人工海岸带生态化潜力评价及修复策略选择——以深圳为例
殷萌清(1992—),女,陕西乾县人,硕士,副主任规划师,研究方向为海洋生态保护修复、国土空间生态修复规划研究等,(E-mail)ymq2008.happy@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2022-09-12
修回日期: 2024-07-02
网络出版日期: 2024-11-15
Ecological Potential Evaluation and Restoration Strategy Selection of Artificial Coastal Zones: A Case Study of Shenzhen
Received date: 2022-09-12
Revised date: 2024-07-02
Online published: 2024-11-15
为探讨如何在城市尺度统筹制定人工海岸带的修复策略,科学安排修复对象及时序,以满足建设发展与生态保护的双重要求,文章以深圳市34段人工海岸带为实证对象,融合多源数据进行空间分析,构建了人工海岸带生态化潜力评价的指标体系及修复策略选择模型。结果发现:1)深圳市人工海岸带的生态化潜力大小呈现明显的空间异质性,按照生态化潜力从大到小,宜采取“控制压力、自然恢复”“疏解压力、生态修复”“控制压力、环境提升”“疏解压力、环境提升”4种不同的修复响应策略,空间上对应生态恢复区、生态修复区、生态控制区和景观协调区4类管控分区;2)深圳西湾公园等6段人工海岸带的生态化潜力最大,修复策略以控制外部压力引导其自然恢复为主。该6段对应的海岸线可作为首批新增自然岸线进行纳管,可达到深圳自然岸线保有率提升至40%的目标;3)深圳南澳望鱼角等5段人工海岸带生态化潜力较大,修复策略以疏解压力并采取修复措施提升生态功能为主。该5段对应的海岸线可作为储备自然岸线进行管理和维护;4)其余23段人工海岸带生态化潜力小,结合其区位情况作为城市景观类或一般公共岸线即可;5)生态化潜力大的岸段通常位于水动力弱的内湾,有利于岸外促淤和生境形成,亦可作为判断人工海岸带的自然形态和生态功能能否较快恢复的简易指示。
殷萌清 , 樊行 . 人工海岸带生态化潜力评价及修复策略选择——以深圳为例[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(11) : 2039 -2049 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20220775
Restoring the natural form and ecological function of artificial coastal zones in coastal cities can effectively improve the ecological quality of these zones. Improving the natural shoreline retention rate through this effort is also an important step in Chinese coastal cities' implementation of Xi Jinping's idea of ecological civilization. With limited resources and funds for ecological restoration, and the dual requirements of urban development and ecological protection, this study primarily focuses on how to scientifically identify the areas for ecological restoration of urban artificial coastal zones, rationally arrange the restoration schedule, and formulate the restoration strategy. This study examines 34 sections of artificial coastal zones in Shenzhen City, integrates multiple data sources to conduct spatial superposition analysis, constructs an index system for evaluating the ecological potential of artificial coastal zones, and formulates a model framework for the selection of restoration strategies, which can inform the restoration of artificial coastal zones and the management of shorelines in other coastal cities in China. The study's findings are as follows: (1) The ecological potential of Shenzhen's artificial coastal zone is spatially heterogeneous, and four different restoration response strategies can be adopted in the order of potential from high to low: "control pressure, natural restoration"; "relief pressure, ecological restoration"; "control pressure, environmental enhancement"; and "relief pressure, environmental enhancement." These correspond to four types of control zoning: ecological restoration zone, ecological recovery zone, ecological control zone, and landscape coordination zone. (2) The six sections of Xiban Park have the greatest ecological potential of Shenzhen's artificial coastline, and the restoration strategy is intended to control the external pressure and guide its natural recovery. The corresponding coastlines of these six sections constitute the first batch of new natural shorelines to be managed, to reach the target of increasing the natural shoreline retention rate of Shenzhen to 40%. (3) Nan'ao Wangyu Jiao and the other five sections of Shenzhen's artificial coastline have the second-largest ecological potential, and the restoration strategy is to relieve external pressure and take appropriate restoration measures to enhance its ecological function. The corresponding coastlines of these five sections can be managed and maintained as reserve natural coastlines. (4) The remaining 23 sections of artificial shoreline have little ecological potential and can be used as urban landscape or general public shorelines in combination with their location, without restoration intervention actions. (5) Coastal zones with high ecological potential are usually located in inlets with weak hydrodynamics, and the seaward side of such coastal zones is prone to siltation. This is conducive to the formation of new habitats and can be used as a simple indicator of whether artificial coastal zones can be restored to their natural state and ecological functions relatively quickly.
图4 深圳市人工海岸带评价单元位置Fig.4 Location of artificial coastal zone assessment unit in Shenzhen |
表1 深圳市人工海岸带评价单元编号及名称Table 1 Corresponding table of evaluation unit number and name of artificial coastal zone in Shenzhen |
岸段编号 | 岸带名称 | 岸段编号 | 岸带名称 |
---|---|---|---|
① | 大空港 | ⑱ | 南澳马尔代夫酒店 |
② | 西湾公园 | ⑲ | 南澳码头 |
③ | 西湾东海堤 | ⑳ | 南澳望鱼角 |
④ | 前海湾西 | 21 | 鹿咀 |
⑤ | 前海湾东 | 22 | 杨梅坑右岸 |
⑥ | 蛇口渔港 | 23 | 浪骑游艇会 |
⑦ | 深圳湾西段 | 24 | 七星湾游艇会 |
⑧ | 深圳湾东段 | 25 | 东山码头 |
⑨ | 沙头角 | 26 | 新大海堤 |
⑩ | 大梅沙游艇会 | 27 | 较场尾东 |
⑪ | 水兵俱乐部码头 | 28 | 坝光田寮下 |
⑫ | 葵涌河右岸 | 29 | 坝光双坑 |
⑬ | 六月海酒店 | 30 | 坝光坳仔下 |
⑭ | 云海山庄 | 31 | 银叶公园 |
⑮ | 盆仔湾违建 | 32 | 盐灶村 |
⑯ | 水头湾 | 33 | 坝光红树林段 |
⑰ | 南澳海贝湾 | 34 | 坝光国际生物谷 |
表2 人工海岸带“状态-压力”评价指标体系Table 2 Evaluation index system of "state pressure" in artificial coastal zone |
准则层 | 序号 | 指标层 | 指标分级及赋值 | 权重 | 效益 | 指标说明 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
差/低(1分) | 中(2分) | 好/高(3分) | ||||||
状 态 | 1 | 海水透明度 | <2 m | 2~5 m | >5 m | 0.03 | + | 评价海水水质 |
2 | 气味 | 黑臭 | 微臭 | 无气味 | 0.02 | - | 评价海水水质 | |
3 | 海水富营养化水平 | 富营养化指数E>100 | 富营养化指数E在1~100 | 富营养化指数E<1 | 0.1 | - | 评价海水水质 | |
4 | 沉积物 质量 | 多项沉积物监测指标中一项或多项指标超过第三类标准 | 多项沉积物监测指标中一项以上指标超过第一类标准, 没有指标超过第三类标准 | 多项沉积物监测指标均无超标指标项 | 0.05 | + | 评价海洋沉积物质量 | |
5 | 近岸 生物 等级 | 按照《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》,浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物的综合等级为Ⅲ级 | 按照《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》,浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物的综合等级为Ⅱ级 | 按照《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》,浮游植物、浮游动物、 底栖生物的综合等级为Ⅰ级 | 0.1 | + | 评价海洋生物群落状况 | |
6 | 鱼卵仔鱼 密度 | 按照《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》,近岸鱼卵、仔鱼密度的综合等级为Ⅲ级 | 按照《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》,近岸鱼卵、仔鱼密度的综合等级为Ⅱ级 | 按照《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》,近岸鱼卵、仔鱼密度的综合等级为Ⅰ级 | 0.13 | + | 评价海洋生物群落状况 | |
7 | 岸滩清洁度 | 岸滩垃圾频繁出现 | 岸滩垃圾偶尔出现 | 岸滩无垃圾 | 0.02 | + | 评价岸线情况 | |
8 | 岸滩连通长度 | 自然属性相同、未人为分割的岸线贯通长度,利用极差标准化方法计算 | 0.05 | + | 评价岸线情况 | |||
9 | 护岸生态性 | 直立岸且无生物栖息 | 护岸倾斜可见生物栖息 | 护岸外有淤积及植被 | 0.2 | + | 评价岸线情况 | |
10 | 岸外淤积宽度 | 平均低潮线所在位置与勘测岸线的垂直距离,利用极差标准化方法计算 | 0.2 | + | 评价岸线情况 | |||
11 | 岸外植被 覆盖度 | 海堤向海一侧植被相对茂密 | 海堤向海一侧植被稀疏 | 海堤向海一侧无植被覆盖 | 0.2 | + | 评价岸线情况 | |
压 力 | 12 | 人类活动强度 | 海岸带范围内陆、海 皆为生态用途 | 海岸带范围内陆、海至少 有一侧为生活用途 | 海岸带范围内陆、海至少 有一侧为生产用途 | 0.2 | + | 评价现状利用 强度 |
13 | 建筑近岸程度 | 通过海岸线距离后方第一个建筑的垂直距离表达建筑近岸程度,利用极差标准化方法计算 | 0.2 | - | 评价现状利用 强度 | |||
14 | 岸带开放度 | 海岸带私有化,封闭管理 | 海岸带半开放,付费进入 | 海岸带全开放 | 0.2 | + | 评价现状利用 强度 | |
15 | 规划利用强度 | 海岸带后方陆域规划定位为一般地区,无新增建设需求 | 海岸带后方陆域规划定位为重点地区,有单体级别的开发建设需求 | 海岸带后方陆域规划定位为 重点地区,有园区级别的开发建设需求 | 0.4 | + | 评价规划利用 强度 |
1 深圳海岸带范围划定及不同岸带开发利用方式分类基于深圳市海岸带修测数据、建筑普查数据等。
2 2018年3月,中华人民共和国第十三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议表决通过了关于国务院机构改革方案的决定,批准成立中华人民共和国自然资源部,由自然资源部统一行使国家海洋局职责。
殷萌清:数据收集与处理、数据分析与制图、撰写与修改论文;
樊 行:论文选题指导、确定研究框架、结果补充分析。
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