福建平潭岛海岸沙地旅游资源开发潜力综合评价
莫潇凡:论文设计、实地调研、数据收集与分析,论文撰写与修改;
董玉祥:论文修改指导、基金支持。
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莫潇凡(1998—),女,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生,研究方向为海岸风沙地貌,(E-mail)812580401@qq.com; |
收稿日期: 2025-02-19
修回日期: 2025-07-11
网络出版日期: 2025-10-14
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41871006)
Comprehensive Evaluation of the Development Potential of Coastal Sandy Land Tourism Resources on Pingtan Island, Fujian
Received date: 2025-02-19
Revised date: 2025-07-11
Online published: 2025-10-14
沙地作为一种特殊的风沙地貌类型,兼具景观多样性与生态敏感性,在旅游资源开发中具有重要潜力。然而,现有研究多集中于内陆沙地,对海岸沙地旅游资源开发潜力的系统性评估仍较薄弱,尤其在区域异质性识别、主控因子筛选与模糊信息处理等方面存在不足。为此,文章以福建平潭岛5个典型海岸沙地为研究对象,从资源要素价值、环境条件与开发条件3个维度构建包含25项指标的评价体系,并采用层次分析法(AHP)与德尔菲法确定指标权重,结合模糊综合评价法进行定量评估。研究结果表明:1)资源要素价值是影响潜力分异的主导维度(权重达0.620 9),其中沙地规模、沙丘类型丰富度与沙滩舒适度为关键因子。2)坛南湾与长江澳岸段因沙地规模较大、沙丘类型丰富且沙滩舒适度高,被评为一级开发潜力;流水镇和山岐澳分别受限于沙丘地规模不足和沙丘类型单一,被评为三级开发潜力;白犬山因资源禀赋较弱,被评为四级开发潜力。3)评价结果揭示了“资源驱动—环境保障—开发制约”的作用机制,并提出差异化开发策略。文章在理论上完善了海岸沙地旅游资源开发潜力的评估框架,在实践上可为中国海岸沙地旅游资源的科学开发与分区管理提供依据。
莫潇凡 , 董玉祥 . 福建平潭岛海岸沙地旅游资源开发潜力综合评价[J]. 热带地理, 2025 : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20250092
Coastal sandy landforms, shaped by complex interactions among marine, atmospheric, and terrestrial systems, are ecologically sensitive yet underutilized tourism resources. Although considerable progress has been made in assessing tourism development potential in inland desert regions, current evaluation frameworks fail to capture the unique landscape features, ecological functions, and spatial constraints of coastal sandy environments. To address this gap, this present study constructed a multidimensional and adaptive evaluation system tailored to the characteristics of coastal sandy areas, using Pingtan Island in Fujian Province, China, as a case study, comprising three primary dimensions: resource element value, resource environmental condition, and resource development condition, and 25 evaluation indicators. Indicator weights were determined using a combined Delphi-analytic hierarchy process approach, ensuring expert consensus and logical consistency. To address the heterogeneity of data types and uncertainty in qualitative judgments, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was employed, integrating quantitative indicators (shoreline length, dune diversity, air and water quality) and qualitative metrics (cultural value, recreational suitability, service level) obtained through remote sensing, field surveys, and public perception questionnaires. Empirical analysis of five typical coastal segments—Tannan Bay, Changjiang Ao, Liushui Town, Shanqi Ao, and Baiquan Mountain—yielded the following key results: 1) Among the three dimensions, the resource element value played a dominant role (weight = 0.6209), confirming its decisive influence on tourism suitability and spatial differentiation of development potential. 2) Tannan Bay and Changjiang Ao were rated as top-tier development zones because of their large sandy areas, diverse dune types, and high beach comfort levels. Liushui Town and Shanqi Ao were classified as medium-potential zones (third level), limited by either a small sandy scale or single landscape structure. Baiquan Mountain, characterized by weak resource endowment and minimal infrastructure, was rated as low-potential (fourth level). Several substantial contributions were made in this study. Theoretically, the applicability of tourism resource evaluation models to coastal sandy contexts was expanded, establishing a regionally adaptable framework. Methodologically, expert judgment was integrated with fuzzy logic to capture multisource and multiscale information, thereby accommodating both environmental sensitivity and development feasibility. Practically, a decision-support tool for zoning, investment prioritization, and policy guidance in ecologically fragile coastal zones was established. Future research should extend validation of the model across diverse coastal geomorphic types and incorporate emerging technologies, such as big-data analytics and machine learning, to improve the spatiotemporal precision and decision-making capacity of tourism development assessments.
表1 海岸沙地旅游资源评价体系Table 1 Evaluation system for coastal sandy land tourism resources |
| 目标层(A) | 综合评价层(B) | 项目评价层(C) | 评价因子层(D) | 因子层权重 | 因子释义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 海岸 沙地 旅游 资源A | 资源 要素 价值B1 (0.620 9) | 海岸沙地 旅游资源 自身价值C1 (0.485 2) | 海岸线长度D1 | 0.041 5 | 多年平均大潮高潮面与陆地的交线长度 |
| 沙地规模D2 | 0.116 2 | 沙地面积的大小 | |||
| 沙丘类型丰富度D3 | 0.095 7 | 沙丘不同形态类型的数量 | |||
| 沙丘植被丰富度D4 | 0.060 9 | 沙地不同植被的种类数量 | |||
| 海蚀地貌景观价值D5 | 0.062 9 | 海蚀地貌景观对游客的吸引程度 | |||
| 沙滩舒适度D6 | 0.108 0 | 沙滩粒度 | |||
| 其他资源 要素价值C2 (0.135 7) | 资源独特性D7 | 0.050 5 | 资源独特程度对潜在到访者的吸引力 | ||
| 节庆吸引力D8 | 0.017 3 | 节庆期间游客的到访欲望 | |||
| 知名度D9 | 0.029 7 | 被游客知晓的程度 | |||
| 历史文化价值D10 | 0.020 7 | 地区历史与文化悠久程度 | |||
| 观赏游憩价值D11 | 0.017 5 | 景区风光的观赏与游憩价值对游客的吸引程度 | |||
| 资源 环境 条件B2 (0.194 7) | 生态环境质量C3 (0.150 3) | 空气质量D12 | 0.043 9 | 空气污染物含量 | |
| 水体质量D13 | 0.065 2 | 水体污染物含量 | |||
| 卫生条件D14 | 0.041 2 | 景区卫生状况 | |||
| 旅游环境容量C4 (0.044 4) | 日承载量D15 | 0.022 1 | 每日接待游客的最大量 | ||
| 瞬时承载量D16 | 0.022 3 | 某一时间点接待游客的最大量 | |||
| 资源 开发 条件B3 (0.184 4) | 区位特征C5 (0.132 6) | 地理位置D17 | 0.039 2 | 景区所处位置距离城区的距离 | |
| 外部交通条件D18 | 0.041 3 | 外部客源到达景区的便利程度 | |||
| 适游期D19 | 0.028 0 | 一年中适合旅游的天数 | |||
| 与周边旅游地旺季同步性D20 | 0.024 1 | 与周边旅游地的淡季、旺季时长与重叠率 | |||
| 开发条件C6 (0.051 8) | 经济发展水平D21 | 0.008 0 | 所在地区人均GDP | ||
| 食宿条件D22 | 0.014 8 | 饮食与住宿条件 | |||
| 服务水平D23 | 0.013 5 | 景区工作人员服务水平 | |||
| 政策支持度D24 | 0.006 6 | 国家、地区政策对发展旅游业的支持程度 | |||
| 基础设施水平D25 | 0.008 9 | 基础设施完备程度 |
表2 重要性标度Table 2 Factor relative importance scales |
| 重要性标度 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| 1 | 表示2个元素相比,具有同等重要性 |
| 3 | 表示2个元素相比,前者比后者稍重要 |
| 5 | 表示2个元素相比,前者比后者明显重要 |
| 7 | 表示2个元素相比,前者比后者强烈重要 |
| 9 | 表示2个元素相比,前者比后者极端重要 |
| 2,4,6,8 | 表示上述判断的中间值 |
| 倒数 | 若元素i与元素j的重要性之比为aij,则元素j与元素i的重要性之比为aji =1/aij |
表3 研究区各岸段定量指标数据统计Table 3 Statistic of quantitative index data for each shore section in the study area |
| 评价因子 | 长江澳 | 坛南湾 | 流水镇 | 白犬山 | 山岐澳 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 海岸线长度/km | 5.65 | 10.36 | 4.56 | 1.59 | 4.42 |
| 沙地规模/km2 | 3.46 | 3.56 | 1.24 | 0.04 | 2.20 |
| 沙丘类型丰富度(物种数量)/种 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
| 沙丘植被丰富度(物种数量)/种 | 13 | 16 | 11 | 11 | 12 |
| 沙滩舒适度 | 1.75 | 2.09 | 1.58 | 2.41 | 1.68 |
| 空气质量 | 优 | 优 | 优 | 优 | 优 |
| 水体质量 | 一类 | 一类 | 一类 | 一类 | 一类 |
| 日承载量/万人 | 19.44 | 22.35 | 8.61 | 3.84 | 12.6 |
| 瞬时承载量/万人 | 4.86 | 4.47 | 1.23 | 0.24 | 1.4 |
| 地理位置/km | 17.2 | 8.5 | 11.1 | 13.2 | 12.8 |
| 外部交通条件(可达交通工具形式)/种 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 适游期/d | >300 | >300 | >300 | >300 | >300 |
| 与周边旅游地淡旺季同步性/% | (20,40) | (20,40) | (20,40) | (20,40) | (20,40) |
| 经济发展水平/万元 | 9.37 | 9.37 | 9.37 | 9.37 | 9.37 |
| 基础设施水平/种 | 9 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 4 |
表4 定量评价因子评分标准、评分参考与获取来源Table 4 Scoring criteria, scoring references, and sources for quantitative evaluation factors |
| 评价因子 | 表征方法 | 评分标准 | 评分标准参考与获取来源 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (80,100] | (60,80] | (40,60] | (20,40] | (0,20] | |||
| 海岸线长度D1 | 测量长度/km | (5,+∞) | (2,5] | (1,2] | (0.5,1] | (0,0.5] | 海洋行业标准海滩质量评价与分级(中华人民共和国国家旅游局,2018); |
| 沙地规模D2 | 测度面积/km2 | (4,+∞) | (3,4] | (2,3] | (1,2] | (0,1] | 实测数值分布聚类自然断点 |
| 沙丘类型 丰富度D3 | 数量统计/种 | (10,13] | (7,10] | (5,7] | (3,5] | (0,3] | 董玉祥(2006);实测数值分布聚类自然断点 |
| 沙丘植被 丰富度D4 | 数量统计/种 | (20,+∞) | (15,20] | (10,15] | (5,10] | (0,5] | 谢艳秋等(2020);实测数值分布聚类自然断点 |
| 沙滩舒适度D6 | 平均粒径Φ(Mz) | (2,3] | (3,4] | (1,2] | (0,1] | (-∞,0] | 海洋行业标准海滩质量评价与分级;姜呈浩等(2014) |
| 空气质量D12 | 空气质量指数 | 优 (0,50] | 良 (50,100] | 轻度污染 (100,150] | 重度污染 (150,200] | 重度与 严重污染 (200,+∞) | 国家标准环境空气质量标准(中华人民共和国环境保护部 等,2012);福建省生态环境厅空气质量指数(https://sthjt.fujian.gov.cn/) |
| 水体质量D13 | 水质标准 | 一类 | 二类 | 三类 | 四类 | 劣四类 | 国家标准海水水质标准(中华人民共和国国家环境保护总局 等,1997);福建省生态环境厅近岸海水水质检测公开系统数据(https://sthjt.fujian.gov.cn/) |
| 日承载量D15 | 空间法测算/万人 | (20,+∞) | (15,20] | (10,15] | (5,10] | (0,5] | 行业标准景区最大承载量核定导则(中华人民共和国国家旅游局,2014); C 1=(Xi /Yi)*Int(T/t) 式中:C 1为日承载量;T为每日开放时间(本研究统一认定为11 h,T 08:00—19:00);t为游客平均游览时长/h,Int(T/t)即为日平均周转率。 |
| 瞬时承载量D16 | 空间法测算/万人 | (4,+∞) | (3,4] | (2,3] | (1,2] | (0,1] | 行业标准景区最大承载量核定导则; C 2=Xi /Yi (中华人民共和国国家旅游局,2014) 式中:C 2为瞬时承载量;Xi 为第i景点的有效可游览面积(m2);Yi 为单位游客游览面积,本研究按50 m2/人进行计算。 |
| 地理位置D17 | 景区所处位置距核心城区距离/km | 很近 (0,5] | 较近 (5,10] | 一般 (10,15] | 较远 (15,25] | 很远 (25,+∞) | 张迪(2022); 高德地图实测数值分布聚类自然断点 |
| 外部交通条件D18 | 交通配置齐全度/种 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 按机场、机场快线与捷运列车、铁路、高速公路与省道到达景区所在县、区进行赋分 |
| 适游期D19 | 现状调查/天 | (300,365] | (250,300] | (150,250] | (100,150] | (0,100] | 国家标准旅游资源分类、调查与评价(国家质量监督检验检疫总局 等,2017) |
| 与周边旅游地旺季同步性D20 | 与同省区热门旅游景点旺季重合率/% | 低同步 (0,20] | 较低同步 (20,40] | 一般同步 (40,60] | 较高同步 (60,80] | 高同步 (80,100] | 借助社媒与旅游APP对同省区到访量位列前十的景区与本研究区进行对比并按百分比均分 |
| 经济发展水平D21 | 县人均GDP/万元 | (12,+∞) | (8.5,12] | (7.3,8.5] | (6.3,7.3] | (0,6.3] | 2023年各省人均GDP数值分布聚类自然断点 |
| 基础设施水平D25 | 设施数量/种 | (8,10] | (6,8] | (4,6] | (2,4] | [0,2] | 国家标准水域安全标志(中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局 等,2010);Priskin(2001);实地调研情况分布数值自然断点 |
图4 平潭岛各岸段因子模糊得分 Fig.4 Fuzzy scores of factors for each shore segment of the Pingtan Island |
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