超大城市义务教育学校空间分布、可达性与资源均衡性研究——以武汉为例
魏萍(1986—),女,四川遂宁人,副教授,博士,研究方向为教育财政政策,(E-mail)weiping861@126.com。 |
收稿日期: 2024-05-27
修回日期: 2024-12-01
网络出版日期: 2025-06-26
基金资助
国家社会科学基金一般项目“县域义务教育优质均衡发展对农村居民教育获得的影响研究”(23BSH050)
湖北省高等学校哲学社会科学研究重大项目“学龄人口变动下湖北省普惠性学前教育资源优化配置研究”(22ZD018)
湖北本科高校省级教学改革研究项目“‘数智赋能、三融五贯’:公共管理协同育人体系的创新与实践”(2024156)
Research on Spatial Distribution, Accessibility and Resource Equity of Compulsory Education Schools in Megacities: A Case Study of Wuhan
Received date: 2024-05-27
Revised date: 2024-12-01
Online published: 2025-06-26
以中部地区超大城市武汉为例,基于中小学POI、教育资源、道路网络数据,运用最邻近指数、变异系数、核密度分析、服务区网络分析和改进高斯两步移动搜索法等方法,评估武汉各区域中小学的空间分布特征、可达性和资源分布均衡度。研究发现,尽管武汉市中小学布局整体均匀,但资源密度却偏向中心城区,导致远城区资源分布稀疏。考虑上学交通方式、时间和供需匹配因素,小学生上学的便利性和资源均衡性优于初中生,中心城区优势更明显。这种资源配置现状与武汉市城镇化进程中的人口分布格局不匹配,资源配置不均衡问题突出。因此,建议武汉未来的义务教育布局应结合区域功能、人口规模及实际需求,实施科学预测与超前规划,优化空间布局,建立跨区域资源动态调配机制,促进义务教育优质均衡及一体化发展。
魏萍 , 黄静 , 颜家琴 , 贺三维 . 超大城市义务教育学校空间分布、可达性与资源均衡性研究——以武汉为例[J]. 热带地理, 2025 : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240339
The accelerated promotion of new urbanization has brought about population mobility, which has placed greater pressure on megacities in terms of inter-regional competition for high-quality resources in compulsory education and their carrying capacity. To achieve high-quality and balanced development of compulsory education, it is not only necessary to achieve a balanced allocation of resources in terms of quantity and structure, but also to pay attention to the spatial balanced distribution of quality. This study uses Wuhan, a central Chinese megacity, as a case. Integrating Point of Interest data of primary and secondary schools, educational resources, road network information, this study uses GIS methodologies, such as the nearest neighbor index, coefficient of variation, kernel density analysis, service area network analysis, and an improved 2SFCA method to evaluate the spatial distribution characteristics of compulsory education resources in Wuhan and the accessibility and resource distribution equilibrium across districts. In terms of spatial quantity equilibrium, although the distribution of primary and secondary schools in Wuhan's districts is relatively uniform, the resource density is biased towards the central urban areas and shows a single-center clustering, resulting in sparse resource distribution in the remote urban areas. In terms of spatial structural equilibrium, considering students' commuting modes, time cost and the matching of supply and demand, primary schools exhibit better accessibility and resource equilibrium than junior high schools. In terms of spatial quality equilibrium, the human, material, and financial resource allocation equilibrium of primary schools is generally better than that of junior high schools, and both primary and junior high schools in the remote urban areas are less balanced than those in the central urban areas. This imbalance in resource distribution is in conflict with the population expansion and uneven distribution in the urbanization process of Wuhan. Therefore, it is suggested that the future layout for compulsory education in Wuhan should be combined with regional functions, population size, and educational needs to strengthen the forward-looking allocation of educational resources and land use planning in the remote urban areas, optimize the educational layout of functional areas to adapt to population growth and enhance accessibility, and build a balanced system of teacher resource allocation to promote the high-quality and integrated development of compulsory education. This study builds a spatial analysis framework based on a three-dimensional perspective of 'quantity-structure-quality', which expands the research perspective of high-quality and equilibrium allocation of compulsory education resources, and the spatial accessibility analysis from the perspective of supply and demand provides methodological references for other megacities to optimize the layout and resource allocation of primary and secondary schools in different regions, and also enhances the understanding of the differentiated layout of compulsory education resources in different administrative districts of megacities.
表1 义务教育资源配置质量均衡指标评价体系Table 1 Evaluation system of the quantitative equity for compulsory education resource allocation |
一级指标 | 二级指标 | 计算方法 |
---|---|---|
教育人力 资源 | 生均高于规定 学历教师数 | 专任教师中具有大专及以上学历的教师数占在校生比 |
生师比 | 专任教师占在校生比 | |
教育物力 资源 | 生均校舍建筑面积 | 校舍总面积占在校生比 |
生均固定资产价值 | 固定资产总价值占在校生比 | |
生均图书册数 | 图书总册数占在校生比 | |
教育财力 资源 | 生均预算教育 事业经费 | 预算教育事业经费总支出占 在校生比 |
生均预算公用经费 | 预算公用经费总支出占在校生比 |
表2 2021年武汉市各区义务教育学校点格局空间分布Table 2 Spatial distribution patterns of compulsory education schools across districts of Wuhan in 2021 |
行政区 | 小学 | 初中 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均观测 距离/m | 平均预测 距离/m | 最邻近 指数值 | 学校分布 类型 | 平均观测 距离/m | 平均预测 距离/m | 最邻近 指数值 | 学校分布 类型 | ||
江岸区 | 740.42 | 717.37 | 1.03 | 均匀 | 1 086.87 | 1 027.77 | 1.06 | 均匀 | |
江汉区 | 471.67 | 462.95 | 1.02 | 均匀 | 943.55 | 686.66 | 1.37 | 均匀 | |
硚口区 | 990.07 | 916.52 | 1.08 | 均匀 | 1 123,89 | 845.79 | 1.33 | 均匀 | |
汉阳区 | 951.88 | 948.43 | 1.00 | 随机 | 1 687.24 | 1 524.39 | 1.11 | 均匀 | |
武昌区 | 770.67 | 667.60 | 1.15 | 均匀 | 1 223.99 | 1 073.88 | 1.14 | 均匀 | |
青山区 | 876.67 | 741.10 | 1.18 | 均匀 | 990.07 | 916.52 | 1.08 | 均匀 | |
洪山区 | 1 444.55 | 2 023.58 | 0.71 | 聚集 | 2 778.35 | 3 199.55 | 0.87 | 聚集 | |
东西湖区 | 1 828.69 | 1 805.22 | 1.01 | 均匀 | 3 587.69 | 3 086.38 | 1.16 | 均匀 | |
汉南区 | 3 291.69 | 2 349.51 | 1.40 | 均匀 | 5 252.67 | 3 458.38 | 1.52 | 均匀 | |
东湖技术开发区 | 1 934.51 | 1 980.97 | 0.98 | 聚集 | 5 144.82 | 3 598.61 | 1.43 | 均匀 | |
武汉经济开发区 | 1 588.70 | 1 813.54 | 0.88 | 聚集 | 4 366.75 | 2 564.73 | 1.70 | 均匀 | |
蔡甸区 | 2 325.41 | 2 270.78 | 1.02 | 均匀 | 4 572.91 | 3 696.57 | 1.24 | 均匀 | |
江夏区 | 2 879.34 | 3 001.72 | 0.96 | 聚集 | 4 895.33 | 4 901.79 | 1.00 | 随机 | |
黄陂区 | 2 816.75 | 2 818.89 | 1.00 | 随机 | 5 125.09 | 4 266.05 | 1.20 | 均匀 | |
新洲区 | 2 491.10 | 2 074.66 | 1.20 | 均匀 | 4 560.15 | 3 904.36 | 1.17 | 均匀 |
图5 武汉市各区中小学可达性服务范围Fig.5 Accessibility service areas of primary schools and junior high schools across districts in Wuhan |
步行 | 骑行 | 车行 | |
小 学 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
初 中 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
图7 武汉市中小学人力资源、物力资源、财力资源配置空间均衡水平Fig.7 Spatial balance level of human resources, material resources, and financial resources allocation in primary and junior high schools in Wuhan |
人力资源 | 物力资源 | 财力资源 | |
小 学 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
初 中 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
1 https://www.ngcc.cn/
2 https://hubei.tianditu.gov.cn/
魏 萍:研究思路与方法指导、论文撰写与修改、图表绘制;
黄 静:数据搜集与处理、图片绘制、论文撰写;
颜家琴:论文修改与校对;
贺三维:论文修改核对,终审论文。
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