热带地理

热带地理 ›› 2017, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (2): 174-184.doi: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.002930

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

云南边境口岸外籍务工人员空间分布差异及其成因

刘玉立1，胡志丁2，葛岳静1,2a   

  1. （1．北京师范大学 地理科学学部，北京 100875；2．a．中国西南地缘环境与边疆发展协同创新中心；b.云南师范大学 旅游与地理学院，昆明 650500）
  • 出版日期:2017-03-05 发布日期:2017-03-05
  • 通讯作者: 葛岳静（1963―），女，北京人，教授，博士，主要从事全球化与地缘环境研究，（E-mail）geyj@bnu.edu.cn。
  • 作者简介:刘玉立（1988―），女，山东人，博士研究生，主要从事边境移民、中印关系研究，（E-mail）yuli881102@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    中国西南地缘环境与边疆发展协同创新中心开放基金课题和国家自然科学基金项目（41401157；41661033）

Spatial Difference and Contributing Factors of the Foreign Workers of Border Ports in Yunnan

LIU Yuli1，HU Zhiding2，GE Yuejing1,2a   

  1. （1．Faculty of Geographical Science，Beijing Normal University，Beijing 100875，China；2．a．Collaborative Innovation Center for Geopolitical Setting of Southwest China and Borderland Development；b．School of Tourism and Geographical Science，Yunnan Normal University，Kunming 650500，China）
  • Online:2017-03-05 Published:2017-03-05

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摘要：

采用文献研究和实地调研、问卷调查等方法，在系统概括云南边境口岸外籍务工人员整体特征的基础上，通过实证研究揭示了这一群体的基本属性特征（性别结构、年龄结构、文化程度）、就业特征（跨境渠道、就业类型、收入水平）和居住特征（居住条件、适应程度）在不同边境口岸的空间差异，指出口岸的发展机遇及腹地支撑力度、外籍人员管理服务水平、毗邻国的政治经济状况以及双边社会文化差异等人文因素和边境类型、口岸的交通区位条件等自然因素，共同交织构成的边界“屏蔽效应”和“中介效应”的作用机制和影响程度的不同，是导致云南边境口岸外籍务工人员空间分布差异的关键原因。最后提出云南要积极把握政策机遇，密切关注和规范外籍劳务的服务管理，更加有效地变边界的“屏蔽效应”为“中介效应”，合理引导外籍务工人员有序参与区域经济活动等建议。

关键词: 跨境务工, 空间差异, 边境口岸, 云南

Abstract:

The implementation of “the belt and road initiative” and the interpretation of its orientation of “facing the radiation center of South Asia and Southeast Asia” have created an important opportunity for Yunnan border ports. With the "labor shortage" problem, a large number of foreign workers have poured into Yunnan territory. Cross-border workers issue has become a hotspot in the field of anthropology, geography and economics in the western world, especially in the field of border study. Most researchers pay attention to the push-and-pull factors of foreign workers and its impacts on the local labor market. On contrast, cross-border issue causes a debate in the field of ethnology, demography and economics in the domestic literature. The main points are as follows: the influencing factors of foreign labor, the service and management of foreign labor, and its economic impacts on both two countries. It can be found that quite few geographers pay attention to the cross-border workers issue and the past study regarded border area as a whole area to explore, ignoring the spatial differences among different border ports. Consequently, from the view of geography, this paper analyzes the spatial difference and contributing factors of the foreign workers of border ports in Yunnan based on field research and questionnaires. Firstly, this paper summarizes the overall characteristics of foreign workers of border ports in Yunnan. In detail, first of all, the number of foreign workers shows an increasing trend. Secondly, they are distributed in a range of industries widely, and the different types of industries directly determine the frequency of cross-border labors. Thirdly, the educational level of foreign labors is generally low, which restricts their labor skills and wages. Fourthly, the employment path of foreign workers is single, and their legitimate rights and interests can’t be protected effectively. Subsequently, three characteristics of foreign labors and their spatial differences were analyzed, including the basic characteristics (gender structure, age structure, education level), job characteristics (cross-border approach, employment type, income level), and condition characteristics (living conditions, adaptability to the local environment). This paper concludes that the spatial pattern of the diversity of cross-border workers in Yunnan border ports is in fact the results of border effects, including both “shielding effect” and “mediation effect”. It is to note that human geography elements, such as development opportunities and hinterland supports of ports, foreign workers’ management and service system, the economic and political conditions of neighboring countries, and cultural and social differences, as well as physical geography elements, such as border types and traffic accessibility, contributing to border effects. Finally, this paper suggests that Yunnan should take advantage of political opportunity and pay close attention to the service and management of foreign workers. It would be good to change “shielding effect” into “intermediary effect” and rationally guide foreign workers to participate in the regional economic activity in good order.

Key words: cross-border work, spatial difference, border ports, Yunnan