桂圆桥文化—秦汉时期成都平原农业社会对地形和水文的适应
研究方法讨论
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鲁心怡(2003—),女,安徽铜陵人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境考古,E-mail:luxinyi200306@163.com |
收稿日期: 2025-06-18
修回日期: 2025-08-24
网络出版日期: 2026-03-07
基金资助
国家自然科学基金青年项目(42307553);国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202310621045)
版权
Adaptation of Agricultural Societies (Settlements) to Topography and Hydrology on Chengdu Plain from Guiyuanqiao Culture to Qin-Han Period
Received date: 2025-06-18
Revised date: 2025-08-24
Online published: 2026-03-07
Copyright
文章聚焦成都平原桂圆桥文化至秦汉时期考古遗址(共223个),运用GIS空间分析与统计学方法,结合高分辨率DEM及矢量河流数据,探讨成都平原在桂圆桥文化—秦汉时期的农业社会发展对地形和水文的适应过程。结果表明,成都平原遗址空间分布演化呈现占据边缘(桂圆桥文化时期)—向南扩散(宝墩文化时期)—向北收缩(三星堆文化时期)—二次南扩(十二桥文化时期)—分散排布(秦汉时期)的特征。域外人群的迁入、人口自然增长与洪水胁迫等因素,极大地影响了成都平原的农业结构以及遗址空间分布格局。在桂圆桥文化和秦汉时期,北方迁入的人群偏爱食用旱地作物,倾向于选择在排水更便利的岗地定居;在宝墩文化和十二桥文化时期,先民大幅度扩散至地势平坦的成都平原核心区,以便更多地种植高产的水稻来应对巨大的人口压力;在宝墩文化后期,受岷江支流频繁的洪水威胁,原本聚集于低洼地区的人口遂迁至鸭子河流域,并由此发展形成三星堆文化。
关键词: 考古遗址; 定居农业; 人地关系; 桂圆桥文化—秦汉时期; 成都平原
鲁心怡 , 李纹 , 叶柳彤 , 何世立 , 李函璐 , 杨庆江 , 王增武 , 褚永彬 , 柳锦宝 . 桂圆桥文化—秦汉时期成都平原农业社会对地形和水文的适应[J]. 热带地理, 2026 , 46(3) : 434 -443 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20250417
The relationship between prehistoric human activity and the natural environment has long been a central focus of archaeology. Uncovering the dynamic adaptation mechanisms of prehistoric agricultural societies under different topographical and hydrological conditions is of great scientific and practical importance. It deepens our understanding of past human-land interactions and provides insights for addressing rapid future climatic and environmental changes. As a key agricultural center in southwestern China, the Chengdu Plain, with its rich archaeological record spanning the Neolithic Guiyuanqiao Culture to the Qin-Han period, serves as an excellent case study for this research. This study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of agricultural settlement patterns and their adaptation to topographical and hydrological conditions on the Chengdu Plain from the Guiyuanqiao Culture to the Qin-Han period. By integrating data from 223 archaeological sites with high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) and river vector data, we employed GIS-based spatial analysis and statistical methods. The key topographical (slope and elevation) and hydrological variables (distance to the nearest river and difference in elevation from the river) were extracted for each site. Statistical analyses, including probability cumulative distribution and period-wise comparative assessments, were conducted to analyze human preferences for settlement locations. Furthermore, to infer demographic trends, a regional radiocarbon (14C) probability density curve was used as a proxy for relative population changes and correlated with settlement patterns and agricultural information revealed by archaeobotanical evidence. The study revealed a phased settlement distribution pattern: initial occupation of peripheral uplands during the Guiyuanqiao period, southward expansion into the low-lying core plain during the Baodun period, northward contraction to the Yazi River Basin during the Sanxingdui period, renewed southward expansion during the Shierqiao period, and a more dispersed layout during the Qin-Han period. These shifts are closely associated with population pressure, flood risks, and migration events. Statistical results indicated that > 80% of the sites were located within 1,000 m of a river, and 74.7% had slopes < 3°, reflecting an overall preference for flat, river-proximate environments conducive to rice agriculture. However, significant variations were observed across these periods. Sites from the Guiyuanqiao Culture, linked to dryland farming populations migrating from the arid northwest, were predominantly located on higher-elevation slopes (average slope: 3.3°; average elevation: 516.3 m) and at greater distances from rivers (average distance:
图5 成都平原遗址与最近河流距离和坡度概率累积图Fig.5 Probability cumulative diagram of the distance of archaeological sites from nearest rivers and slope value of archaeological sites in the Chengdu Plain |
① https://nasadaacs.eos.nasa.gov/
② https://www.hydrosheds.org/
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