气候变暖背景下中国马拉松赛事高温暴露预警与评估
蔚丹丹(1991—),女,山东济宁人,博士,讲师,主要从事体育旅游研究,(E-mail)yudandan@sus.edu.cn; |
收稿日期: 2024-12-02
修回日期: 2025-01-01
网络出版日期: 2025-05-07
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42171080)
教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目(21YJC630146)
Early Warning and Assessment of Chinese Marathon Events' Exposure to High Temperature under Climate Warming
Received date: 2024-12-02
Revised date: 2025-01-01
Online published: 2025-05-07
全球气候变暖加剧了中国马拉松赛事的高温暴露风险。高温环境不仅威胁运动员健康安全,还可能对赛事的组织策略和体育产业的可持续性发展造成深远影响,因此马拉松赛事的高温风险管理成为亟待关注的重点。针对当前高温预警体系在运动场景中阈值设定的缺失,以及缺乏统一、详尽的标准规范,文章基于湿球黑球温度(WBGT)构建了红色、橙色和黄色三级精细化高温暴露预警体系,并基于该系统分析马拉松赛事高温暴露的时空分布特征及演变趋势,结果发现,中国马拉松赛事高温暴露呈现出显著的地域差异,预警期整体呈现“南长北短”的空间格局。此外,对比1961—1990年的历史参照期,1991—2020年的当前基准期内,全国大部分地区的高温暴露期显著延长,尤其是红色预警期,反映出极端高温事件频率和强度的持续上升趋势。为全面评估高温暴露,文章创新性地从暴露强度、暴露数量和暴露价值3个维度完善马拉松高温暴露框架并提出高温暴露指数(Marathon Exposure Index, MEI)。本研究成果可扩展至其他户外运动项目,为应对气候变化背景下的公共体育活动安全治理提供理论工具与实践范式。
蔚丹丹 , 石勇 , 陈淑曼 , 梅煜茹 . 气候变暖背景下中国马拉松赛事高温暴露预警与评估[J]. 热带地理, 2025 , 45(4) : 575 -588 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240798
In recent years, the number of marathons in China has expanded rapidly, but the impact of high-temperature weather has become more apparent. Current high-temperature early warning systems lack tailored thresholds and unified standards for sports scenarios. This study aimed to develop an advanced early warning system for high-temperature exposure during marathons to enhance event safety and sustainability. The urgency of addressing high-temperature risks in sporting events is underscored by an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme heat events. These events not only threaten participants' health, but also challenge the organizational resilience of sporting events. Traditional early warning systems, designed primarily for general public health protection, fall short of providing the specificity required for sports settings. This study addresses this gap by proposing a refined early warning framework that is sensitive to the unique demands of marathons. Methodologically, this research moves beyond the limitations of a single air temperature index by employing the Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) as the primary indicator for thermal environment assessment. WBGT is recognized as a comprehensive metric that integrates temperature, humidity, and radiant heat, making it more suitable for evaluating heat stress during outdoor activities. By analyzing the relationship between human thermal comfort and meteorological factors, the study maps the Thermal Humidity Index (THI) sensory grading criteria to the WBGT system, creating a dynamic "red-orange-yellow" three-level early-warning system. The threshold setting considered the metabolic heat accumulation of marathoners during prolonged activity and was validated using six decades of national-scale meteorological data. Based on this, this study introduced the Marathon Exposure Index (MEI), which quantifies risks from three dimensions: exposure intensity (early warning level weight), exposure quantity (event frequency), and exposure value (event-grade coefficient). Results indicate a significant "long-south-short-north" pattern in China's marathon high-temperature exposure period. Southern regions, such as the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the southeastern coast, have experienced extended high-temperature exposure periods compared with the historical baseline (1961-1990), with frequent red-alert zones coinciding with high-density Class A event areas (such as the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta). Further temporal analysis revealed that with accelerating global warming, extreme high-temperature red-alert events in China are becoming more frequent and prolonged. The innovative value of the study's findings is reflected in three key aspects. The early warning mechanism design established a graded-threshold dynamic-response-linked paradigm. By linking WBGT thresholds with event response measures, it enables a management paradigm shift from "passive response" to "proactive prevention and control," aligning general meteorological early-warnings with event safety management. In assessment technology, it breaks the traditional single-factor analysis framework, integrating an "intensity-quantity-value" three-dimensional model for comprehensive risk evaluation, integrating a refined early warning system with region-specific management measures, this approach ensures the safe operation and sustainable development of events. In practical applications, the proposed dynamic circuit-breaking response mechanism (e.g., event cancellation upon a red alert) was validated through situational simulations to significantly reduce heat-related injury rates and provide more forward-looking warning and response measures. Additionally, the research findings are broadly applicable to other outdoor sports and provide robust theoretical and practical tools for ensuring the safety of public sports activities amid climate change. The implications of this study extend beyond immediate applications to marathon event management. This study contributes to a broader discourse on climate change adaptation strategies in the sports and public health sectors. By offering a flexible and scalable framework, this study will enable stakeholders to tailor heat risk management strategies to diverse regional and event-specific contexts. Future research could explore the integration of real-time weather forecasting and participant physiological data to further enhance the precision and responsiveness of high-temperature early warning systems in sporting events.
表1 THI与WBGT的阈值区间映射关系(1991—2020年)Table 1 Mapping relationship between THI and WBGT threshold value (1991-2020) |
WBGT阈值区间(Thorsson et al., 2021) | THI阈值区间(蔚丹丹 等,2019) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
体感等级 | 全年 | 夏半年(4—9月) | 体感等级 | 全年 | 夏半年(4—9月) | |||||||
样本量/个 | 占比/% | 样本量/个 | 占比/% | 样本量/个 | 占比/% | 样本量/个 | 占比/% | |||||
取消(≥27.0) | 813 468 | 10.19 | 817 222 | 20.06 | 暑(≥ 27.0) | 271 919 | 3.35 | 271 528 | 6.67 | |||
密切监视 [20.4,27.0) | 2 122 679 | 26.59 | 1 881 729 | 46.19 | 热 [23.5, 27.0) | 834 333 | 10.29 | 798 167 | 19.61 | |||
暖 [20.5, 23.5) | 960 735 | 11.85 | 854 374 | 20.92 | ||||||||
温 [17.5, 20.5) | 992 969 | 12.25 | 764 725 | 18.78 | ||||||||
安全(< 20.4) | 5 046 852 | 63.22 | 1 374 937 | 33.75 | 凉 [15.0, 17.5) | 765 864 | 9.45 | 481 389 | 11.82 | |||
冷 [7.0, 15.0) | 2 108 145 | 27.55 | 791 431 | 19.48 | ||||||||
寒 (< 7.0) | 2 049 034 | 25.27 | 112 274 | 2.76 |
|
表2 WBGT最终阈值标准结果Table 2 Final standards results of WBGT threshold value |
体感等级 | 阈值标准 | |
---|---|---|
取消(≥27.0) | ||
密切监视[20.4, 27.0) | 红色预警 | [26.0, 27.0) |
橙色预警 | [23.2, 26.0) | |
黄色预警 | [20.4, 23.2) | |
安全(< 20.4) |
1 http://data.cma.cn/
2 https://power.larc.nasa.gov/
3 https://www.runchina.org.cn/#/home
蔚丹丹:提出论文选题与论文框架、数据收集处理、撰写;
石 勇:分析论文选题与论文框架、搜集文献、论文撰写;
陈淑曼:搜集、整理文献、搜集并处理数据;
梅煜茹:搜集、整理文献、修改论文。
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