气候变化下沿海城市极端复合洪涝灾害危险性预估——以海口市为例
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刘青(1997—),女,江苏泰州人,博士研究生,主要从事沿海城市复合洪涝灾害风险评估研究,(E-mail)uniqliu@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2024-11-29
修回日期: 2025-03-25
网络出版日期: 2025-04-22
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目:深度不确定影响下沿海地区复合极端洪水风险形成机制与风险适应研究(42371088)
北京师范大学环境演变与自然灾害教育部重点实验室开放课题(2023-KF-09)
Hazard Assessment of Extreme Compound Flood Hazards in Coastal Cities under Climate Change: A Case Study of Haikou City
Received date: 2024-11-29
Revised date: 2025-03-25
Online published: 2025-04-22
以海口市为例,基于高分辨率气候模式数据,利用热带气旋路径数据集模拟1960—2099年热带气旋风暴潮位,并结合降雨和河流流量,利用超阈值法和极值分布,分析海口市复合洪涝致灾因子变化特征。基于此,构建复合洪涝情景,对极端复合洪涝灾害进行危险性模拟并深入探究。结果表明:1)最高风暴潮位、累积降雨量和上游最大流量的极值分布拟合结果显示,气候变化下未来海口市最高风暴潮位和上游最大流量有所上升,累积降雨量有所减少;2)海口市复合洪涝灾害致灾因子统计结果表明,气候变化下海口市发生多致灾因子碰头事件概率增加,降雨峰值与风暴潮峰值同时发生的概率较大,与上游流量峰值碰头概率较低,但存在同天发生的可能性,因此需全面考虑多致灾因子的耦合作用,否则将会低估极端洪涝灾害的影响;3)模拟结果表明,在50 a一遇情景下,未来阶段(2015—2099年)总淹没面积达371.01 km2,相较历史阶段(1960—2014年)的396.96 km2有所减少,但深度>3 m的淹没区域面积和体积大幅增加,分别从50.13扩展至78.45 km2,从529.29×106增加至637.08×106 m3,尤其是南渡江沿岸及北部滨海区的洪涝风险将进一步加剧。
刘青 , 吴国凤 , 姚前 , 许瀚卿 , 牛怡莹 , 魏旭辰 , 王军 , 李梦雅 . 气候变化下沿海城市极端复合洪涝灾害危险性预估——以海口市为例[J]. 热带地理, 2025 , 45(4) : 527 -539 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240785
Coastal cities are highly vulnerable to compound flooding in which multiple flood drivers interact via complex nonlinear mechanisms under climate change. Although numerous studies have focused on individual flood drivers, integrated analyses of the spatiotemporal variations and compound effects remain limited. This study applied a high-resolution MRI-AGCM3-2-S climate model and the TempestExtremes tracking algorithm to construct a 6-hourly Tropical Cyclone (TC) track dataset affecting Haikou from 1960 to 2099. Storm tides during the TCs were simulated using the D-Flow FM model, whereas upstream river discharges were modeled with CaMa-Flood, incorporating climate-model-derived runoff data. Using rainfall data from the climate model, we applied the peak-over-threshold method and extreme value analysis to systematically assess changes in storm tides, rainfall, and upstream discharge under climate change. These analyses guided the construction of compound flood scenarios for simulating extreme events. Using a compound flood simulation model, we assessed the hazards under 10-year and 50-year Return Periods (RPs) for historical (1960–2014) and future (2015–2099) periods. Results indicate that significant differences exist in the compound flood characteristics between historical and future periods. In the 90th percentile scenario, all three flood drivers exhibited higher future thresholds, suggesting an increased risk of compound extreme flood events. The probability of concurrent heavy rainfall and high discharge events increased by 40.9%, whereas the probability of simultaneous high storm surge and high discharge events increased by 58.3%. Despite the potential reduction in extreme event intensity, the frequency of compounding events has increased significantly. Extreme value analysis revealed that extreme storm surges and upstream discharge events became more severe and extreme rainfall events showed a decreasing trend. For high RPs (e.g., 50-year events), the projected storm tides and upstream discharges significantly exceeded historical levels. Specifically, projected increases in storm surge levels (+0.24 m under 50-year RP) and upstream discharge (+1,271.13 m³/s) are offset by a 16.5% decline in 100-year accumulated rainfall for Haikou when compared to historical period. Third, compound flood simulations showed that under the 10-year RP scenario, the total inundation area slightly increased, but the flood volume and maximum depth decreased, indicating the stabilization of the flood hazard. However, under the 50-year RP scenario, both the inundation area and flood volume increased substantially, with the area experiencing flood depths greater than 3 m expanding by 56.5%. The most severe flooding occurred along the northern coastal areas and banks of the Nandu River, where the inundation extent and flood severity increased markedly. These findings provide valuable insights for flood risk assessments and adaptive planning in coastal cities facing intensifying climate-induced hazards.
表1 气候模式下载变量Table 1 The variables we download from the climate model |
| 实验 | 时间段 | 时间分辨率 | 变量 |
|---|---|---|---|
| highresSST-present | 1960-01-01— 2014-12-31 | 6hrPt | psl, ta, ua, va |
| day | sfcWindmax, sfcWind, pr, psl, ua, va, ta, uas, vas, hur, hus, mrro | ||
| month | psl, ta, ua, va, pr | ||
| highresSST-future | 2015-01-01— 2099-12-31 | 6hrPt | psl, ta, ua, va |
| day | sfcWindmax, sfcWind, pr, psl, ua, va, ta, uas, vas, hur, hus, mrro | ||
| month | psl, ta, ua, va, pr |
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表2 历史和未来阶段(2015—2099年)下3种致灾因子分位数统计Table 2 Statistics of quantiles of three hazard-causing factors in both historical and future epochs |
| 致灾因子 | 第70%分位数 | 第80%分位数 | 第90%分位数 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 历史阶段 (1960―2014年) | 未来阶段 (2015―2099年) | 历史阶段 (1960―2014年) | 未来阶段 (2015―2099年) | 历史阶段 (1960―2014年) | 未来阶段 (2015―2099年) | |||
| 最高风暴潮位/m | 1.44 | 1.41 | 1.68 | 1.65 | 1.86 | 2.03 | ||
| 累积降雨量/mm | 60.01 | 64.88 | 125.00 | 123.09 | 211.64 | 216.11 | ||
| 上游最大流量/(m3·s-1) | 889.66 | 854.37 | 1 473.81 | 1 408.31 | 3 282.25 | 3 689.71 | ||
表3 不同重现期下海口市历史和未来阶段不同致灾因子设计值Table 3 The design values of storm tides at Xiuying tide gauge in different return periods under historical and future epochs |
| 致灾因子 | 阶段 | 5 a | 10 a | 25 a | 50 a | 100 a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 最高风暴潮位/m | 历史阶段(1960―2014年) | 1.75 | 2.03 | 2.28 | 2.40 | 2.49 |
| 未来阶段(2015―2099年) | 1.62 | 1.93 | 2.33 | 2.64 | 2.94 | |
| 累积降雨量/mm | 历史阶段(1960―2014年) | 107.77 | 197.74 | 348.44 | 484.43 | 638.07 |
| 未来阶段(2015―2099年) | 115.05 | 201.13 | 327.18 | 428.27 | 532.68 | |
| 上游最大流量/(m3·s-1) | 历史阶段(1960―2014年) | 1 450.82 | 2 535.15 | 4 588.73 | 6 728.26 | 9 490.62 |
| 未来阶段(2015―2099年) | 1 494.67 | 2 766.80 | 5 283.18 | 7 999.39 | 11 603.03 |
表4 不同复合洪涝情景下3种致灾因子对应的热带气旋事件及致灾因子实际值Table 4 The corresponding tropical cyclones and values for three hazard-causing factors under different compound scenarios |
| 致灾因子 | 历史阶段(1960―2014年) | 未来阶段(2015―2099年) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 a一遇 | 50 a一遇 | 10 a一遇 | 50 a一遇 | ||
| 最高风暴潮位/m | 1966N05/2.08 | 2014N09/2.44 | 2033N11/1.90 | 2082N06/2.64 | |
| 累积降雨量/mm | 2003N19/206.78 | 1967N17/502.67 | 2026N16/210.71 | 2051N10/454.12 | |
| 上游最大流量/(m3·s-1) | 2000N13/2 590.64 | 1967N17/6113.96 | 2079N13/3 204.51 | 2048N05/7 728.89 | |
表5 历史和未来阶段下海口市10 a一遇和50 a一遇复合洪涝淹没面积和体积Table 5 Flood areas and volumes statistics of compound flood hazards under 1 in 10 years and 1 in 50 years scenarios for historical and future epochs |
| 指标 | 淹没深度/m | 历史阶段 (1960―2014年) | 未来阶段 (2015―2099年) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 a一遇 | 50 a一遇 | 10 a一遇 | 50 a一遇 | |||
| 面积/ km2 | 0~0.5 | 156.97 | 234.43 | 176.71 | 194.91 | |
| >0.5~1.0 | 15.41 | 20.72 | 15.99 | 16.09 | ||
| >1.0~2.0 | 42.41 | 38.32 | 46.72 | 33.88 | ||
| >2.0~3.0 | 45.91 | 53.36 | 39.37 | 47.68 | ||
| >3.0 | 27.49 | 50.13 | 22.72 | 78.45 | ||
| 合计 | 288.19 | 396.96 | 301.51 | 371.01 | ||
| 体积/ 106 m3 | 0~0.5 | 17.18 | 31.47 | 18.58 | 27.5 | |
| >0.5~1.0 | 14.42 | 18.67 | 15.03 | 14.52 | ||
| >1.0~2.0 | 81.81 | 72.85 | 89.11 | 65.03 | ||
| >2.0~3.0 | 140.53 | 166.5 | 118.76 | 149.5 | ||
| >3.0 | 128.51 | 239.8 | 106.12 | 380.53 | ||
| 合计 | 382.45 | 529.29 | 347.6 | 637.08 | ||
1 https://esgf-ui.ceda.ac.uk/cog/search/cmip6-ceda/
2 有关风暴潮模拟方法以及模型构建、验证请参考Liu等(2022)和吴国凤等(2024)。
3 编号1971N10表示1971年发生在西北太平洋的第10号热带气旋。
4 https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/
刘 青:主要负责构建复合洪涝灾害模拟与评估框架,模型构建和率定,分析数据,绘制图件,撰写初稿及修订全文;
吴国凤:主要负责复合洪涝灾害数值模拟,提出修改建议;
姚 前:主要负责上游径流数据的处理以及模拟上游河流流量,提出修改建议;
许瀚卿:模型构建技术指导,论文撰写指导,提出修改建议;
牛怡莹:气候模式数据下载和预处理,极值分布计算;
魏旭辰:论文校对、检查及内容补充;
王 军:确定论文选题和研究思路,把控论文的核心思想和总体质量;
李梦雅:论文撰写指导,提供修改建议。
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