基于人本需求视角的空间公正研究综述
晁瑞霞(1989—),女,山西临汾人,博士后,博士,主要研究方向为城市地理与住房社区,(E-mail)chaorx3@mail.sysu.edu.cn。 |
收稿日期: 2024-02-27
修回日期: 2024-06-23
网络出版日期: 2024-09-29
基金资助
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(42201205)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2022M713553)
A Review of Spatial Justice Research from the Perspective of Human Needs
Received date: 2024-02-27
Revised date: 2024-06-23
Online published: 2024-09-29
空间公正的范式构建直接受城市权力理念的权力争取和马克思主义地理学者的分配公正的影响,但更注重地理领域上的空间实践。文章首先梳理了相关理论和概念,发现人本需求一直是空间公正研究的重要内容,空间公正评价标准是多维的而非绝对平等。一方面,在实现实体层面的资源、财产、机会的地域分配公正维度,Walzer、Harvey、Soja等学者都指出在平等满足生存最基本需求(Basic Needs)之上,要考虑个人/群体的需求意愿、欲望(Needs as Demands, Wider Needs)而进行有差异的分配。另一方面,实现公正也包括减弱因地理环境而引起的社会隔离、主观情感缺失的地域性歧视。但如何定义并评估多维的、主观的人本需求是目前研究容易避开的问题。文章进而从测量方式、方法优势和适用话题等维度总结了相关研究方法,发现当前实证的根本不足在于将人本需求局限于评估人口规模。因此,从人本需求视角尝试提出未来研究方向:1)地域分配公正的研究亟需在人口规模之外探讨真实的需求内容并建立评价指标;2)城市的空间实践需要从人本视角建立公正标准,减弱非公正的社会空间效应;3)在全球区域尺度上探讨公正的存在形式和实现方法。
晁瑞霞 , 黄耿志 , 薛德升 . 基于人本需求视角的空间公正研究综述[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(10) : 1748 -1761 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240111
Justice is an ancient concept that originated from commodity exchange and has been continuously critiqued and discussed in philosophy, ethics, and law to identify potential pathways for societies and institutions. Since the 1960s, justice research led by sociologists and political scientists has identified spatial injustices, attributing them to inherent flaws in economic systems, social order, and legal frameworks. Subsequently, the emphasis on spatial aspects, proposed by Henri Lefebvre's "right to the city" and the spatiality of social justice explored by Marxist geographers, inspired scholars such as Pirie, Soja, and Iveson. These scholars have continuously refined the theoretical framework of spatial justice, prioritizing real-world spatial practices. The essence of spatial justice can be understood through a series of dichotomies: it is both a theoretical critique and a practical methodology, passively influenced by social systems yet spatially proactive, static yet dynamic, and both process and outcome. The essential questions are "seeing spatial justice" and "seeking spatial justice", which involve "describing the justice level of social spatial outcomes" and "exploring the spatial causes and formation processes of injustice." Additionally, the two main research directions are "territorial distribution justice" and "local discrimination." Spatial justice does not imply absolute equality in distribution processes or outcomes; rather, it recognizes differences in human needs that lead to unequal distributions. The principles of spatial justice include both equality and differentiation. Scholars generally agree that the principle of equality should meet basic needs, such as transportation infrastructure, primary education, and healthcare services, which ensure minimum living standards. Based on differentiated needs—determined by factors such as region, identity, environment, contributions, and merits—non-essential material goods, social resources, and environmental assets can be allocated unequally. However, the concept of human needs is inherently subjective and is closely related to age, education, perception, and experience. Evaluating the reasonableness of these needs is complex and challenging. Assessing spatial justice from the perspective of human needs requires addressing two key issues: defining the scope of basic and non-basic needs and establishing assessment standards or indices for multidimensional needs. Although researchers such as Davies and Daniels have long argued that distribution should consider actual social needs rather than just population size, current empirical analyses, such as accessibility and availability studies, remain limited to measuring the ratio of resources to population size. Few studies have explored the characteristics and variances in needs related to residents, service levels, quality, and pricing, remaining distant from real, multidimensional, and differentiated human needs. By summarizing existing theories and methods, this study proposes three areas for future research: (1) research on territorial distribution justice should explore actual demand content beyond population size and establish relevant evaluation indicators; (2) urban spatial practices should adopt justice standards from a human-centric perspective to mitigate unjust socio-spatial outcomes; and (3) the forms and methods of achieving justice should be explored at a global regional scale.
表 1 空间公正研究方法总结Table 1 Summary of research methods on Spatial Justice |
方法 | 分析思路 | 需求测量的方式 | 优点 | 不足 | 适用的研究问题 | 参考文献 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
容 器 视 角 的 统 计 计 量 |
空间上的个体平均拥有的资源量① | ⋅ 采用人口规模表示需求度 ⋅ 可运用其他社会经济数据变量间接测度需求 | ⋅ 数据可获性强 ⋅ 运算简单 ⋅ 可以在地理单元上统计运算非空间属性数据,为间接定义和计算需求提供可能性 | ⋅ 受限于单元边界,边界切断了资源服务的空间连续性和关联性 ⋅ 忽略了单元内的个体的需求差异 | 适用于分析各地理单元所拥有设施服务的空间平等水平 | ⋅ 最基础的设施服务的空间公正(如交通设施、小学又拖、基础医疗等) ⋅ 为评估其他资源的空间公正提供部分参考 | |
隔离系数/空间不匹配系数② 两个要素的空间隔离程度(如设施数量和人口数量) | 适用于比较不同地区的隔离水平 | Stoll and Covington(2012); Liu and Painter(2012) | |||||
基尼系数、洛伦兹曲线 地理单元之间人均服务设施数量的均匀度 | 适用于分析各地理单元所拥有设施服务的空间平等水平 | 王兰等(2021); 唐子来等(2016) | |||||
空间相关性分析LISA 分析与周边区域有显著性 差异的地理单元 | 适用于分析设施、社会商品或环境商品的供需比例存在显著差异的地理单元 | Anselin(1995); Getis and Ord(1992); Xiao等(2017) | |||||
可 达 性 分 析 | 个人出行分析 | 个人的社会经济背景、个人感知体验数据 | ⋅ 人本视角 ⋅ 真实的需求和行为数据 | ⋅ 样本量小 ⋅ 受样本群体的主观性影响较大 | ⋅ 基础设施的空间可达水平 ⋅ 就业群体的通勤可达水平差异 ⋅ 分析影响因子和形成机制 | 为评估空间公正提供阶段性参考 | Taylor and Ong(1995); DeRango(2001); 文萍等(2022) |
缓冲区分析沿直线距离向外的地域范围划定 | 无 | 计算简单 | 精度较低 | 服务设施的服务范围 | |||
最短路径分析 寻找两点在道路网络 系统中的最小路径 | 无 | ⋅ 栅格数据数据,运算简便 ⋅ 空间距离分析更准确 | 无法运算 社会经济 数据属性 数据,限 制了评估 人本需求 的可能性 | 设施服务、就业的空间距离可达性 | Ihlanfeldt and Sjoquist(1998); 江海燕等(2011) 王丽娟(2016) | ||
网络分析 模拟道路通行的状态,分析各点之间的出行距离和时间 | 无 | 空间层面运算精度高 | ⋅设施服务、就业的空间距离可达性 ⋅ 服务设施的服务范围分析 | ||||
可 用 性 分 析 | 成本距离分析 两点之间的最小通行 成本路径 | 建立成本图层,根据居民的社会经济属性和需求特征进行栅格赋值 | ⋅ 栅格数据, 运算简单 ⋅ 可多维运算非空间属性数据,模拟供需点间的社会空间联系 | 栅格的取值区间有限,空间分析 精度有限 | ⋅ 公共设施服务、公共空间的社会空间效应及地域分配公正 ⋅ 经济机会公正 | Chao(2020) | |
两步推移 2SFCA
各需求点居民平均可用的 设施数量或服务值③ | ⋅ 根据需求点的人口数量评估需求强度 ⋅ 可根据居民的社会经济属性和需求特征建立指标,定义和计算需求值 | 可以对非空间数据进行空间运算 | ⋅ 目前评估需求仅参考了人口规模,欠缺运用社会经济指标定义和测算真实的需求内容 ⋅ 欠缺根据居民的需求特征分析可用的供应点及服务值 | 公共设施服务、公共空间的 可达性和地域分配公正 | Diez Roux(2007); Wang and Luo(2005) | ||
E2SFCA
2SFCA增加距离衰减的潜力模型④ | 模拟了供需两点的引力随距离减弱的空间变化规律 | Salze等(2011); Tiefelsdorf(2003) | |||||
三步推移 3SFCA 根据供应点的竞争关系,增加减除可用资源值的步骤 | 模拟了供应点之间的社会竞争关系对资源使用的影响 | Wan等(2012);Delamater(2013); 陶卓霖等(2016) | |||||
出行大数据分析 | 个人出行行为数据,包括 节点、频率、路线、时间、 时长 | 结合问卷的个人社会经济数据,分析人本需求的内容 | ⋅ 样本体量大 ⋅ 人本视角 ⋅ 数据可反应目标群体基于自我真实的需求意愿及客观条件下的出行行为 | ⋅ 体量庞大,格式不完整统一,需进行数据清洗、整合 ⋅ 数据隐私问题 | 公共设施服务、公共空间的 可达性和地域分配公正 | Qiao and Yeh(2023b) | |
满意度分析 | 基于人本感知的需求意愿、满意度、幸福感分析 | 个人的需求表达和感知评价 | ⋅ 人本视角 ⋅ 直接回应人本需求 | 受个体的主观影响大,难以排除个人不合理的诉求和表达 | ⋅ 作为评价地域分配公正的参考 ⋅ 地方歧视的社会空间公正问题,弱势群体的社会融合、文化认同等 | Boschmann(2011) 谌丽等(2021a) 段兆雯等(2019) |
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晁瑞霞:研究概念确定、数据采集与处理、论文撰写与修改;
黄耿志:研究思路指导、内容修改与完善;
薛德升:论文框架修正、内容修改与完善。
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