.52 |
数据来源:郭炎等(2020)。表2同。 |
表2 改造项目的投资来源与整合关系Table 2 Investment sources and integration relationships of renovation projects |
| 投资来源 | 用地面积/hm2 | 项目数/个 | 单个项目占地面积/hm2 | 不同整合类型用地面积/hm2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 主体数=1 | 主体数=2 | 主体数≥3 | ||||
| 总计 | 2 492.88 | 598 | 4.17 | 1 331.93 | 446.46 | 714.5 |
| 村集体 | 266.63 | 126 | 2.12 | 176.7 | 68.31 | 21.61 |
| 政府 | 66.12 | 22 | 3.01 | 57.77 | 7.65 | 0.69 |
| 开发商 | 1 390.6 | 353 | 3.94 | 864.19 | 278.27 | 248.15 |
| 村集体和开发商 | 164.19 | 37 | 4.44 | 46.29 | 66.33 | 51.57 |
| 政府和开发商 | 471.42 | 11 | 42.86 | 76.24 | 2.71 | 392.47 |
| 其他 | 133.93 | 49 | 2.73 | 110.74 | 23.19 | 0 |

1 非正式通常被视为一套完整的管制模式,不是合法与非法、管制与无管制的对立,而是一套“去规则化(deregulation)”的系统,是在制度变革中政府等权力主体、资本家等市场主体和从事非正规社会经济活动的非正规行为人之间竞合的结果,是自上而下、自下而上共同驱动的(郭炎 等,2023)。
2 就多样性而言,一端是政府对集体土地权益界定的绝对主导,严控农地转用;另一端是农村集体不断增进他们的权益,开发了大量用地。两端之间则是政府与集体就土地权益界定不同主导性的组合。
3 纳入改造的用地需依次满足以下条件:2007年10月前转用,2009年二调中被确认为建设用地,纳入政府“三旧”改造规划,纳入年度实施计划,在符合城乡规划、产业发展与环保等相关规划的前提下获得政府审批通过等等。
郭 炎:研究思路、研究框架设计,研究素材收集与分析,论文初稿的撰写与完善;
杜汝旭、叶睿:论文初稿撰写与修改;
袁奇峰、项振海:研究思路、研究框架设计,研究素材收集与分析。
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