南沙海域搜救可达性评估
石绍宸(2000—),男,山东日照人,硕士,主要研究方向为海域空间可达性能力评估,(E-mail)12222033@stu.lzjtu.edu.cn; |
收稿日期: 2023-12-06
修回日期: 2024-02-20
网络出版日期: 2024-11-01
基金资助
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)(XDB0740300)
国家自然科学基金项目(42006171)
Search and Rescue Accessibility Assessment in the Nansha Sea
Received date: 2023-12-06
Revised date: 2024-02-20
Online published: 2024-11-01
南沙群岛周边海域作为世界上最繁忙的海域之一,是海难事故的频发区,快速的海上搜救是保障人民生命财产安全的重要措施,因此,研究南沙海域的搜救可达性就显得尤为重要。文章基于乘法加权Voronoi图对南沙群岛27个岛礁的影响范围进行了划分,利用船速校正模型得到波浪场影响下船舶航行的实际速度,然后通过最短路径算法计算得到南沙海域周边5国共20个港口至该区域的加权平均可达时间,并使用多种评价指标对各国的可达性能力进行评估分析。结果显示:1)马来西亚至南沙海域的综合可达性最优,平均可达时间最短,其次是文莱、菲律宾和越南,平均可达时间均在20 h以内。而中国至该海域的可达性较差,排名最后。2)新增永暑礁港口后,中国的可达性得到显著提高,平均可达时间缩短至15.54 h,24 h覆盖范围增加了约92.0%。3)鉴于距离南沙海域较远,中国应该加强在远海岛礁建设中转基地及配套搜救设施的能力,这一举措将显著提高中国至中、远海区域的可达性。
关键词: 海上搜救; 可达性; 加权Voronoi图; 最小航行时间; 南沙群岛
石绍宸 , 吴文周 , 张鹏 , 苏奋振 . 南沙海域搜救可达性评估[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(11) : 2015 -2024 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20230953
The sea surrounding the Nansha Islands is one of the busiest in the world, where maritime accidents occur frequently. During such events, rapid maritime search and rescue (SAR) operations are important for protecting lives and property of the people; therefore, it is particularly important to study SAR accessibility in the Nansha Sea. In this study, we established the influence range of 27 islands and reefs within the Nansha Islands based on a multiplicative weighted Voronoi diagram. The actual ship navigation speed under the influence of the wave field was obtained using the ship speed correction model. The shortest path algorithm was used to calculate the weighted minimum average reachable time from the study area to 20 ports across five countries surrounding the Nansha Sea. The accessibility of each country was evaluated and analyzed using various evaluation indices. Of the neighboring ports, Kota Kinabalu in Malaysia demonstrated the best accessibility to the Spratly Islands, with an average accessibility time of 18.23 h. This was followed by the ports of Mora and Belawi in Brunei, Palawan in the Philippines, Nha Trang in Vietnam, and Sandakan in Malaysia. In contrast, Chinese ports, except for Sanya, exhibited poor accessibility, with all having an average accessibility time exceeding 40 h. Among neighboring countries, Malaysia had the shortest average accessibility time of 16.26 h, followed by Brunei, the Philippines, and Vietnam, with average accessibility time of less than 19 h. China, being farther away from the study area, had an average accessibility time of over 33 h to the Nansha Sea. Based on this, we added the port of Yongshu Reef to those examined in our previous analysis and conducted scenario simulation, the average access time for China improved significantly, decreasing to15.54 h. This study aimed to provide a reference for the future dynamic deployment of maritime SAR resources in China.
表1 南沙主要岛礁基本信息Table 1 Basic information of main islands and reefs in Nansha |
名称 | 面积/m2 | 等面积圆半径/m |
---|---|---|
美济礁 | 5 660 000 | 1 342.25 |
渚碧礁 | 4 300 000 | 1 169.93 |
永暑礁 | 2 800 000 | 944.07 |
太平岛 | 510 000 | 402.91 |
南威岛 | 480 000 | 390.88 |
毕生礁 | 476 000 | 389.25 |
鸿庥岛 | 468 000 | 385.96 |
中业岛 | 410 000 | 361.26 |
弹丸礁 | 350 000 | 333.78 |
华阳礁 | 280 000 | 298.54 |
南子岛 | 260 000 | 287.68 |
无乜礁 | 256 000 | 285.46 |
南薰礁 | 180 000 | 239.36 |
西月岛 | 180 000 | 239.36 |
北子岛 | 160 000 | 225.67 |
景宏岛 | 160 000 | 225.67 |
柏礁 | 150 000 | 218.51 |
西礁 | 130 000 | 203.42 |
染青沙洲 | 120 000 | 195.44 |
琼礁 | 120 000 | 195.44 |
赤瓜礁 | 102 000 | 180.19 |
马欢岛 | 90 000 | 169.26 |
安波沙洲 | 90 000 | 169.26 |
东门礁 | 80 000 | 159.58 |
南钥岛 | 80 000 | 159.58 |
敦谦沙洲 | 60 000 | 138.20 |
费信岛 | 40 000 | 112.84 |
表2 船舶速度校正系数Table 2 Ship Speed Correction Factors |
夹角 | 航行状态 | 校正系数ƒ[kn/ƒt2] |
---|---|---|
0°≤Θ<45° | 顺流Following seas | 0.008 3 |
45°≤Θ<135° | 竞流Beam seas | 0.016 5 |
135°≤Θ≤180° | 逆流Head seas | 0.024 8 |
表3 南海周边国家20个港口至南沙海域的可达性 (h)Table 3 Accessibility from 20 ports in surrounding countries to the Nansha Sea Area |
排序 | 国家 | 港口 | 4月 | 10月 | 东北 季风 | 西南 季风 | 平均 时间 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 马来西亚 | 哥打基纳 巴卢港 | 18.23 | 18.24 | 18.24 | 18.23 | 18.23 |
2 | 文莱 | 摩拉港 | 19.13 | 19.14 | 19.14 | 19.13 | 19.13 |
3 | 菲律宾 | 巴拉望港 | 20.50 | 20.51 | 20.51 | 20.50 | 20.51 |
4 | 文莱 | 白拉奕港 | 20.52 | 20.53 | 20.54 | 20.52 | 20.53 |
5 | 越南 | 芽庄港 | 20.67 | 20.69 | 20.68 | 20.66 | 20.67 |
6 | 马来西亚 | 山打根港 | 22.60 | 22.61 | 22.61 | 22.60 | 22.60 |
7 | 越南 | 头顿港 | 24.17 | 24.19 | 24.19 | 24.16 | 24.18 |
8 | 菲律宾 | 八打雁港 | 29.23 | 29.26 | 29.24 | 29.24 | 29.24 |
9 | 马来西亚 | 古晋港 | 29.84 | 29.84 | 29.86 | 29.83 | 29.85 |
10 | 越南 | 岘港 | 30.04 | 30.07 | 30.07 | 30.04 | 30.06 |
11 | 菲律宾 | 拉乌尼翁港 | 33.65 | 33.68 | 33.66 | 33.65 | 33.66 |
12 | 中国 | 三亚港 | 34.01 | 34.05 | 34.03 | 34.01 | 34.02 |
13 | 菲律宾 | 马尼拉港 | 36.43 | 36.46 | 36.44 | 36.43 | 36.44 |
14 | 中国 | 海口港 | 41.32 | 41.37 | 41.34 | 41.32 | 41.34 |
15 | 中国 | 湛江港 | 42.10 | 42.15 | 42.13 | 42.10 | 42.12 |
16 | 菲律宾 | 阿帕里港 | 42.31 | 42.35 | 42.33 | 42.32 | 42.33 |
17 | 中国 | 珠海港 | 43.34 | 43.40 | 43.37 | 43.34 | 43.36 |
18 | 越南 | 海防港 | 45.58 | 45.62 | 45.60 | 45.57 | 45.59 |
19 | 中国 | 北海港 | 45.91 | 45.95 | 45.93 | 45.90 | 45.92 |
20 | 中国 | 汕头港 | 48.58 | 48.65 | 48.61 | 48.58 | 48.60 |
表4 南海周边5国不同季风时期的平均可达时间 (h)Table 4 Average reachable time for different monsoon periods in five countries |
国家 | 4月 | 10月 | 东北季风 | 西南季风 | 平均时间 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
马来西亚 | 16.26 | 16.26 | 16.27 | 16.26 | 16.26 | |
文莱 | 17.22 | 17.23 | 17.23 | 17.22 | 17.23 | |
菲律宾 | 18.73 | 18.75 | 18.74 | 18.73 | 18.74 | |
越南 | 18.88 | 18.90 | 18.89 | 18.87 | 18.89 | |
中国 | 未加入 | 33.04 | 33.08 | 33.06 | 33.04 | 33.05 |
加入 | 15.54 | 15.55 | 15.55 | 15.53 | 15.54 |
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1 https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/
2 https://amti.csis.org/
3 http://nh-rescue.cn/
4 https://asean.org/
石绍宸:提出研究设想,数据处理与分析,成图制作,论文撰写与修改;
吴文周:论文修改指导;
张 鹏:研究数据支持;
苏奋振:研究框架修改,论文提升修改。
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