钦州湾与马尼拉湾岸线时空变化与围填海分析
张文良(2000—),男,山东昌乐人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为海岸带资源环境遥感,(E-mail)dixinzwl@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2024-07-02
修回日期: 2024-09-04
网络出版日期: 2025-03-14
基金资助
自然资源部专项业务费项目(CB202202015)
自然资源部第四海洋研究所基本科研业务费资助项目(202109)
Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Shoreline Changes and Reclamation in the Qinzhou Bay and the Manila Bay
Received date: 2024-07-02
Revised date: 2024-09-04
Online published: 2025-03-14
近40年来,中国钦州湾和菲律宾马尼拉湾海岸线发生了显著变化,了解其变化规律对区域海岸带管理和规划具有重要意义。文章基于Google Earth Engine (GEE)平台,利用改进的归一化水体指数(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, MNDWI)和大津(Otsu)算法,结合数字岸线分析系统(Digital Shoreline Analysis System, DSAS),对两地近40年的海岸线时空变化特征及其驱动因素进行分析。结果表明,1987—2022年,钦州湾海岸线长度增加了44.78 km,总体呈现向海推进趋势,平均变化速率达6.81 m/a,自然岸线占比不断下降而人工岸线比例上升。相比之下,马尼拉湾海岸线变化相对较小,总长度减少1.05 km,平均变化速率为2.36 m/a,自然岸线占比持续下降。钦州湾围填海强度指数和年均空间扩展速率均大于马尼拉湾。两地海岸线演变的特征均是受到围填海活动的显著影响,而港口码头建设和围海养殖是围填海的主要驱动因素。
张文良 , 郭俊丽 , 刘卓成 , 时连强 , 龚照辉 , 张达恒 . 钦州湾与马尼拉湾岸线时空变化与围填海分析[J]. 热带地理, 2025 , 45(3) : 489 -503 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240441
Over the past 40 years, significant changes have occurred along the coastlines of Qinzhou Bay in China and Manila Bay in the Philippines. Understanding the patterns of these changes is important for the management and planning of coastal zones. This study is based on the Google Earth Engine platform, using the modified normalized difference water index, combined with the Otsu algorithm and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System, to extract the coastlines of Qinzhou Bay in China and Manila Bay in the Philippines over the past 40 years, and then analyze the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the two coastlines and the situation of reclamation. The results show that in the past 40 years, the coastline of Qinzhou Bay has generally advanced towards the sea, with a coastline length increase of 44.78 km, an average End Point Rate(EPR)of 6.81 m/a, and average Linear Regression Rate(LRR)of 6.16 m/a. Natural coastline length continued to decrease, whereas the proportion of artificial coastlines continued to increase. The Index of Coastline Utilization degree (ICUD) values show an upward trend, whereas the Index of Coastline Type Diversity (ICTD) values show a continuously decreasing trend. The Manila Bay coastline first increased and then decreased, with an overall decrease of 1.05 km—a relatively small change. The coastline also shows a trend of advancing towards the sea with an average EPR of 2.36 m/a and average LRR of 2.32 m/a. The proportion of natural coastlines continued to decline, whereas that of artificial coastlines gradually increased. The ICUD values showed a steadily increasing trend, whereas the ICTD values showed a downward trend. The cumulative area of reclamation in Qinzhou Bay has reached 6,674.27 hm2, with an average annual expansion rate of 196.30 hm2/a. Reclamation activities were significantly active and large-scale. However, the cumulative reclamation area of Manila Bay is only 1,718.59 hm2, with an average annual expansion rate of 50.55 hm2/a, indicating relatively limited reclamation activities. The reclamation intensity index and annual spatial expansion rate of Qinzhou Bay were higher than those of Manila Bay. Overall, compared to Manila Bay, the Qinzhou Bay coastline exhibited more significant characteristics in terms of change amplitude, change speed, and reclamation intensity. Reclamation activities have a significant impact on coastline changes, and port and dock construction and aquaculture are the main driving factors for reclamation.
Key words: remote sensing; coastline; reclamation; Qinzhou Bay; Manila Bay
表1 用于海岸线提取的Landsat影像Table 1 Landsat images for shoreline extraction |
区域 | 卫星/传感器 | 成像时间 | 分辨率/m | 潮高/cm | 云量/% | 卫星/传感器 | 成像时间 | 分辨率/m | 潮高/cm | 云量/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
钦州湾 | Landsat5/TM | 1987-10-26 | 30 | 365 | 0.03 | Landsat5/TM | 1987-09-08 | 30 | 296 | 6 |
1996-10-02 | 386 | 5 | 1996-01-04 | 221 | 9 | |||||
2005-10-11 | 422 | 0.02 | 2006-10-30 | 205 | 0.03 | |||||
Landsat8/OLI | 2014-01-05 | 402 | 1.22 | Landsat8/OLI | 2014-01-21 | 452 | 1.44 | |||
Landsat9/OLI-2 | 2022-01-19 | 332 | 17.15 | Landsat9/OLI-2 | 2022-12-21 | 321 | 16.73 | |||
马尼拉湾 | Landsat5/TM | 1988-03-03 | 30 | 152 | 14 | Landsat5/TM | 1989-04-07 | 30 | 144 | 15 |
1997-04-29 | 114 | 13 | 1997-06-16 | 159 | 16 | |||||
2004-07-05 | 202 | 10 | 2004-04-16 | 112 | 17 | |||||
Landsat8/OLI | 2014-02-07 | 267 | 4.28 | Landsat8/OLI | 2015-10-24 | 116 | 8.59 | |||
Landsat8/OLI | 2022-01-12 | 130 | 14.78 | Landsat8/OLI | 2022-05-12 | 94 | 15.37 |
表2 研究区岸线提取精度验证Table 2 Verification of shoreline extraction accuracy in the research area |
区域 | 距离/m | 点数/个 | 占比/% | 累计占比/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
钦州湾 | ≤15 | 1032 | 51.32 | 51.32 |
>15~30 | 472 | 23.47 | 74.79 | |
>30~45 | 304 | 15.12 | 89.91 | |
>45~60 | 134 | 6.66 | 96.57 | |
>60 | 69 | 3.43 | 100 | |
马尼拉湾 | ≤15 | 965 | 64.33 | 64.33 |
>15~30 | 221 | 14.73 | 79.06 | |
>30~45 | 104 | 13.07 | 92.13 | |
>45~60 | 134 | 4.20 | 96.33 | |
>60 | 76 | 3.67 | 100 |
表3 不同类型岸线人力作用强度指数Table 3 Strength index of manpower of different types of shoreline |
一级岸线类型 | 二级岸线类型 | 人力作用强度指数 |
---|---|---|
自然岸线 | 基岩岸线 | 1 |
砂质岸线 | 1 | |
生物岸线 | 1 | |
淤泥质岸线 | 1 | |
人工岸线 | 围垦养殖岸线 | 2 |
工程建设岸线 | 3 |
表4 围填海强度等级Table 4 Intensity class of reclamation |
R值/(hm2·km-1) | 强度级别 | 指标意义 |
---|---|---|
0 ≤ R <10 | 1级 | 围填海开发程度较低,开发潜力大 |
10 ≤ R < 20 | 2级 | 围填海压力较小,具有较大发开潜力 |
20 ≤R < 50 | 3级 | 围填海到达一定程度,继续开发受一定限制 |
50 ≤ R < 100 | 4级 | 围填海压力大,不宜继续围填海 |
R ≥ 100 | 5级 | 围填海压力巨大,确有需要可拆除原有围填海项目 |
图9 1988—2022年马尼拉湾海岸线EPR分布Fig.9 Distribution of EPR along the coastline of the Manila Bay during 1988-2022 |
1 http://earthengine.googl-e.com
2 https://www.noaa.gov
张文良:野外调查、数据处理、图件制作、论文撰写与修改;
郭俊丽:研究思路、论文修改、方法指导;
刘卓成:野外调查、论文修改;
时连强:研究思路、方法指导、论文修改、基金支持;
龚照辉、张达恒:野外调查、数据处理。
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