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边际化背景下的耕地非粮化研究进展与展望

  • 李升发 , 1 ,
  • 吴钊骏 1, 2 ,
  • 吴大放 2 ,
  • 杜建会 3 ,
  • 林彤 4 ,
  • 马畅 1, 5 ,
  • 高子雅 2
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  • 1. 广东省科学院广州地理研究所//广东省遥感与地理信息系统应用重点实验室//广东省地理空间信息技术与应用公共实验室,广州 510070
  • 2. 广州大学 地理科学与遥感学院,广州 510006
  • 3. 中山大学 地理科学与规划学院,广州 510275
  • 4. 北京师范大学 政府管理学院,北京 100875
  • 5. 广东工业大学 建筑与城市规划学院,广州 510090

李升发(1986—),男,广东三水人,博士,副研究员,研究方向为土地利用与土地边际化,(E-mail)

收稿日期: 2024-08-08

  修回日期: 2025-01-18

  网络出版日期: 2025-05-23

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(41930757)

广东省科学院打造综合产业技术创新中心行动资金项目(2023GDASZH-2023010101)

广州大学研究生创新能力培养项目(JCCX2024-033)

Research Progress and Prospects of Non-Grain Use of Cultivated Land in Marginalized Contexts

  • Shengfa Li , 1 ,
  • Zhaojun Wu 1, 2 ,
  • Dafang Wu 2 ,
  • Jianhui Du 3 ,
  • Tong Lin 4 ,
  • Chang Ma 1, 5 ,
  • Ziya Gao 2
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  • 1. Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences//Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System//Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou 510070, China
  • 2. School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 3. School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
  • 4. School of Government, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
  • 5. School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China

Received date: 2024-08-08

  Revised date: 2025-01-18

  Online published: 2025-05-23

摘要

受劳动力成本快速上涨和种粮比较收益下降的影响,中国耕地非粮化现象日益显著。文章基于耕地边际化视角,在解析耕地非粮化发生理论的基础上,系统梳理耕地非粮化的研究进展,最后提出研究展望。研究表明:1)理论解析层面,耕地边际化理论明晰了耕地非粮化的核心驱动力与现实背景,在此背景下地租理论能解释非粮化区位的选择逻辑,农户行为理论阐述了农户特征差异会影响耕地非粮化的发生;2)耕地非粮化的定义不断演化与深化,现阶段仍主要以“粮作比”为测算指标,但该种测算方式存在一定局限性;3)在生产要素约束和政策激励下,非粮化程度呈现波动上升,并具有显著的空间分异特征,山区、粮食产销区与产销平衡区、城区与近郊区域属于耕地非粮化的多发区域;4)耕地边际化是耕地非粮化的主要驱动力,但耕地非粮化的发生还受到多因素综合影响,如自然禀赋会影响种植的适宜性、农户特征影响农户的非粮化需求程度、国家政策逐渐减缓耕地非粮化进程;5)耕地非粮化为生态环境、粮食安全与农民生计带来复杂的影响;6)用途管制是中国调控耕地非粮化的主要措施,但该措施的可持续性有待商榷。面对中国耕地边际化快速扩张的趋势和多元化食物供给体系构建的新要求,传统的耕地非粮化认知与研究范式亟需重构,需聚焦于多阶段、多尺度与多主体的协同分析,分别探讨耕地非粮化的演变过程、发生机制与治理模式等重点内容。

本文引用格式

李升发 , 吴钊骏 , 吴大放 , 杜建会 , 林彤 , 马畅 , 高子雅 . 边际化背景下的耕地非粮化研究进展与展望[J]. 热带地理, 2025 , 45(5) : 758 -775 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240524

Abstract

Influenced by the rapid increase in labor costs and the decline in the comparative benefits of grain planting, the phenomenon of Non-Grain Use of Cultivated Land (NGUCL) in China has become increasingly prominent. Firstly, from the perspective of cultivated land marginalization, this study combines the theory of cultivated land marginalization, the theory of land rent, and the theory of farmers' behavior to jointly analyze the theoretical basis for the occurrence of NGUCL. Secondly, it systematically reviews the research progress regarding NGUCL, and finally presents prospects for future research. The study shows that: (1) At the level of theoretical analysis, the theory of cultivated land marginalization clarifies the core driving force and the realistic background of NGUCL. In the context of marginalization, the theory of land rent can explain the logic of choosing the location of NGUCL, and the theory of farmers' behavior can explain how differences in farmers' characteristics affect the occurrence of NGUCL. (2) The definition of NGUCL has been evolving and deepening, and at the present stage, the "food-crop ratio" is still the main indicator, but there are certain limitations in this way of measurement. (3) Under the constraints of production factors and policy incentives, the degree of NGUCL shows a fluctuating increase and is characterized by significant spatial differentiation. Among them, mountainous areas, food production and marketing zones, production and marketing balance zones, urban and peri-urban areas are among the areas in which NGUCL happens all the time. (4) While cultivated land marginalization is the main driving force of NGUCL, the occurrence of NGUCL is also affected by a combination of factors, such as natural endowment, which affects the appropriateness of cultivation, the characteristics of farmers, which affects the degree of farmers' demand for NGUCL, and national policies, which gradually slow down the process of NGUCL. (5) NGUCL has complex implications for ecosystems, food security and farmers' livelihoods. 6. The use control of cultivated land is the main measure in China to regulate NGUCL, but the sustainability of this measure is open to question. In the face of the rapid expansion of the cultivated land marginalization in China and the new requirements for the construction of a diversified food supply system, it is urgent to reconstruct the traditional cognition and research paradigm of NGUCL. In the future, we need to focus on the synergistic analysis of multi-stage, multi-scale and multi-subjects, and explore the evolution process, occurrence mechanism and governance mode of NGUCL.

自2000年以来,中国城市化进程快速推进,劳动力成本的快速上涨致使中国耕地边际化趋势愈发明显(宋恒飞 等,2021)。耕地边际化指耕地的产出能力下降,耕地退出原有的生产用途并转变为其他用途的过程(李升发 等,2016王可超 等,2023)。受耕地边际化的影响,粮食耕作的净利润与比较收益均逐渐减少,中国越来越多耕地转为种植非粮食作物,无序扩张的耕地非粮化现象势必会危及中国粮食安全(吴娜琳 等,2023)。为维护社会稳定与国家发展,近年来中国陆续颁布了一系列政策,以遏制耕地非粮化现象。2020年国务院出台的《关于防止耕地“非粮化”稳定粮食生产的意见》,2021年自然资源部、农业农村部和国家林草局联合印发的《关于严格耕地用途管制有关问题的通知》,均强调要采取有力措施防止耕地非粮化。党的二十大报告(习近平,2022)提出:“要树立大食物观,发展设施农业,构建多元化食物供给体系”。这意味着“以粮为纲”依靠耕地资源保障主粮生产的目标正逐步转向以国土资源为载体全方位供给多元膳食需求(周应恒 等,2023樊志远 等,2023),这对耕地利用管理提出更高的要求。因此,在耕地比较收益下降(耕地边际化)以及食物需求多样化背景下,如何科学认知和“治理”耕地非粮化成为当前中国耕地保护利用领域的重要命题(王世磊 等,2023)。
目前,耕地边际化已成为中国耕地利用的现实背景之一,并深刻地影响中国的非粮化现象(宋恒飞 等,2021王可超 等,2023叶思菁 等,2023)。除去极少数由于自然灾害或农户主观偏好所引致的非粮化现象,现阶段中国的耕地非粮化大多是受耕地边际化驱动而发生,这其中的逻辑在于耕地边际化过程中,粮食生产的净利润或相较于其他农业生产的比较利润有所下降,农户为追求更高利益或保持生计需求将被迫或主动地选择非粮化生产。中国早期的耕地边际化研究主要关注其特征与影响因素,普遍认为城市化与工业化是其根本原因,务农成本上升导致的农业劳动力析出是直接原因,同时耕地净收益的下降将引发一系列的耕地利用变化,撂荒是耕地边际化过程中的极端结果(黄利民 等,2008邵景安 等,2014李升发 等,2018张学珍 等,2019)。近年来,随着耕地边际化趋于显著,中国耕地非粮化现象日益突出(吴郁玲 等,2021),大量学者围绕耕地非粮化的时空特征、影响因素(谢花林 等,2022b陈文广 等,2023)等方面展开讨论,为非粮化治理提供了一定科学基础,但较少基于耕地边际化背景开展分析,难以准确揭示耕地非粮化发生的理论内涵与逻辑机理,在为国家非粮化治理政策制定提供参考意见时也存在局限性。鉴于此,本文基于耕地边际化这一现实背景梳理耕地非粮化的理论内涵与研究进展,并提出耕地非粮化研究的未来展望,以期为科学认识耕地非粮化提供参考与借鉴。

1 技术路线与理论解析

1.1 研究脉络与技术路线

首先依据耕地边际化理论明确耕地非粮化的现实背景与核心驱动力,并基于相继采用地租理论与农户行为理论分析耕地非粮化的区位选择逻辑与农户因素对于耕地非粮化的影响;其次,依据“内涵定义—测算方式—时空特征—影响因素—多元效应”的研究脉络,梳理耕地非粮化的研究成果;最后,基于耕地边际化背景提出耕地非粮化研究展望(图1)。
图1 技术路线

Fig.1 Technological roadmap

1.2 耕地边际化的理论解析

1.2.1 耕地边际化是耕地非粮化的现实背景与核心驱动力

耕地边际化指劳动力成本上升等多种因素导致耕地利用净收益发生由多到少的变化,常导致耕地利用方式变换(李升发 等,2016王可超 等,2023)。在工业化与城镇化进程下,农业生产成本持续上升,耕地边际化已成为中国耕地利用的现实背景,并致使粮食生产效益逐渐下降,最终诱发耕地非粮化的发生(Wang et al., 2020; Assa, 2021)。耕地非粮化的发生主要有“高端边际化”与“低端边际化”2种路径(刘成武,2005定光平 等,2009),前者指粮食生产尚能获利但低于其他农业活动的利润时,原有的种粮农户为追求更高利润主动发生耕地非粮化;后者指粮食生产已完全无法获利,农户为了生计需求被迫退出粮食生产(吴大放 等,2023)。

1.2.2 耕地价值是边际化背景下耕地非粮化区位选择的客观基础

地租理论是土地利用演变的客观基础,阐释了土地价值(或价格)是依据土地自身禀赋、区位条件等因素而综合评定的,土地利用演变实际上是基于土地价格而发生的土地资源再配置,包括种植结构变换、利用程度调整与土地用途变更等(Czyżewski & Matuszczak, 2016李维维 等,2019),如古典经济学认为土地用途变化是土地经营者追求效用最大化的结果(Barlowe, 1978 1李秀彬,2002)。耕地边际化驱动粮食种植效益下降,非粮化发生几率增大,其中地租理论可阐释耕地非粮化的区位选择逻辑,即耕地价值将决定耕地非粮化的优先序与类型。如由于土地价值存在差异(戚渊 等,2021),高地租的耕地往往会被用于追求更高收益从而发生耕地非粮化,如城市周边的耕地主要用于生产蔬菜等高附加值农产品,离主干道较远的耕地则以粮食生产为主(董晓霞 等,2006Wu et al., 2024);低地租的劣等耕地往往更容易受务农机会成本上升的影响,从而发生撂荒等极端的非粮化现象(李俊高 等,2016范乔希 等,2017)。

1.2.3 在边际化背景下,农户特征差异会影响非粮化的发生

农户是耕地资源利用的最基本决策单元,农户行为决策将直接影响区域耕地种植结构。耕地边际化过程中,粮食种植收益下降将加强农户的非粮化倾向,但不会直接决定非粮化的发生,这是由于农户并非是单纯的利益追求者(黄宗智 等,2007翁贞林,2008马志雄 等,2013),如经营规模、农户类型、家庭劳动力构成等农户个体特征会影响农户的决策逻辑。研究普遍认为,中国农户属于“经济理性”与“生产理性”有机结合的“理性决策者”,农户的生计盈利与家庭风险规避是解释其种植行为的2个重要依据(马良灿,2014赵晓峰 等,2021)。因此,农户行为理论能解析耕地边际化背景下农户特征会影响耕地非粮化是否发生,如小型兼业户更倾向于满足口粮需求而种植粮食,而劳动力约束较低的家庭农场更倾向于非粮化(刘闯 等,2019毕雪昊 等,2020)。
综上所述,耕地边际化理论揭示了耕地边际化所引致粮食收益下降是耕地非粮化的现实背景与核心驱动力,地租理论阐释了边际化背景下,耕地非粮化是基于各类因素综合确定的耕地价值差异而作出区位选择的,农户行为理论解析种粮收益下降将加强农户的非粮化倾向,但农户个体特征也会影响耕地非粮化的发生与否(图2)。综合这3个理论内涵,本文认为耕地非粮化的内在逻辑是:“在耕地边际化背景下,基于耕地禀赋的客观事实,理性农户依据利益最大化原则所做出的种植结构调整与生产模式变更”。
图2 耕地非粮化理论框架

Fig.2 Theoretical frameworks of non-grain production of cropland

2 耕地非粮化的定义与测度

2.1 耕地非粮化定义不断演化

耕地非粮化指在耕地上从事非粮食种植的生产行为,但其内涵外延存在分歧(曹宇 等,2022),目前尚未形成统一观点。大部分耕地非粮化研究聚焦在种植业内部,专指耕地的作物种植选择由粮食作物转变为棉、油、糖等非粮食作物(王成 等,2023)。部分研究在种植业结构变化基础上,将耕地非粮化内涵扩展至农业范畴,囊括了从粮食作物种植转为经济作物种植与发展林果、畜牧、水产养殖等各类农产品的生产行为(张惠中 等,2021)。进一步地,有学者将非粮化内涵扩展至非农业领域,亦即将耕地撂荒与地类属性转变等非农化行为也纳入非粮化范畴一并考虑(Su et al., 2016程宪波 等,2022),并依据不同非粮化行为的影响程度进一步细分。如部分学者依据非粮化行为对于耕作层的影响程度,将耕地非粮化分为“即可恢复、自然恢复、工程恢复和不可恢复”4类(程宪波 等,2022),或是根据非粮化行为对食物产出的不同影响,将其划分为非粮食类食物、非食用类农产品、非农产品3类(李超 等,2021)。从现有研究看,耕地非粮化定义不断演化,现阶段可归纳为非粮食生产的任意耕地利用方式,包括非粮食农业生产和非农化行为,但实际管理中对耕地非粮化的界定仍不够清晰(曹宇 等,2022)。

2.2 “粮作比”是耕地非粮化测度主要指标

现有研究多以“粮食作物播种面积占农作物播种面积的比例”(简称“粮作比”)为指标反向测算耕地非粮化程度,该方式主要依靠统计年鉴或遥感解译获取研究数据(陈浮 等,2021Zhi et al., 2023),常用于国家、省域等宏观尺度的长时序演变分析或区域尺度的非粮化动态监测与类型划分(D'Andrimont et al., 2020程宪波 等,2022)。在此基础上,部分学者为进一步考虑农业活动粗放化对于粮食安全的影响,通过“种植结构”与“产出结构”2项指标的结合,共同测度耕地非粮化水平(吴大放 等,2023王鹏程 等,2023)。此外,基于调查数据开展的研究多以家庭土地中的非粮食种植比例(曾雅婷 等,2018)、种植粮食为主的农场数量占比(王勇 等,2011)与粮食收入占家庭总收入的比重(陈菁 等,2016)等农户特征刻画非粮化程度。目前,“粮作比”已成为耕地非粮化测度的主要指标,但由于该指标仅简单刻画了非粮食种植的比例,加上区域间的农作物覆盖地类与耕地复种制度不统一(吴郁玲 等,2021曹宇 等,2022薛选登 等,2022),测算结果不一定完全符合非粮化的实际情况。而且,该方式高度依赖年度性统计数据与时序影像数据,其结果的准确性在轮作模式与气候状况复杂的区域有待考证(陶建斌 等,2023)。

3 中国耕地非粮化的时空特征

3.1 耕地非粮化水平总体呈波动上升

改革开放以来,中国耕地非粮化演变历程可大致分为“波动扩张—相对稳定—小幅上升”3个阶段(黄祖辉 等,2022杜国明 等,2022罗建利 等,2022)(表1)。2004年以前属于“波动扩张”阶段,该阶段由于城市化快速推进,务农劳动力约束与农资价格上升等因素致使粮食生产效益下降(王善高 等,2017闫周府 等,2021韩振兴 等,2022),耕地非粮化现象有所扩张,中国2003年的粮食作物播种面积相较于1978年降幅高达17.56%(罗必良 等,2018b)。2004—2016年属于“相对稳定”阶段,在该阶段以“种粮补贴”和“农业税减免”为代表的一系列宏观政策调控有助于缓解耕地边际化的影响,能正向激励粮食生产,因此中国粮食播种面积占比大致稳定在70%(黄祖辉 等,2022全世文,2022)。2017年以来受经济作物需求增加与耕地资本化等因素的影响,中国耕地非粮化率存在小幅上升,从29.06%增至33.2%(杜国明 等,2022李廷强 等,2023)。目前,中国非粮作物以蔬菜和油类作物为主(孟菲 等,2022)。
表1 中国耕地非粮化演变历程

Table 1 Evolution of non-grain production of cropland in China

演变历程 持续时间 主要变化原因 主要特征

“波动扩张”

阶段

1978—2004年

劳动力、耕地等农业要素约束与生产资料价格上升(王善高 等,2017;

罗必良 等,2018b;周维 等,2019),致使粮食生产效益下降。

非粮作物以蔬菜瓜果、油料、棉花为主(杜国明 等,2022)

“相对稳定”

阶段

2005—2016年

包括“减免”(农业税与特产税减免)、“补贴”(种粮、良种、农机补贴)和

“保障”(粮食最低保护价格、严格保护耕地、严控农资价格、增加农民

收入)(全世文,2022;邹金浪 等,2022)等政策调控有效地缓解了耕地

边际化影响,激励农户种植粮食。

粮食播种面积保持大致稳定(黄祖辉 等,2022)

“小幅上升”

阶段

2017年至今

土地流转市场化与居民膳食消费升级等多因素影响(叶思菁 等,2023;

靳卫东 等,2023;杨慧琳 等,2024),粮食生产与其他农业生产之间的

收益差距进一步扩大。

蔬菜、油类和瓜果的播种面积占比增加,蔬菜种植面积大幅扩张(孟菲 等,2022)

3.2 中国耕地非粮化具有显著的空间分异特征

受特殊光热条件影响,西北地区种植棉花、水果的经济效益相对更高,推动该地区耕地非粮化快速扩张(Liu et al., 2018)。华南地区的产业结构调整引致农业劳动力大量析出,耕地边际化趋势明显,且区域居民消费水平提升引致蔬菜、水果等非粮农作物的需求量扩大,因此农户普遍改种以蔬菜为主的非粮作物(Liu et al., 2018王凤 等,2018郑亚楠 等,2019王舒琪 等,2023)。西南地区得益于科学复种安排与农田改造等一系列措施,区域粮食生产效率得到显著提升,近年来该区域整体上呈现“播种面积减少,粮食产量增加”的特征(陈浮 等,2021王静 等,2021郭耀辉 等,2024),但由于特殊的高原气候特征,西南地区仍保持较高的非粮化率(孟菲 等,2022)。华中(杜蓉 等,2023)、华北(刘大千 等,2019)与东北地区(宋戈 等,2020)由于土壤肥沃、光热条件充足与大面积平原便于机械化粮食种植等原因,种植粮食的比较收益得到充分保障,耕地非粮化倾向相对较弱(黄峰 等,2022马玉婷 等,2023)。

3.3 多类区域属于耕地非粮化的频发区域

受地形约束与农业务工成本上升的影响,山区耕地更易成为边际外土地并形成撂荒(Wu et al., 2024),同时由于粮食种植逐步转移到较高机械化水平的平原地区,山区的耕地非粮化现象趋于显著(Ren et al., 2023),如2000—2013年全国山区县的粮食产量占比下降了5.19%(王凤 等,2018),但同期平原县的粮食播种面积大约增长了15%(王凯澄 等,2021)。近年来中国粮食主产区受粮价上涨趋缓的影响,非粮化现象较为明显(李雨凌 等,2021),其中湖南、湖北的非粮化率已高于40%(Ran et al., 2022)。但事实上,在耕地边际化背景下,粮食主销区与产销平衡区不仅耕地资源受限,且更容易面临城市化所引致的农业劳动力大量析出(宋恒飞 等,2021冯应斌 等,2023),区域内的耕地非粮化趋势明显,2010—2020年中国粮食主销区和产销平衡区的耕地非粮化增长速度分别是粮食主产区的1.49和1.12倍(张婕 等,2023),其中福建省、浙江省等口粮自给率已不足40%(王舒琪 等,2023)。此外,快速城镇化区域的耕地地租较高,区域内农户更容易受到耕地边际化所引致的种粮收益下降的影响,因此城区与城市近郊地区普遍具有较大规模的耕地非粮化(程宪波 等,2022Wang et al., 2024)。

4 中国耕地非粮化的影响机制

4.1 耕地边际化是决定耕地非粮化发生的核心驱动力

耕地非粮化的基本逻辑是成本与收益之间的博弈,中国现阶段的耕地非粮化主要受耕地边际化的影响,粮食生产的边际效益是决定耕地非粮化发生与否的核心影响因素(图3)。随着城镇化和工业化进程推进,务农机会成本的快速上升带动中国农业劳动力价格在过去30年增长了12.65倍(张佰林 等,2018),同时化肥、农业机械等生产要素价格均有所提升(周曙东 等, 2020),而粮食收购价始终稳定在较低数值(曹宇 等,2022)。尽管粮食单产在过去20年处于稳步提升态势(宋红梅 等,2023),但粮食增产无法抵消成本上涨带来的影响,因此在耕地边际化背景下粮食种植的净利润逐渐下降甚至完全无法获利(齐蘅 等,2017)。随着粮食生产的盈利空间被逐渐压缩,“低端边际化”路径下的非粮化现象随之涌现,即大量农户被迫发生耕地非粮化,加之近年来国民膳食需求与消费观念的转变,驱动非传统粮食类的食物需求与市场价格增加,粮食生产的比较效益有所下降,致使“高端边际化”路径下的耕地非粮化趋于显著(钱龙 等,2018余慧容 等,2022Chen et al., 2023),即越来越多农户主动退出粮食生产。
图3 耕地非粮化的影响机制

Fig.3 Influencing mechanisms of non-grain production of cropland

4.2 多元因素综合影响边际化现象对耕地非粮化的驱动程度

4.2.1 自然资源禀赋影响粮食种植的适宜性

耕地边际化背景下,耕地非粮化的趋势有所增加,但自然资源禀赋会影响粮食种植的适宜性,进而影响耕地边际化对于种粮收益的影响程度。一般来说,相较于丘陵山区与耕地破碎化区域,平原地区更容易形成高劳动生产率的机械化经营(张宗毅 等,2015谢花林 等,2022b),能有效地缓解耕地边际化的影响并形成大规模的粮食种植(王善高 等,2018宋戈 等,2020)。如地形平坦的东北平原以大田作物种植为主,而山区地带较难实现机械化生产并抵消务工成本上涨的影响(刘闯 等,2019),耕地非粮化的程度相对较高。除地形以外,水文气候的差异也会导致区域间的非粮化率有所不同(罗前程 等,2023),如光热条件充足的地方更适合附加值高的蔬菜、瓜果等经济作物种植,区域内种粮比较收益进一步下降并导致非粮化程度上升(张惠中 等,2021吴大放 等,2023)。此外,土地质量好的耕地有更高的土地产出率,而劣等地更容易受到边际化的影响并出现更普遍的非粮化现象(杨伦 等,2017王可超 等,2023陈文广 等,2023)。

4.2.2 国家政策调控逐步缓解耕地非粮化进程

中国缓解耕地非粮化现象的政策措施主要存在激励性政策与约束性政策2种。以农业补贴为代表的激励性政策主要通过资金奖励的方式缓解耕地边际化过程中种粮收益下降的影响,提高农户的种粮积极性(耿仲钟 等,2018),如价格支持能提升农户种粮的转移性收入(周杨 等,2019),生产要素补贴能降低粮食的生产成本(全世文 等,2018)。但由于目前的激励性政策以粮食播种面积为主要的考核指标,难以鼓励农户提升生产效率,因此容易出现耕地利用强度下降的“隐性非粮化”现象(全世文 等,2018刘威 等,2024),对于粮食安全的保障作用尚未达到预期。现阶段的约束性政策以耕地用途管制为主,即要求永久基本农田每年至少种植一季粮食作物,而且这一要求有推广至一般耕地的趋势(曹宇 等,2022马骁骏,2023官卫华 等,2023)。但这种用途管制仅是以强制手段控制耕地非粮化的扩张,无法逆转耕地边际化带来的影响,其可持续性有待进一步讨论。此外,与农村、耕地有关的部分政策对耕地边际化的影响有一定缓解作用,如土地流转、乡村振兴等政策有助于社会资本参与规模化农业经营,能有效地促进农村集体经济发展并引导农户生产粮食(张宗毅 等,2015罗必良 等,2018a蒋和平 等,2020)。

4.2.3 农户特征影响自身对于非粮化的需求程度

在耕地边际化影响下,种粮的净利润与比较收益逐渐下降,从利益最大化的角度出发,农户应普遍选择非粮化生产。但并非所有农户都是绝对的经济理性,农户的自身特征会影响其对于非粮化的需求程度,如以经营性收入为主的纯农户多考虑产出效益而倾向于种植非粮食作物,以非农工资性收入为主的农业兼业户会为了满足自身口粮需求而种植粮食(赵晓峰 等,2021谢花林 等,2022a)。即使在经济理性的角度出发,由于种植经济作物相较于种植粮食有着更高的劳动力数量与质量需求(罗必良 等,2018b),因此农业劳动力较少的家庭为了减少务工成本往往会优先于粮食生产(仇童伟 等,2023黄祖辉 等,2024)。此外,文化水平较低的农户更难识别市场信号,更倾向于规避风险从而选择种植粮食(胡逸文 等,2016),也有部分农户追求种粮的优越感与自豪感,遵循乡土情怀而倾向于粮食生产(姜长云,2015)。

5 耕地非粮化的多元效应

5.1 耕地非粮化的过程会影响自然生态环境

经济作物种植往往需要更高的施肥量,如蔬菜的种植面积增加已成为中国化肥用量大幅增长的重要因素(刘静 等,2019)。耕地非粮化过程中的大量施肥不仅会造成土壤酸化、耕作层板结等现象,降低耕地生产能力(Su et al., 2019),还间接加剧水环境污染程度,这是由于施肥过程中地块富盈的氮、磷元素易通过降雨地表径流和地下淋浴污染水环境,如云南省的经济作物种植是省内三大流域水环境农业污染的主要原因(赵祖军 等,2018)。不容忽视的是,合理的耕地非粮化也会改善农业生产环境,如因地制宜的轮作制度能有效提升土壤微生物多样性与碳固持,从而增加农作物产量(唐铭灿 等,2024),又如甜菜、大豆等节水型经济作物能促进农业系统可持续发展,以“水—能源—粮食”为核心的适度非粮化有利于提升区域水资源承载力与生态环境效益(郝林钢 等,2023)。

5.2 耕地非粮化显著影响国家粮食供需与农户生计安全

中国作为区域乃至世界粮食安全的重要组成部分(封志明 等,2017),若中国粮食自给率下降至20.4%,中国粮食进口所需将超过全球谷物贸易量,可能会引发国际粮食危机(朱晶 等,2021)。同时,在国际粮食市场动荡与贸易封锁的背景下,持续扩张的耕地非粮化也将对国家“谷物基本自给、口粮绝对安全”的粮食安全目标带来挑战(吴郁玲 等,2021)。随着居民收入增加,膳食结构转型促使中国“粮食安全”需求转变为“食品安全”需求,合理“食品本土化”的耕地非粮化能有效调节中国新时代的食品供需平衡,增加国家满足居民新时代食品需求的能力(Zhong et al., 2020朱晶 等,2021)。
研究普遍认为,经济作物的亩均利润要显著高于粮食作物,非粮化能有效增加农户的经营性收入,促进农民增收。尽管耕地非粮化治理过程中政府出台了诸多种粮补贴政策,但此类转移性收入的增加仍无法弥补种粮比较效益下降的差距(杨瑞珍 等,2012李欣宇 等,2022)。同时,相较于粮食作物,经济作物在农业生产中的前期投入、管护规范与设施配置都存在差异,价格也更易受到市场因素的影响,种植结构非粮化将增加农户在基础设施投资、种植管护知识不匹配以及对未来价格预期不确定性等领域的风险(罗必良 等,2018a高延雷 等,2021)。

6 耕地非粮化的主要治理措施

自1998年《土地管理法》明确耕地用途管制以来,这种刚性规划的土地利用管控已逐渐从“耕地数量管控”转变为“种植用途管控”(边天夏 等,2023袁源 等,2024),并成为现阶段中国耕地非粮化治理的主要措施(耿仲钟 等,2018全世文 等,2018曹振,2024),如2020年国务院提出永久基本农田应重点保障粮食生产(国务院,2020),2021年修订的《土地管理法实施条例》在法律层面上规定耕地应当优先用于粮食和棉、油、糖、蔬菜等农产品生产(国务院,2021)。实际上,耕地用途管制不仅能以强制性的约束限制耕地非粮化的无序扩张,有效地保障了国家粮食安全,还能合理设计耕地资源配置,有助于中国耕地的可持续利用。但目前这种由政府主导的粮食生产过程并未逆转耕地边际化的趋势,尽管搭配耕地保护补偿制度能在一定程度上缓解种粮收益下降的影响(李武艳 等,2018),但还是会有部分农户由于非粮化与种粮之间的利益逆差而选择非粮化生产(臧俊梅 等,2020吕欣彤 等,2023李冰强 等,2024)。地方政府针对区域内的耕地非粮化治理也以耕地用途管制为主要抓手,但目前仍缺乏实施细则,且考核体系多以“粮食种植面积”为主要指标,在具体的治理实施过程中,难以避免部分政府由于盲目追求指标落实从而引发的“一刀切”治理,造成资源浪费与农户利益受损(王丽惠 等,2021吕欣彤 等,2023Wu et al., 2024)。此外,农户作为耕地实际利用人,但在目前的非粮化治理过程中难参与决策并表达主观诉求,更多是被动地接受用途管制的安排,容易产生逆反情绪,致使耕地非粮化治理的效果难达预期(任大鹏 等,2022吕欣彤 等,2023刘锐 等,2023)。因此,如何优化耕地非粮化的治理流程,完善政策制定、地方落实与农户参与等多方面的不足,仍需进一步讨论。

7 耕地非粮化的研究展望

7.1 厘清耕地非粮化过程的多阶段演变特征

耕地非粮化是由耕地种植收益下降所引致的,其实际表征会随着耕地边际效益的变化而变化,总体表现为“生产目标非粮化—种植结构非粮化—利用方式非粮化“的阶段式演进(图4)。以往研究多聚焦于以“粮作比”为表征的种植结构非粮化研究,忽视了耕地边际化过程中非粮化演化特征,从而低估了耕地非粮化带来的影响。因此,亟需从“静态视角”转变为“动态视角”开展研究,结合新时代膳食结构与国家发展需求(辛良杰,2021;关鑫 等,2024)优化粮食与耕地非粮化的认定标准、分类体系和测度方法,定量评估耕地非粮化程度及各阶段非粮化效应,系统全面地刻画耕地非粮化的演变过程,为耕地非粮化治理提供更有针对性的管控策略。同时,由于中国气候类型、种植制度复杂多样(苏芳 等,2022),为摸清中国不同地域耕地非粮化程度的演化特征,有必要综合运用多源遥感大数据、统计数据、土地利用数据等,开展大范围作物遥感动态监测,提高耕地非粮化信息捕捉的时空精度。
图4 耕地非粮化阶段变化性

Fig.4 Stages of variability in the non-grain production of cropland

7.2 强化耕地非粮化多尺度驱动机制分析、时空模拟与效应评估

当前,中国处于快速城镇化后期阶段,农村劳动力向第二三产业转移仍有较大潜力(谢玲红,2021胡雪萍 等,2023),务农机会成本上升的背景下,耕地非粮化的规模和范围有进一步扩大的风险,其未来演变的趋势如何?哪些区域风险程度更高?产生多大的生态环境效应和社会经济效应?这些都是亟待解决的问题。对此,首先,要通过耕地非粮化的多尺度分析,从宏观、中观、微观尺度识别耕地非粮化的驱动机制和影响因素(图5)。宏观视角下应重点分析边际化的发展趋势与近远程耦合机制;中观尺度的研究要探索各因素是如何影响“耕地边际效益”这一中间变量并最终影响耕地非粮化的时空格局,以边际化视角挖掘耕地非粮化的空间分异机制;微观尺度的研究要重点关注地块特征禀赋对耕地非粮化的影响,从“成本—收益”视角系统解释非粮化本质。其次,在耕地非粮化过程机制分析基础上,综合考虑社会经济条件、市场供需变化、农业发展水平、农户行为特征、土地资源禀赋、政策实施状况等因素,构建多要素—多尺度的空间模型,预测不同情景下耕地非粮化的未来演变、模拟不同地区非粮化风险等级分布。第三,开展多尺度的综合效应评估,既要评估宏观尺度上耕地非粮化对粮食产量影响以及自然环境的生态效应,如土壤退化、环境污染、碳排放、生物多样性等,还要考虑到微观层面乡村韧性和农户生计的影响(曹宇 等,2022)。
图5 耕地非粮化的多尺度分析要点

Fig.5 Multi-scale characterization of non-grain production of cropland

7.3 聚焦可持续、多主体协同的政策设计和机制构建

现阶段刚性约束的耕地非粮化治理方式不仅需要投入大量人力物力,而且背离农户收益需求,治理效果难以持续(朱兰兰 等,2016)。耕地非粮化现象的多样性、地域差异性以及不同主体利益冲突性导致耕地非粮化治理的复杂性,“唯指标论”“一刀切”的政策措施无法从根本上扭转耕地非粮化趋势(吕欣彤 等,2023)。因此,可持续的耕地非粮化治理政策设计要明晰“国家中央—当地政府—农村基层—农户个体”多利益主体在非粮化治理中的身份角色、实际诉求与矛盾困境,在国家粮食安全、食物多元需求、农户利益保障之间取得平衡(张晏维 等,2022)(图6)。重点探索“约束”与“激励”相结合治理机制,厘清“粮食主产区—产销平衡区—粮食主销区”之间的权责关系,推动建立区域间种粮补贴资金的转移支付系统(曹瑞芬 等,2023)。同时,要理清不同地域、不同发展阶段的耕地非粮化关键驱动因素,通过因地制宜的措施和针对性政策(陈美球,2021),从根本上逆转耕地种粮边际效益减少的趋势,或者探讨通过改善耕地以外的其他农业生产空间条件、降低生产边际成本,从而引导非粮化活动逐步向其他非耕地空间载体转移。
图6 耕地非粮化的多主体治理概念框架

Fig.6 Multi-component governance of non-grain production of cropland

脚注

1 原版出版时间为1978年,此处参考自中译本(雷利·巴洛维,1989)。

李升发:论文选题、整体框架设计与撰写;

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