战略耦合对中国大陆台资企业生存的影响:基于组态的视角
孙继平(1995—),女,河南洛阳人,博士,讲师,研究方向为经济地理与区域发展,(E-mail)473243910@qq.com; |
收稿日期: 2023-09-27
修回日期: 2023-11-29
网络出版日期: 2025-01-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目“多维视角下台商对大陆农业投资的技术扩散研究”(41771136)
福建省自然科学基金项目“外部事件冲击下在闽台商投资的发展:韧性、机理与对策——基于战略耦合视角”(2022J01163)
Strategic Coupling and Its Impact on the Survival of Taiwan-Invested Enterprises in Chinese Mainland: A Configuration-Based Perspective
Received date: 2023-09-27
Revised date: 2023-11-29
Online published: 2025-01-20
台商直接投资(TDI)是大陆地区外资的重要来源,台资企业与投资接收地建立战略耦合模式的差异会影响其利用后者带来的机遇及应对挑战的方式。基于微观企业数据库,分析2001—2022年大陆台资企业退出的时空格局;构建战略耦合模式量化探测体系,运用定性比较分析方法探究影响大陆台资企业生存的因素。研究发现:1)大陆台资企业的生存率一直保持较高水平,但在特定政策和事件的影响下会有波动。2008年金融危机、中美贸易摩擦、台商回流政策、新南向政策以及新冠疫情均对其产生负面影响。中国大陆的台资企业生存率在不同阶段的空间分布格局存在变化,东部沿海地区的生存率始终较高,而中部和西部经济相对落后的内陆地区的生存率持续较低。2)2001—2007、2008—2013、2014—2022年,大陆与台资企业的战略耦合关系分别为:依附式耦合、合作式耦合、互惠式耦合,不同耦合模式主导阶段TDI生存率差异较大,区位优势和空间粘性随时间进一步提升。3)2001—2022年,台资企业由低附加值+低端生产环节投资转向高附加值、创新驱动的领域,在大陆展开更多本土合作,经营在地化程度增加。疫情等外部冲击使得台资企业加深了与本地供应商的后向联系,也更依赖大陆市场,空间粘性提升,这些因素有助于提升台资企业在大陆的生存能力。
孙继平 , 韦素琼 , 游小珺 , 陈进栋 . 战略耦合对中国大陆台资企业生存的影响:基于组态的视角[J]. 热带地理, 2025 , 45(1) : 12 -23 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20230754
This study analyzes the factors influencing the exit of Taiwanese direct investment (TDI) enterprises from Chinese mainland by quantitatively measuring location advantage and spatial stickiness, the two core variables of strategic coupling. It also examines the mechanisms by which regional economies, institutional configurations, and corporate management strategies affect production relocation. Using Internet-sourced enterprise data, this study depicts the temporal and spatial dynamics of TDI enterprise survival in Chinese mainland from 2001 to 2022 and employs qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to explore these drivers. The results reveal that the survival rate of TDI enterprises in Chinese mainland remained above 90%, with higher rates and resilience in the third stage (2014-2022). Spatially, survival rates have consistently been higher in the eastern coastal regions than in the underdeveloped central and western inland areas. Various policies and events, such as the 2008 financial crisis, US-China trade frictions, policies encouraging Taiwan's business repatriation, the New Southbound Policy, and COVID-19, have negatively impacted TDI survival, with the pandemic having a relatively small effect on enterprises surviving to 2-8 years. Synthesizing the results of high survival rate configurations, the strategic coupling relationships between the mainland and TDI enterprises evolved from captive coupling (2001-2007) to cooperative coupling (2008-2013) and reciprocal coupling (2014-2021), with locational advantage and spatial stickiness increasing over time. The key factors influencing TDI shifted from labor costs to regional market size and then to high value-added, innovation-driven fields with more mainland cooperation. This study provides a geographically grounded and multiscalar perspective on TDI enterprise survival, revealing the mechanisms through which strategic coupling affects TDI exits from a dynamic perspective. These findings highlight the importance of drivers and the quality of coupling in understanding the relationship between TDI and regional development in developing countries and regions. Robust domestic economies, large internal markets, competitive regional innovation environments, and preferential policies for Taiwanese businesses have become primary drivers of TDI. This exploratory study lays the groundwork for further research that incorporates industry heterogeneity to clarify the development dynamics and driving factors across different sectors.
表1 指标体系变量描述Table 1 Description of indicator system variables |
变量 | 指标 | 变量设定 | 变量定义和赋值 |
---|---|---|---|
被解释变量 | 台资企业生存状况 | 台企生存率 | 各地区实存台企数量比台企总量 |
解释 变量集 (1) | 地方区位优势 | 区域劳动力质量 | 各地高校在校生人数/总人口 |
区域劳动力成本 | 各地区职工平均工资 | ||
区域市场规模 | 各地区生产总值 | ||
区域制度优势 | 惠台政策,台商投资区赋值为4;建立国家级经济技术开发区、 特区以及沿海开放城市、综合配套改革实验区赋值为1 | ||
解释 变量集 (2) | 台商投企业 空间粘性 | 前期成本 | 各地区历年台企投资金额 |
技术合作比例 | 各地区台企技术来源为大陆地区机构占比 | ||
制度匹配程度 | 台企赴大陆投资以享受优惠政策为动机加权比率,该动机为主要原因得3分, 次要原因得2分,再次要原因1分,加权比率为该项目得分比所有动机总得分 | ||
产业链匹配程度 | 各地区台企采购机械设备、原料、零组件半成品来源与境内所占比率 | ||
市场依赖程度 | 各地区台企产品销售或服务地区为境内分配比率 |
表2 2001—2022年大陆台资企业生存率省域变化Table 2 Evolution of survival rates of mainland Taiwan-invested enterprises at the provincial level from 2001 to 2022 |
省份 | 2001—2007年 | 2008—2013年 | 2014—2022年 |
---|---|---|---|
安徽 | 0.501 | 0.539 | 0.874 |
北京 | 0.951 | 0.714 | 0.799 |
重庆 | 0.511 | 0.875 | 0.721 |
福建 | 0.796 | 0.774 | 0.810 |
甘肃 | 0.630 | 0.348 | 0.694 |
广东 | 0.814 | 0.753 | 0.805 |
广西 | 0.931 | 0.771 | 0.858 |
贵州 | 0.327 | 0.852 | 0.869 |
海南 | 0.352 | 0.441 | 0.786 |
河北 | 0.702 | 0.261 | 0.845 |
河南 | 0.304 | 0.464 | 0.870 |
黑龙江 | 0.696 | 0.398 | 0.706 |
湖北 | 0.478 | 0.661 | 0.826 |
湖南 | 0.405 | 0.595 | 0.740 |
吉林 | 0.860 | 0.703 | 0.809 |
江苏 | 0.779 | 0.652 | 0.817 |
江西 | 0.776 | 0.704 | 0.485 |
辽宁 | 0.401 | 0.392 | 0.647 |
山东 | 0.525 | 0.598 | 0.785 |
山西 | 0.843 | 0.382 | 0.960* |
陕西 | 0.754 | 0.710 | 0.648 |
上海 | 0.840 | 0.884 | 0.877 |
四川 | 0.761 | 0.705 | 0.786 |
天津 | 0.919 | 0.092 | 0.788 |
云南 | 0.573 | 0.454 | 0.711 |
浙江 | 0.747 | 0.767 | 0.757 |
*注:内陆省份台资企业数量较少,市场分布较为分散,更易找到独特的市场定位,故生存率较高。 |
表3 2001—2007、2008—2013、2014—2022年大陆台资企业高生存率驱动机制Table 3 Drivers of high survival rates for mainland Taiwan-invested enterprises during 2001-2007, 2008-2013, and 2014-2022 |
时间 | 路径 | 区域市场 规模 | 区域劳动 力质量 | 区域劳动 力成本 | 区域制度 优势 | 投资 规模 | 制度匹配程度 | 市场依 赖程度 | 产业链 匹配程度 | 技术合作 比例 | 一致性 | 覆盖度 | 总一致性 | 总覆盖度 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001— 2007年 | S1 | | ⊕ | | | ● | | | | ⊕ | 0.904 | 0.112 | 0.419 | 0.956 |
S2 | | ⊕ | | | ● | | | | ⊕ | 0.972 | 0.128 | |||
S3 | | | ● | | ⊕ | | | ⊕ | | 0.991 | 0.0518 | |||
S4 | | | ● | | | | ⊕ | ● | ⊕ | 0.983 | 0.059 | |||
S5 | | | | ⊕ | | | ⊕ | ● | | 0.960 | 0.049 | |||
S6 | | | ● | | ⊕ | | | ⊕ | | 0.953 | 0.075 | |||
S7 | | | ● | | ⊕ | ⊕ | | ⊕ | | 0.992 | 0.063 | |||
S8 | | | | | | | | | | 0.906 | 0.06 | |||
2008— 2013年 | S1 | ● | | | ⊕ | ● | | | | | 0.969 | 0.092 | 0.230 | 0.969 |
S2 | ● | | | ⊕ | ● | | | | | 0.977 | 0.063 | |||
S3 | | | | ⊕ | ● | ⊕ | ⊕ | | | 0.945 | 0.076 | |||
S4 | ● | | | ⊕ | ● | | | | | 0.968 | 0.094 | |||
2014— 2022年 | S1 | ● | | ⊕ | | | ● | | | | 0.956 | 0.076 | 0.451 | 0.968 |
S2 | | | ⊕ | | | ● | | ● | | 0.977 | 0.150 | |||
S3 | ● | | ⊕ | | | ● | | ● | | 0.965 | 0.084 | |||
S4 | | | ● | | | ● | | ● | | 0.979 | 0.159 | |||
S5 | | | ⊕ | | | ● | ● | | | 0.965 | 0.105 | |||
S6 | | ⊕ | | | ⊕ | | | ⊕ | ⊕ | 0.964 | 0.041 | |||
S7 | | | ⊕ | ⊕ | | ● | | | | 0.979 | 0.091 | |||
S8 | | ⊕ | ● | | ⊕ | ● | | ⊕ | ⊕ | 0.949 | 0.036 | |||
S9 | ● | | | ● | | ⊕ | | | | 0.976 | 0.080 | |||
S10 | ● | | ⊕ | ⊕ | | ● | | ● | | 0.939 | 0.048 | |||
S11 | | ⊕ | ● | | | ● | | ⊕ | | 0.933 | 0.065 | |||
S12 | ● | | | ● | | ⊕ | | | | 0.931 | 0.037 | |||
S13 | ● | | | ● | | ⊕ | | | | 0.951 | 0.053 |
|
表4 大陆台商投资区域与台资企业战略耦合模式演化Table 4 Evolution of strategic coupling patterns between mainland investment regions and Taiwanese-funded enterprises |
耦合特征 | 2001—2007年 | 2008—2013年 | 2014—2021年 |
---|---|---|---|
耦合关系 | 依附式耦合 | 合作式耦合 | 互惠式耦合 |
区位优势 | 小 | 中等 | 大 |
空间粘性 | 小 | 大 | 大 |
战略耦合 动因 | 低劳动成本、 政策支持 | 大陆市场 | 大陆市场、上下游 供应链、制度环境 及创新环境 |
价值捕获程度 | 低 | 中等 | 高 |
退出(撤资) 概率 | 大 | 中等 | 小 |
1 https://www.qcc.com/
2 https://www.tianyancha.com/
3 www.moea.gov.tw
孙继平:负责研究设计和初稿撰写;
韦素琼:提供理论指导和稿件审校;
游小珺、陈进栋:参与数据分析。
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