美国休闲渔业资源空间分布与多中心治理

doi:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003369

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

休闲渔业是美国最受欢迎的户外活动之一，在发展过程中为美国创造了巨大的经济和社会效益，并形成多主体参与的治理机制。文章在分析美国休闲渔业发展现状的基础上，运用最邻近指数、缓冲区分析、泰森多边形和关联维数测度，对佛罗里达州休闲渔业资源分布特征进行空间分析。结果显示，美国休闲渔业形成以淡水为主、咸水为辅的发展格局，其中佛罗里达州休闲渔业资源呈现集聚式、非均衡分布特征，80%的垂钓点位于海岸线20 km以内，各垂钓点之间形成紧密的关联作用。联邦政府、地方政府、行业组织和休闲渔业参与者之间形成的多中心治理模式，能够匹配美国休闲渔业大区域分散、小区域集聚的空间分布特征，适应参与主体多样化、需求差异化的发展需要。有鉴于此，针对中国休闲渔业存在的问题，提出应通过借鉴美国“自下而上”的多中心治理机制，建设服务型政府、行业协会灵活增权以及休闲渔业企业融合创新等措施，推动中国休闲渔业科学管理和高质量发展。

关键词: 休闲渔业, 空间分析, 多中心治理, 美国

Abstract:

Recreational fishery is one of the most popular outdoor activities in the United States. During its development, it has created huge economic and social benefits for the United States and formed a governance mechanism with polycentric participation. Based on the analysis of the current development of recreational fisheries in the United States, this study used the nearest neighbor index, buffer analysis, Tyson polygon and related dimension measurements to spatially analyze the distribution characteristics of recreational fishery resources in Florida. The results demonstrated that the recreational fisheries in the United States have formed a development pattern with fresh water as the mainstay and saltwater as the supplement. Among them, the recreational fishery resources in Florida are characterized by agglomeration and uneven distribution. More precisely, 80% of the recreational fishing sites are located within 20 km of the coastline and close to each other. In its long course of historical development, the United States has formed a flexible power operation mechanism, featuring decentralization and cooperation between the central government and local governments. Large areas scattered, small regional agglomeration spatial patterns have been used to adapt to the large area, and state governments, industry associations, and other bodies have created the main body participation of the polycentric governance mechanism to match the market characteristics of main body participation of the federal government. One of the purposes of polycentric governance is to improve management efficiency. The vast geographic area of the United States and the scattered pattern of large areas of recreational fishery resources increase the cost of management resource allocation and scheduling. Therefore, flexible, multi-level governance models are needed to improve governance effectiveness. Another goal of polycentric governance is to meet the distinctive needs of diverse audiences and provide diversified public services. The characteristics of the recreational fisheries market in the United States, where freshwater is the mainstay and saltwater is supplemented, and the distribution pattern of 'small areas gather, large areas disperse' require multiple governance entities to coordinate their overall development of recreational fisheries, while considering local development needs and characteristics. Accordingly, recreational fisheries in the region are developed to reduce the pressure on the local environment and improve the coordinated development capabilities of related industries. In view of this, this article addresses the problems of China's recreational fisheries and proposes to promote recreational fishery scientific management and high-quality development using a 'from bottom to top' polycentric governance mechanism, the establishment of a service-oriented government, the flexible empowerment of industry associations, and the integration and innovation of recreational fishery enterprises.

Key words: recreational fisheries, spatial analysis, polycentric governance, the United States

中图分类号:

F326.4

王娟, 王柯心, 杨晨. 美国休闲渔业资源空间分布与多中心治理[J]. 热带地理, 2021, 41(4): 734-745.

Juan Wang, Kexin Wang, Chen Yang. Spatial Distribution and Polycentric Governance of Recreational Fishery Resources in the United States: A Case Study of Florida[J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(4): 734-745.

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序号	r	C（r）	序号	r	C（r）
1	0.4	0.03	11	4.4	0.41
2	0.8	0.06	12	4.8	0.42
3	1.2	0.10	13	5.2	0.43
4	1.6	0.14	14	5.6	0.44
5	2.0	0.20	15	6.0	0.45
6	2.4	0.25	16	6.4	0.46
7	2.8	0.29	17	6.8	0.47
8	3.2	0.33	18	7.2	0.48
9	3.6	0.37	19	7.6	0.49
10	4.0	0.39	20	8.0	0.49

美国休闲渔业主要法律法规	颁布及修订时间	作用
《运动鱼类恢复法案》	1950年颁布；经过1984、1991、1992、1998、2004 和2005年6次修订	设立全国休闲渔业协调委员会；制定休闲渔业资源保护规划。
《鱼类野生生物法》	1956年	保护野生鱼类物种，禁止非法捕捞贩卖。
《国家环境政策法》	1969年	规定国家野生动植物保护区提供休闲捕鱼机会。
《海洋哺乳动物保护法》（MMPA）	1972年颁布	禁止对海洋哺乳动物的猎杀及栖息地的破坏；暂停美国境内濒危海洋哺乳动物及其产品的进出口和销售。
《濒危物种法》（ESA）	1973年颁布，是美国12条环保法案之一	制定恢复濒危物种计划，直到该物种成功脱离濒危或受胁状态为止。
《马格努森 • 史帝文斯渔业保护管理法》（MSA）	1976年颁布；1996 年《可持续渔业法》（SFA）和 2007 年《马格努森•史帝文斯渔业保护管理再授权法》两次修订	将美国的专属渔业保护区延伸到200 n mile；实施渔业可持续管理，防止过度捕捞。

州名	捕鱼许可证数量/个		捕鱼许可证收入/$
州名	居民	非居民	居民	非居民	总收入
加利福尼亚州	2 342 393	150 020	58 740 376	3 970 614	62 710 990
得克萨斯州	2 117 660	135 836	54 846 448	4 759 878	59 606 326
佛罗里达州	1 398 863	697 729	19 182 820	19 330 557	38 513 377
威斯康辛州	1 271 962	419 239	27 152 774	11 229 441	38 382 215
华盛顿州	1 373 008	158 946	30 504 767	4 298 518	34 803 285
明尼苏达州	1 288 860	348 318	23 062 254	10 475 187	33 537 441
密歇根州	924 088	242 060	20 966 395	7 847 217	28 813 612
俄勒冈州	717 585	132 824	20 997 049	5 557 788	26 554 837
弗吉尼亚州	763 431	86 246	22 494 214	2 185 720	24 679 934
宾夕法尼亚州	1 284 972	123 085	20 974 111	3 598 035	24 572 146
阿拉斯加州	231 121	409 466	4 536 010	19 057 964	23 593 974
北卡罗来纳州	697 200	237 796	17 415 361	4 637 667	22 053 028
纽约州	1 025 342	182 653	15 660 366	5 247 754	20 908 120
科罗拉多州	824 759	512 361	12 327 557	8 481 926	20 809 483
田纳西州	600 086	168 922	14 295 196	5 657 178	19 952 374

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