热带地理 ›› 2021, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4): 734-745.doi: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003369
• 空间治理 • 上一篇
收稿日期:
2021-01-15
修回日期:
2021-04-11
出版日期:
2021-08-13
发布日期:
2021-08-13
通讯作者:
王柯心
E-mail:wjjasmine@163.com;13336169575@163.com
作者简介:
王娟(1978—),女,山东青岛人,副教授,博士,研究方向为区域经济与旅游发展战略,(E-mail)wjjasmine@163.com;
基金资助:
Juan Wanga,b(), Kexin Wanga(
), Chen Yangb
Received:
2021-01-15
Revised:
2021-04-11
Online:
2021-08-13
Published:
2021-08-13
Contact:
Kexin Wang
E-mail:wjjasmine@163.com;13336169575@163.com
摘要:
休闲渔业是美国最受欢迎的户外活动之一,在发展过程中为美国创造了巨大的经济和社会效益,并形成多主体参与的治理机制。文章在分析美国休闲渔业发展现状的基础上,运用最邻近指数、缓冲区分析、泰森多边形和关联维数测度,对佛罗里达州休闲渔业资源分布特征进行空间分析。结果显示,美国休闲渔业形成以淡水为主、咸水为辅的发展格局,其中佛罗里达州休闲渔业资源呈现集聚式、非均衡分布特征,80%的垂钓点位于海岸线20 km以内,各垂钓点之间形成紧密的关联作用。联邦政府、地方政府、行业组织和休闲渔业参与者之间形成的多中心治理模式,能够匹配美国休闲渔业大区域分散、小区域集聚的空间分布特征,适应参与主体多样化、需求差异化的发展需要。有鉴于此,针对中国休闲渔业存在的问题,提出应通过借鉴美国“自下而上”的多中心治理机制,建设服务型政府、行业协会灵活增权以及休闲渔业企业融合创新等措施,推动中国休闲渔业科学管理和高质量发展。
中图分类号:
王娟, 王柯心, 杨晨. 美国休闲渔业资源空间分布与多中心治理[J]. 热带地理, 2021, 41(4): 734-745.
Juan Wang, Kexin Wang, Chen Yang. Spatial Distribution and Polycentric Governance of Recreational Fishery Resources in the United States: A Case Study of Florida[J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(4): 734-745.
表2
美国休闲渔业主要法律法规及作用
美国休闲渔业主要法律法规 | 颁布及修订时间 | 作用 |
---|---|---|
《运动鱼类恢复法案》 | 1950年颁布;经过1984、1991、1992、1998、2004 和2005年6次修订 | 设立全国休闲渔业协调委员会;制定休闲渔业资源保护规划。 |
《鱼类野生生物法》 | 1956年 | 保护野生鱼类物种,禁止非法捕捞贩卖。 |
《国家环境政策法》 | 1969年 | 规定国家野生动植物保护区提供休闲捕鱼机会。 |
《海洋哺乳动物保护法》 (MMPA) | 1972年颁布 | 禁止对海洋哺乳动物的猎杀及栖息地的破坏;暂停美国境内濒危海洋哺乳动物及其产品的进出口和销售。 |
《濒危物种法》(ESA) | 1973年颁布,是美国12条环保法案之一 | 制定恢复濒危物种计划,直到该物种成功脱离濒危或受胁状态为止。 |
《马格努森 • 史帝文斯渔业 保护管理法》(MSA) | 1976年颁布;1996 年《可持续渔业法》(SFA)和 2007 年《马格努森•史帝文斯渔业保护管理再 授权法》两次修订 | 将美国的专属渔业保护区延伸到200 n mile;实施渔业可持续管理,防止过度捕捞。 |
表3
截至2020年美国各州钓鱼证发放数量与收入
州名 | 捕鱼许可证数量/个 | 捕鱼许可证收入/$ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
居民 | 非居民 | 居民 | 非居民 | 总收入 | ||
加利福尼亚州 | 2 342 393 | 150 020 | 58 740 376 | 3 970 614 | 62 710 990 | |
得克萨斯州 | 2 117 660 | 135 836 | 54 846 448 | 4 759 878 | 59 606 326 | |
佛罗里达州 | 1 398 863 | 697 729 | 19 182 820 | 19 330 557 | 38 513 377 | |
威斯康辛州 | 1 271 962 | 419 239 | 27 152 774 | 11 229 441 | 38 382 215 | |
华盛顿州 | 1 373 008 | 158 946 | 30 504 767 | 4 298 518 | 34 803 285 | |
明尼苏达州 | 1 288 860 | 348 318 | 23 062 254 | 10 475 187 | 33 537 441 | |
密歇根州 | 924 088 | 242 060 | 20 966 395 | 7 847 217 | 28 813 612 | |
俄勒冈州 | 717 585 | 132 824 | 20 997 049 | 5 557 788 | 26 554 837 | |
弗吉尼亚州 | 763 431 | 86 246 | 22 494 214 | 2 185 720 | 24 679 934 | |
宾夕法尼亚州 | 1 284 972 | 123 085 | 20 974 111 | 3 598 035 | 24 572 146 | |
阿拉斯加州 | 231 121 | 409 466 | 4 536 010 | 19 057 964 | 23 593 974 | |
北卡罗来纳州 | 697 200 | 237 796 | 17 415 361 | 4 637 667 | 22 053 028 | |
纽约州 | 1 025 342 | 182 653 | 15 660 366 | 5 247 754 | 20 908 120 | |
科罗拉多州 | 824 759 | 512 361 | 12 327 557 | 8 481 926 | 20 809 483 | |
田纳西州 | 600 086 | 168 922 | 14 295 196 | 5 657 178 | 19 952 374 |
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