典型设计暴雨下深圳市内涝空间分异与承灾体风险评估
图件制作与修改
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靳超(1990—),男,河南滑县人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为城市洪涝灾害、应急管理、防灾减灾,E-mail:jinchaoe@163.com |
收稿日期: 2025-12-10
修回日期: 2026-02-26
网络出版日期: 2026-03-07
基金资助
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2022A1515110049)
版权
Spatial Differentiation of Urban Waterlogging and Risk Assessment of Exposed Elements in Shenzhen Under Typical Design Rainstorm Scenarios
Received date: 2025-12-10
Revised date: 2026-02-26
Online published: 2026-03-07
Copyright
为揭示不同设计暴雨情景下深圳市内涝风险特征,文章基于LISFLOOD-FP模型,构建郑州“7·20”、深圳“9·07”及“8·05”3种典型设计暴雨情景,开展内涝模拟与城市系统暴露风险评估。结果表明:深圳市内涝积水呈现“西部深、东部浅,城区深、郊区浅”的空间格局,西部核心城区为高风险集聚区;经183个历史内涝点验证,模型模拟结果可信度较高。3种设计情景中,“7·20”设计暴雨情景风险最高,积水超0.3 m的风险区域占比26.55%,建筑、人口、道路及重点目标暴露风险均最显著;“9·07”和“8·05”设计暴雨情景内涝风险相对温和,但局部区域仍存在集中性高风险。重点目标对积水深度高度敏感,且不同区域暴露风险特征与防控短板各异,因此需聚焦差异化防护,强化专项防护措施与针对性施策。
关键词: 典型设计暴雨; 内涝模拟; 风险评估; LISFLOOD-FP模型; 深圳市
靳超 , 王园园 , 李晨溪 , 李娟 . 典型设计暴雨下深圳市内涝空间分异与承灾体风险评估[J]. 热带地理, 2026 , 46(3) : 471 -482 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20250873
Global climate change and rapid urbanization have intensified the occurrence of extreme rainstorm events, and urban waterlogging has emerged as a critical disaster risk constraining the sustainable development of high-density cities, posing serious threats to life, property, and urban resilience. To characterize urban waterlogging risk in Shenzhen under different design rainstorm scenarios, this study constructed three representative scenarios with distinct return periods and rainfall characteristics—Zhengzhou “7·20”, Shenzhen “9·07” and Shenzhen “8·05” —using the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model LISFLOOD-FP and conducted systematic waterlogging simulations and exposure risk assessments of urban systems. Model validation using 183 historical waterlogging points demonstrated high reliability: within 50-m buffers of these points, maximum simulated water depths generally exceeded 0.3 m (with extreme values exceeding 10 m), effectively reproducing the spatial distribution and severity of severe waterlogging. The results indicate that waterlogging in Shenzhen exhibits a distinct spatial pattern characterized as “deeper in the west, shallower in the east; deeper in urban cores, shallower in suburbs,” driven by the “higher southeast, lower northwest” topography, high impervious surface coverage in western districts, and uneven drainage system loading. Among the three scenarios, the “7·20” design scenario poses the highest risk due to its high rainfall intensity, pronounced peak discharge, and extended duration, with areas experiencing water depths > 30 cm accounting for 26.55% of the study area. Specifically, more than 74,000 buildings and approximately 4.68 million people were exposed to water depth exceeding 1 m, and 46.76% of the total road network (8,966.25 km) was inundated. The “9·07” scenario is characterized by nocturnally concentrated short-duration heavy rainfall, resulting in localized water accumulation in low-lying areas such as Longgang. The “8·05” design scenario exhibits a multi-peak pattern with a pronounced surge and a mid-event rainfall lull that temporarily alleviates accumulation, producing an intermediate risk level relative to the other two scenarios. Critical infrastructure elements exhibit high sensitivity to water depth, with significant differences in risk response. Under the “7·20” design scenario, 1,028 medical institutions, 823 elderly and childcare facilities and 106 emergency shelters, were exposed to high risk, potentially compromising emergency medical services and vulnerable populations; more than eight hazardous chemical enterprises faced potential secondary disasters at water depths exceeding 0.5 m. Spatially, risk to critical infrastructure exhibits a pattern of “western concentration and eastern dispersion.” High-risk clusters are concentrated in Luohu and Longhua (medical and elderly-care facilities), Bao'an (moderate risk), and Nanshan, Luohu, and Guangming (hazardous chemical enterprises). Eastern districts exhibit generally low risk, with localized high-risk pockets confined to elderly-care facilities in Dapeng and Yantian. Futian District demonstrates the strongest protective performance, likely attributable to higher construction standards and more scientifically informed site selection. This study advances the literature by constructing cross-regional and locally representative design rainstorm scenarios and elucidating the coupling mechanism between rainfall characteristics and waterlogging risk in high-density urban environments. The findings provide a scientific basis for hierarchical disaster prevention planning and offer a transferable framework for waterlogging risk management in similar high-density cities nationwide.
表1 不同设计暴雨情景下积水面积占比Table 1 Proportion of water accumulation area under different typical designed rainstorm scenarios |
| 积水深度/m | 风险等级 | “7·20”情景 | “9·07”情景 | “8·05”情景 |
| [0, 0.3) | 无风险 | 73.45 | 78.75 | 77.65 |
| [0.3, 0.5) | 低风险 | 4.02 | 3.69 | 3.89 |
| [0.5, 1.0) | 中低风险 | 6.64 | 5.90 | 6.33 |
| [1.0, 1.5) | 中风险 | 4.35 | 3.86 | 3.90 |
| [1.5, 2.0) | 中高风险 | 3.23 | 2.24 | 2.57 |
| ≥2.0 | 高风险 | 8.30 | 5.55 | 5.66 |
表2 不同设计暴雨情景下建筑暴露数量Table 2 Number of buildings exposed under different typical designed rainstorm scenarios |
| 积水深度/m | 风险等级 | “7·20”情景 | “9·07”情景 | “8·05”情景 |
| [0, 0.3) | 无风险 | 190 325 | 212 193 | 219 511 |
| [0.3, 0.5) | 低风险 | 19 122 | 20 007 | 18 894 |
| [0.5, 1.0) | 中低风险 | 33 543 | 33 558 | 30 402 |
| [1.0, 1.5) | 中风险 | 25 227 | 13 157 | 19 880 |
| [1.5, 2.0) | 中高风险 | 20 111 | 13 157 | 12 640 |
| ≥2.0 | 高风险 | 28 743 | 16 275 | 15 744 |
表3 不同设计暴雨情景下人口暴露比例Table 3 Proportion of population exposed under different typical designed rainstorm scenario |
| 积水深度/m | 风险等级 | “7·20”情景 | “9·07”情景 | “8·05”情景 |
| [0, 0.3) | 无风险 | 67.11 | 75.98 | 74.02 |
| [0.3, 0.5) | 低风险 | 6.50 | 5.84 | 6.22 |
| [0.5, 1.0) | 中低风险 | 10.24 | 8.64 | 9.36 |
| [1.0, 1.5) | 中风险 | 6.43 | 4.67 | 5.14 |
| [1.5, 2.0) | 中高风险 | 4.78 | 2.37 | 2.58 |
| ≥2.0 | 高风险 | 4.94 | 2.50 | 2.68 |
表4 不同设计暴雨情景下医疗机构暴露数量Table 4 Number of medical institutions exposed under different typical designed rainstorm scenarios |
| 积水深度/m | 风险等级 | “7·20”情景 | “9·07”情景 | “8·05”情景 |
| [0, 0.3) | 无风险 | |||
| [0.3, 0.5) | 低风险 | 394 | 298 | 409 |
| [0.5, 1.0) | 中低风险 | 965 | 592 | 594 |
| [1.0, 1.5) | 中风险 | 485 | 243 | 272 |
| [1.5, 2.0) | 中高风险 | 274 | 189 | 150 |
| ≥2.0 | 高风险 | 269 | 92 | 186 |
表5 不同设计暴雨情景下应急避难场所暴露数量Table 5 Number of emergency shelters exposed under different typical designed rainstorm scenarios |
| 积水深度/m | 风险等级 | “7·20”情景 | “9·07”情景 | “8·05”情景 |
| [0, 0.3) | 无风险 | 394 | 451 | 433 |
| [0.3, 0.5) | 低风险 | 44 | 40 | 45 |
| [0.5, 1.0) | 中低风险 | 81 | 73 | 80 |
| [1.0, 1.5) | 中风险 | 27 | 27 | 14 |
| [1.5, 2.0) | 中高风险 | 43 | 14 | 30 |
| ≥2.0 | 高风险 | 39 | 23 | 26 |
表6 不同设计暴雨情景下危化品企业暴露数量Table 6 Number of hazardous chemical enterprises exposed under different typical designed rainstorm scenarios |
| 积水深度/m | 风险等级 | “7·20”情景 | “9·07”情景 | “8·05”情景 |
| [0, 0.3) | 无风险 | 29 | 34 | 33 |
| [0.3, 0.5) | 低风险 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| [0.5, 1.0) | 中低风险 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| [1.0, 1.5) | 中风险 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| [1.5, 2.0) | 中高风险 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| ≥2.0 | 高风险 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
表7 不同设计暴雨情景下老幼集聚区暴露数量Table 7 Number of elderly and child-care facilities exposed under different typical designed rainstorm scenarios |
| 积水深度/m | 风险等级 | “7·20”情景 | “9·07”情景 | “8·05”情景 |
| [0, 0.3) | 无风险 | 2 532 | 3 430 | 3 256 |
| [0.3, 0.5) | 低风险 | 345 | 249 | 357 |
| [0.5, 1.0 | 中低风险 | 883 | 458 | 446 |
| [1.0, 1.5) | 中风险 | 358 | 213 | 239 |
| [1.5, 2.0) | 中高风险 | 250 | 164 | 127 |
| ≥2.0 | 高风险 | 215 | 69 | 158 |
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