河网区潮流顶托对滨海城市内涝影响——以珠海金凤—翠屏片区为例
参与模型构建、参数校准与验证工作
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潘骆颖(2001—),女,湖北孝感人,硕士研究生,研究方向为城市内涝模拟,E-mail:panly26@mail2.sysu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2025-09-10
修回日期: 2025-12-16
网络出版日期: 2026-03-07
基金资助
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3001000);国家自然科学基金项目(U1911204);珠海市洪潮涝遭遇水情监测预报与群闸排涝优化调度研究(SML2023SP213)
版权
Impact of Tidal Backwater in a River-Network Region on Urban Waterlogging in a Coastal City: A Case Study of the Jinfeng-Cuiping Area, Zhuhai
Received date: 2025-09-10
Revised date: 2025-12-16
Online published: 2026-03-07
Copyright
以珠海市金凤—翠屏片区为研究区,采用最大熵方法拟合潮位频率分布,并基于潮位相关性实现设计潮位由灯笼山站向石角咀闸的映射迁移;在此基础上构建SWMM与LISFLOOD-FP松散耦合的一维−二维模拟框架,设置“降雨−潮位−闸控”多情景开展滨海城市内涝响应分析。结果显示:1)在2024-05-04强降雨无闸控条件下,自由出流情景溢流节点占比为43.46%,在200 a潮位情景下升至46.35%,高满流管段比例达到52.41%,排水系统呈明显超载;2)潮位顶托显著放大内涝风险,200 a情景最大淹没水深增至2.85 m(较自由出流增加约40%),总淹没面积扩大至3.62 km2(增加129%),高风险区面积增加约39%;3)分级闸控可有效削减极端潮位下的峰值淹没风险,在200 a情景下,流域出口下游边界采用分闸门调控可使最大淹没水深降低26.18%,总淹没面积由3.62降至3.0 km2(减少17.1%),但对溢流历时与系统性超载的改善相对有限。研究表明,潮位顶托是滨海城市内涝的重要放大机制,科学闸控运行可在极端条件下发挥削峰与减灾作用。
关键词: 潮位顶托; 河网区; 内涝模拟; "降雨−潮位–闸控"情景; SWMM–LISFLOOD-FP耦合模型; 最大熵算法; 珠海市
潘骆颖 , 陈晓宏 , 张瓅丹 , 孙伊贝 . 河网区潮流顶托对滨海城市内涝影响——以珠海金凤—翠屏片区为例[J]. 热带地理, 2026 , 46(3) : 458 -470 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20250610
Coastal cities are increasingly exposed to compound pluvial-coastal flooding under climate change and sea-level rise. When intense rainfall coincides with elevated downstream water levels, tide-induced backwaters suppress gravity drainage and can rapidly escalate sewer surcharges and surface inundation. This study quantifies the amplification effect of tidal backwater on urban waterlogging in a tidal river-network system and evaluates the mitigation potential of graded sluice operation under extreme conditions. The Jinfeng-Cuiping area in Zhuhai, southern China, was selected as a representative low-gradient coastal catchment. A designed tide frequency curve was derived using a maximum entropy framework and fitted with multiple candidate probability distributions. The goodness-of-fit was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, and the selected distribution was used to obtain the design high-tide levels for typical return periods. Because long-term observations at the target downstream boundary (Shijiaozui sluice) are limited, design tide levels were transferred from the long-record Denglongshan gauge to Shijiaozui through an empirically established relationship based on overlapping water-level observations, thereby enabling long-series-based boundary design while maintaining local representativeness. A loosely coupled 1D-2D urban flood model was then built by linking the U.S. EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) for drainage hydraulics with LISFLOOD-FP for surface inundation. The SWMM-simulated node overflow hydrographs were converted into boundary-condition files and imposed on the corresponding grid cells in the 2D model to reproduce the spatiotemporal evolution of surface flooding. The coupled workflow was calibrated and validated against multiple historical waterlogging events using both inundation extent and water-level processes, ensuring that the model can be used for mechanism identification and scenario comparison. Scenario simulations were conducted for the heavy rainfall event of 4 May 2024 under three classes of downstream boundary conditions: (i) free outflow (no tidal constraint), (ii) rainfall encountering 1-, 10-, 50-, 100-, and 200-year design tides with direct imposition of tide levels at the downstream boundary, and (iii) the same tide scenarios with graded sluice operation driven by the head difference between the inside and outside water levels. Key response metrics included overflow-node count and proportion, overflow duration and depth indicators, sewer surcharge classification, and inundation depth/area statistics. Results indicate that tidal backwater substantially increases system overload and surface waterlogging. Under the 4 May 2024 rainfall, the overflow-node proportion reached 43.46% in the free-outflow case and increased to 46.35% under the 200-year tide, with the proportion of highly surcharged pipes increasing to 52.41%, indicating severe drainage stress. The tide backwater also amplified surface flooding, with the maximum inundation depth increasing to 2.85 m (approximately 40% higher than free outflow) and the total inundation area expanding to 3.62 km2 (129% larger than free outflow). Graded sluice operation provided measurable peak-reduction benefits in the 200-year tide scenario: compared with directly imposing tide levels as the downstream boundary, the maximum inundation depth decreased by 20.7%-26.2%, the total inundation area was reduced from 3.62 km2 to 3.0 km2 (a 17.1% reduction), and the high-risk zone area decreased by 13.5%, although improvements in overflow duration and system-wide surcharge conditions remained limited. Overall, downstream tide levels are confirmed as a dominant external amplifier of pluvial waterlogging in coastal river-network cities, and tide-aware sluice operation provides a practical avenue for peak reduction and disaster mitigation under extreme compound conditions. The proposed design-tide-to-model workflow supports tide-aware drainage assessments, sluice operation designs, and compound flood risk management in similar coastal urban settings.
表1 六种概率密度函数参数Table 1 Parameters of six probability density functions |
| 概率密度函数 | 尺度参数 | 形状参数 | 位置参数 |
| Pearson-Ⅲ型 | 0.299 6 | 1.573 2 | 1.270 5 |
| Gumbel型 | 0.250 4 | — | 1.579 9 |
| Weibull型 | 1.900 1 | 4.332 | — |
| Uniform型 | 1.28(下界) | 2.93(上界) | — |
| Normal型 | — | 0.384 3 | 1.741 9 |
| Logistic型 | 0.200 4 | — | 1.680 9 |
表2 6种概率密度分布函数KS检验P值Table 2 KS test statistics of six probability density distribution functions |
| 分布函数 | KS检验P值 |
| Pearson-Ⅲ型 | 0.854 541 |
| Gumbel型 | 0.412 726 |
| Weibull型 | 0.050 700 |
| Uniform型 | 0.000 000 |
| Normal型 | 0.051 676 |
| Logistic型 | 0.232 367 |
表3 模型主要参数取值范围及率定结果Table 3 Ranges of the main model parameters and calibration results |
| 土地类型 | N(曼宁系数) | f0(初始下渗率) | fc(稳定下渗率) | β(下渗衰退系数) | ||||||||
| 率定结果 | 取值范围 | 率定结果 | 取值范围/(mm·h-1) | 率定结果 | 取值范围/(mm·h-1) | 率定结果 | 取值范围 | |||||
| 道路 | 0.015 | 0.01~0.02 | 60 | 50~100 | 10 | 5~15 | 1 | 0.800~1.085 | ||||
| 树木覆盖 | 0.600 | 0.50~0.70 | 100 | 80~100 | 10 | 5~15 | 1 | 0.832~1.085 | ||||
| 灌木地 | 0.400 | 0.50~0.70 | 100 | 80~100 | 10 | 5~15 | 1 | 0.832~1.085 | ||||
| 草地 | 0.300 | 0.28~0.40 | 100 | 80~100 | 10 | 5~15 | 1 | 0.832~1.085 | ||||
| 农田 | 0.300 | 0.28~0.40 | 100 | 80~100 | 10 | 5~15 | 1 | 0.832~1.085 | ||||
| 建筑 | 0.050 | 0.04~0.07 | 100 | 50~100 | 1 | 0.1~1 | 1 | 0.832~1.085 | ||||
| 稀疏植被 | 0.300 | 0.20~0.40 | 100 | 50~100 | 10 | 1~10 | 1 | 0.832~1.085 | ||||
| 水体 | 0.030 | 0.02~0.04 | 10 | 5~15 | 5 | 1~10 | 1 | 0.832~1.085 | ||||
| 湿地 | 0.300 | 0.25~0.45 | 60 | 50~100 | 10 | 5~15 | 1 | 0.832~1.085 | ||||
表4 灯笼山站与石角咀闸设计潮位Table 4 Design tide levels at Denglongshan station and Shijiaozui sluice |
| 重现期/a | 潮位/m | |
| 灯笼山站 | 石角咀闸 | |
| 1 | 1.270 5 | 1.131 5 |
| 10 | 2.242 0 | 2.047 0 |
| 50 | 2.786 6 | 2.560 3 |
| 100 | 3.015 0 | 2.775 5 |
| 200 | 3.240 9 | 2.988 5 |
表5 节点溢流情况统计Table 5 Statistics of node overflow |
| 设计情景 | 重现期/a | 溢流节点 | 时长高于 0.5 h/个 | 深度> 0.5 m/个 | 溢流开始 时间 | |
| 数量/个 | 占比/% | |||||
| 情景一 | 自由出流 | 977 | 43.46 | 552 | 189 | T 11:02 |
| 情景二 | 1 | 1 012 | 45.01 | 572 | 208 | T 11:02 |
| 10 | 1 019 | 45.33 | 587 | 226 | T 11:02 | |
| 50 | 1 027 | 45.69 | 599 | 235 | T 11:02 | |
| 100 | 1 030 | 45.82 | 606 | 242 | T 11:02 | |
| 200 | 1 042 | 46.35 | 615 | 250 | T 11:02 | |
| 情景三 | 1 | 1 006 | 44.75 | 567 | 198 | T 11:02 |
| 10 | 1 013 | 45.06 | 573 | 203 | T 11:02 | |
| 50 | 1 019 | 45.33 | 585 | 211 | T 11:02 | |
| 100 | 1 024 | 45.55 | 592 | 223 | T 11:02 | |
| 200 | 1 030 | 45.82 | 607 | 231 | T 11:02 | |
表6 管道满流情况分级统计Table 6 Classification statistics of pipeline surcharge conditions |
| 设计 情景 | 重现期/a | 满流分级 | 满流时长>0.5 h | ||
| (0,0.5)(低) | [0.5,0.8)(中) | [0.8,1](高) | |||
| 情景一 | 自由出流 | 634 | 322 | 1 131 | 501 |
| 情景二 | 1 | 656 | 353 | 1 143 | 527 |
| 10 | 667 | 362 | 1 159 | 531 | |
| 50 | 672 | 379 | 1 168 | 538 | |
| 100 | 683 | 380 | 1 175 | 551 | |
| 200 | 690 | 387 | 1 186 | 559 | |
| 情景三 | 1 | 653 | 338 | 1 141 | 515 |
| 10 | 664 | 345 | 1 153 | 521 | |
| 50 | 673 | 357 | 1 167 | 533 | |
| 100 | 679 | 363 | 1 172 | 541 | |
| 200 | 685 | 379 | 1 181 | 549 | |
表7 不同情景下的淹没统计Table 7 Inundation statistics under different scenarios |
| 设计情景 | 重现期/a | 最大淹没 水深/m | 淹没面积/km2 | ||
| [0.15, 0.6] m | (0.6, 1.2] m | (1.2, ∞)m | |||
| 情景一 | 自由出流 | 2.034 | 1.017 4 | 0.464 1 | 0.102 5 |
| 情景二 | 1 | 2.717 | 1.226 7 | 0.506 7 | 0.106 6 |
| 10 | 2.704 | 1.614 5 | 0.580 1 | 0.115 9 | |
| 50 | 2.78 | 2.000 1 | 0.660 6 | 0.126 0 | |
| 100 | 2.761 | 2.486 5 | 0.742 4 | 0.141 0 | |
| 200 | 2.848 | 2.688 2 | 0.787 0 | 0.142 5 | |
| 情景三 | 1 | 2.126 | 1.192 4 | 0.490 2 | 0.103 7 |
| 10 | 2.261 | 1.683 7 | 0.590 4 | 0.110 3 | |
| 50 | 2.216 | 1.920 7 | 0.659 2 | 0.118 1 | |
| 100 | 2.252 | 2.032 5 | 0.675 9 | 0.121 5 | |
| 200 | 2.257 | 2.083 7 | 0.694 3 | 0.122 5 | |
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