南沙他国侵占岛礁战略价值及空间格局评价

doi:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003243

Abstract

Abstract:

There are up to 44 islands and reefs illegally occupied by foreign countries in the Spratly Islands, that is a serious threat to China's national security. Therefore, the strategic value of the occupied islands and reefs in the Spratly Islands region should be evaluated. Previous studies concentrate on the period before large-scale construction in the region. Additionally, they lack consideration of the islands development potential. Considering this potential, radiation capacity, and carrying capacity, the present study investigated 26 influence factors, their respective assessment values were calculated. The subjective and objective integrated method was used to determine the weight of each factor. The linear weighting method was used to obtain the evaluation results of the strategic value of 44 islands and reefs occupied by Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei. The results were spatially interpolated to identify their spatial pattern characteristics. The main results are as follows: 1) The strategic value evaluation of islands and reefs shows the gradient distribution characteristics. The Danwanjiao reef occupied by Malaysia, Nanweidao Island occupied by Vietnam, and Zhongyedao Island occupied by the Philippines are the ones with highest strategic value, and their evaluation values are 100, 98.42, and 97.09, respectively. The islands and reefs with lower strategic value were mainly sandbars and hidden shoals, such as the Orleana Shoal and Bombay Castle, with scores of less than 40. 2) The strategic value, radiation capacity, carrying capacity, and construction potential of islands and reefs all have a multi-core spatial distribution pattern, in which the spatial distribution pattern of their radiation capacity is the "NW-SE band", the areas of highest and high grades extend from northwest to southeast of the study area and decrease to both sides (northeast and southwest). There are two core regions and two secondary core regions in the pattern of radiation capacity. The spatial distribution pattern of carrying capacity shows a "horizontal strip", which decreases from north to south, in which there is one core region and two secondary core regions. There are three core regions and two secondary core regions in the spatial distribution pattern of island potential and strategic value of islands and reefs. 3) Vietnam occupies the most islands and reefs and has a wide spatial distribution. In the spatial distribution pattern of strategic value of islands and reefs, there is one core region and two secondary core regions closely related to Vietnam. Bishengjiao, Liumenjiao, Nanhuajiao, Wumiejiao, and West reefs are occupied by Vietnam and have a great potential for building islands and reefs, as their geographical location is of great strategic significance. Further construction would support the core areas of islands and reefs occupied by Vietnam, which could lead to a pincer attack on China's garrison islands and reefs, thereby requiring close attention.

Key words: Spratly Islands, potential of island construction, occupied by foreign countries, strategic value, spatial pattern

CLC Number:

Kaifu Min, Liang Cheng, Xiao Zhou, Nan Xia, Ning Li, Manchun Li. Strategic and Spatial Pattern Assessments of Spratly Islands Occupied by Foreign Countries[J].Tropical Geography, 2020, 40(4): 684-693.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1

Fig.2

Table 1

Detailed description of index factor for strategic value evaluation of islands and reefs"

准则层	要素层	指标层	类型	指标描述
辐射能力	军事辐射力	机场建设级别	正向	遥感影像目视解译机场跑道长度作为指标数值
	军事辐射力	港口建设级别	正向	遥感影像目视解译港口面积大小作为指标数值
	民事辐射力	海上搜救可达时间/h	逆向	以岛礁为搜救点，考虑风、浪等，设定统一航行速度，计算南海海域的搜救可达时间（Zhou, 2019）
	民事辐射力	覆盖事故高发区范围/km2	正向	以岛礁为搜救点，考虑风、浪等，设定统一航行速度，计算12 h内搜救可达区域覆盖事故高发区范围
	航道辐射力	距重要航道距离/km	逆向	基于AIS数据提取航道，计算各岛礁到重要航道距离
		距一般航道距离/km	逆向	基于AIS数据提取航道，计算各岛礁到一般航道距离
		距周边海峡距离/km	逆向	各岛礁到周边海峡的平均距离
	油气辐射力	石油辐射力	正向	若岛礁在油气盆地内，则以盆地石油储量作为指标值；若不在，则以距岛礁最近的盆地石油储量除以距离作为指标值
	油气辐射力	天然气辐射力	正向	同石油辐射力
承载能力	资源承载力	建设面积/km2	正向	遥感影像目视解译岛礁人造地表的面积作为指标值
		建筑占地面积/km2	正向	遥感影像目视解译岛礁建筑的占地面积作为指标值
		礁坪面积/km2	正向	岛礁礁坪是高潮时淹没，低潮时大部分露出水面的礁体部分（赵焕庭等，1996；王新志等，2017），将其面积作为此指标数值
		有无淡水	正向	岛礁上有无淡水资源，分别赋值1、0
	环境承载力	植被覆盖率	正向	影像目视解译植被覆盖面积，其岛礁礁坪出露面积比值
	环境承载力	潟湖面积/km2	正向	礁坪环绕的潟湖所占区域（赵焕庭等，1996）面积为此因子数值
	能源供给力	风能潜力/(W·m^-2)	正向	根据风场、海平面温度数据及风功率密度计算模型（Cavazzi et al., 2016; Rusu, 2019），得到0.125°格网的风能潜力数据，通过叠置分析得到岛礁的潜力值
		波浪能潜力/(kW·m^-1)	正向	根据波浪数据及波浪能计算模型（Mirzaei et al., 2015; Yaakob et al., 2016; Bento et al., 2018），得到0.125°格网的波能潜力数据，通过叠置分析得到岛礁的潜力值
		太阳能潜力/kWh	正向	根据高分影像和阴影生成建筑LOD1级三维模型，并用太阳能潜力计算模型（Fu et al, 2002）计算岛礁太阳能潜力
建岛潜力	礁盘平面特征	礁盘面积/km2	正向	影像上与周围海水具有明显反差的礁体部分面积
		礁盘长度/km	正向	礁盘最长轴的长度，反映机场跑道建设潜力
		发育指数	正向	岛礁发育指数＝礁坪面积/礁盘面积（刘宝银等，2000）
	水下地形特征	水深/m	逆向	基于岛礁水下地形反演数据，计算岛礁平均水深
		坡度	逆向	基于岛礁水下地形反演数据，计算水下地形坡度平均值
		粗糙度	逆向	粗糙度定量描述了地形的起伏程度（Smith, 2014）。按岛礁水下地形数据，计算岛礁水下地形粗糙度，取其平均值
		切割深度/m	逆向	切割深度指某点邻域的平均与最小高程的差值，反映地形侵蚀程度（赵斯琦等，2018）。按岛礁水下地形数据，计算岛礁水下地形切割深度，取其平均值
		建岛填方量/km3	逆向	基于岛礁水下地形数据，及模拟的填岛标高，利用ArcGIS的Cut Fill功能计算建岛填方量

Table 1

Fig. 3

Table 2

Fig. 4

References 0

	Bento A R, Martinho P and Guedes Soares C. 2018. Wave Energy Assessement for Northern Spain from a 33-Year Hindcast. Renewable Energy, 127: 322-333.
	Cavazzi S and Dutton A G. 2016. An Offshore Wind Energy Geographic Information System (O-WE-GIS) for Assessment of the UK's Offshore Wind Energy Potential. Renewable Energy, 87: 212-228.
	Cheng Liang, Yan Zhaojin, Xiao Yijia, Chen Yanming, Zhang Fangli and Li Manchun. 2019. Using Big Data to Track Marine Oil Transportation along the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. Science China Technological Sciences, 62(4): 677-686.
	陈鹏．2017．南海争端解决法律问题研究．郑州：郑州大学，53．[Chen Peng. 2017. The International Law Solution to Solve the South China Sea Dispute. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University, 53.]
	成王玉，刘永学，李满春，陈振杰，李飞雪．2013．基于AHP与模糊综合评价方法的南沙东部岛礁战略价值评价．热带地理，33（4）：381-386．[Cheng Wangyu, Liu Yongxue, Li Manchun, Chen Zhenjie and Li Feixue. 2013. Strategic Value Evaluation of the Atolls in the Eastern Nansha Islands Based on AHP and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method. Tropical Geography, 33(4): 381-386. ]
	Chu Sensen, Cheng Liang, Ruan Xiaoguang, Zhuang Qizhi, Zhou Xiao, Li Manchun and Shi Yongzhong. 2019. Technical Framework for Shallow-Water Bathymetry with High Reliability and No Missing Data Based on Time-Series Sentinel-2 Images. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 57(11): 8745-8763.
	Fang Xin, Hao Chunling, Zhang Yifei, Xiang Yunyun, Yang Hui, Yu Qiao, Lian Pingting, Ni Wei and Wang Jingchen. 2018. Sea Reclamation Planning Based on Suitability Analysis: An Example of Hainan Island Under the Ecological Red Line. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 186(3): 12025.
	Fichot C G, Matsumoto K, Holt B, Gierach M M and Tokos K S. 2019. Assessing Change in the Overturning Behavior of the Laurentian Great Lakes Using Remotely Sensed Lake Surface Water Temperatures. Remote Sensing of Environment, 235:111427.
	Fu P and Rich P M. 2002. A Geometric Solar Radiation Model with Applications in Agriculture An-D Forestry. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 37(1): 25-35.
	国土资源部油气资源战略研究中心．2009．新一轮全国油气资源评价．北京：中国大地出版社，130-132．[Strategic Research Center of Oil and Gas Resources. 2009. A New Round of National Oil and Gas Resources Evaluation. Beijing: China Dadi Press, 130-132. ]
	海洋发展战略研究所．2018．中国海洋发展报告．北京：海洋出版社．[China Institute for Marine Affairs. 2018. China’s Ocean Development Report．Beijing: China Ocean Press．]
	靳亚亚，靳相木，李陈．2018．基于承压施压耦合曲线的城市土地承载力评价——以浙江省32个城市为例．地理研究，37（6）：1087-1099. [Jin Yaya, Jin Xiangmu and Li Chen. 2018. Applying Supporting-Pressuring Coupling Curve to the Evaluation of Urban Land Carrying Capacity: The Case Study of 32 Cities in Zhejiang Province. Geographical Research, 37(6): 1087-1099. ]
	Komposch C. 1996. Arachnological Investigations on Primary Succession of an Artificial Island in Southern Austria (Arachnida: Opiliones, Araneae). Revue Suisse De Zoologie, (1): 327-334.
	李金明．2001．中国南海疆域研究的问题与前瞻．南洋问题研究，（3）：86-95. [Li Jingming. 2001. Problems of and Prospects for the Studies on Chinas Border in the South China Sea. Southeast Asian Affairs, (3): 86-95. ]
	Li Sipan, Gong Qunxi and Yang Shaolei. 2019a. A Sustainable, Regional Agricultural Development Measurement System Based on Dissipative Structure Theory and the Entropy Weight Method: A Case Study in Chengdu, China. Sustainability, 11(19): 5313.
	Li Yuangang, Sun Maohua, Yuan Guanghui, Zhou Qi and Liu Jinyue. 2019b. Study on Development Sustainability of Atmospheric Environment in Northeast China by Rough Set and Entropy Weight Method. Sustainability, 11(14): 3793.
	Li Zhiming, Fan Zhengxi and Shen Shiguang. 2018. Urban Green Space Suitability Evaluation Based on the AHP-CV Combined Weight Method: A Case Study of Fuping County, China. Sustainability, 10(8): 2656.
	刘宝银，王岩峰．2000．南沙珊瑚环礁的遥感复合信息嫡与类型．海洋学报，22（1）：43-51．[Liu Baoyin and Wang Yanfeng. 2000. Analysis and Measurement of Fusion Information Characteristics of Remote Sensing in Spratly Islands. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 22(1): 43-51. ]
	Mirzaei Ali, Tangang Fredolin and Juneng Liew. 2015. Wave Energy Potential Assessment in the Central and Southern Regions of the South China Sea. Renewable Energy, 80: 454-470.
	钱明辉，胡日东．2014．中国区域性金融中心的空间辐射能力．地理研究，33（6）：1140-1150．[Qian Minghui and Hu Ridong. 2014. Research on the Spatial Radiation Ability of Regional Financial Center in China. Geographical Research, 33(6): 1140-1150. ]
	Rusu Eugen. 2019. A 30-Year Projection of the Future Wind Energy Resources in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea. Renewable Energy, 139: 228-234.
	Smith Mark W. 2014. Roughness in the Earth Sciences. Earth-Science Reviews, 136: 202-225.
	Sun Boyang, Yang Xiaohua, Zhang Yipeng and Chen Xiaojuan. 2019. Evaluation of Water Use Efficiency of 31 Provinces and Municipalities in China Using Multi-Level Entropy Weight Method Synthesized Indexes and Data Envelopment Analysis. Sustainability, 11(17): 4556.
	孙冬虎．2000．南海诸岛外来地名的命名背景及其历史影响．地理研究，（2）：217-224．[Sun Donghu. 2000. The Background and Influence of the Exotic Toponyms in the South China Sea Islands. Geographical Research, (2): 217-224. ]
	唐盟．2015．被越南侵占的中国南沙群岛岛礁的时空分布特征及战略格局．热带地理，35（5）：739-744．[Tang Meng. 2015. Spatial Distribution Characteristic and Strategic Situation of the Islands and Reefs Invaded by Vietnam in The Chinese Nansha Islands. Tropical Geography, 35(5): 739-744. ]
	Wang Delu, Shi Yuehua and Wan Kaidi. 2020. Integrated Evaluation of the Carrying Capacities of Mineral Resource-Based Cities Considering Synergy Between Subsystems. Ecological Indicators, 108: 105701.
	Wang Hongyu, Liu Chaoyang, Zhao Zhanhao, Zhang Jingdong, Li Ziwei, Li Fei and Liu Maosheng. 2016. Efficiency Evaluation of an Internet Plus University Student Affairs System Based on Fuzzy Theory and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 31(6): 3121-3130.
	王新志，王星，刘海峰，孟庆山，朱长歧．2017．珊瑚礁地基工程特性现场试验研究．岩土力学，38（7）：2065-2070，2079．[Wang Xinzhi, Wang Xing, Liu Haifeng, Meng Qingshan and Zhu Changqi. 2017. Field Test Study of Engineering Behaviors of Coral Reef Foundation. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 38(7): 2065-2070, 2079. ]
	汪业成，刘永学，李满春，王加胜，江冲亚．2013．基于场强模型的南沙岛礁战略地位评价．地理研究，32（12）：2292-2301．[Wang Yecheng, Liu Yongxue, Li Manchun, Wang Jiasheng and Jiang Chongya. 2013. The Strategic Position of Spratly Islands: An Evaluation Based on the Field Spread Model. Geographical Research, 32(12): 2292-2301. ]
	Yaakob Omar, Hashim Farah E, Mohd Omar K, Md Din A H and Koh Kho K. 2016. Satellite-Based Wave Data and Wave Energy Resource Assessment for South China Sea. Renewable Energy, 88: 359-371.
	于永海，王延章，张永华，王玉广，康敏捷．2011．围填海适宜性评估方法研究．海洋通报，30（1）：81-87．[Yu Yonghai, Wang Yanzhang, Zhang Yonghua, Wang Yuguang and Kang Minjie. 2011. Research of Evaluation Methods for Reclamation Suitability. Marine Science Bulletin, 30(1): 81-87. ]
	Zhang Fei, Wang Yong, Ma Xuejiao, Wang Ying, Yang Guangchun and Zhu Lin. 2019. Evaluation of Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity of 36 Large Cities in China Based on a Support-Pressure Coupling Mechanism. Science of The Total Environment, 688: 838-854.
	张海文．2012．从国际法视角看南海争议问题．世界知识，（4）：14-18．[Zhang Haiwen．2012 ．The Disputed Issues in the South China Sea from the Perspective of International Law. World Knowledge, (4): 14-18．]
	张荷霞，刘永学，李满春，赵赛帅，程亮．2014．基于AHP和EWCM的部分南沙岛礁战略价值模糊综合评价．海洋通报，33（4）：377-382. [Zhang Hexia, Liu Yongxue, Li Manchun, Zhao Saishuai and Cheng Liang. 2014. Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of the Strategic Value for Several Reefs in the Spratly Islands Based on AHP and EWCM. Marine Science Bulletin, 33(4): 377-382. ]
	赵焕庭，宋朝景，卢博，汪稔，杨志强．1996．珊瑚礁工程地质初论──新的研究领域珊瑚礁工程地质．工程地质学报，（1）：86-90. [Zhao Huanting, Song Chaojing, Lu Bo, Wang Ren and Yang Zhiqiang. 1996. A Preliminary Exposition of Coral Reef Engineering Geology─A New Research Field: Coral Reef Engineering Geology. Journal of Engineering Geology, (1): 86-90. ]
	赵焕庭，王丽荣．2017．南海诸岛珊瑚礁人工岛建造研究．热带地理，37（5）：681-693. [Zhao Huanting and Wang Lirong. 2017. Construction of Artificial Islands on Coral Reef in the South China Sea Islands. Tropical Geography, 37 (5): 681-693. ]
	赵赛帅，刘永学，李满春，张荷霞，孙超．2015．基于AHP-变异系数法的越占南沙岛礁战略价值评价．海洋科学，39（6）：114-121. [Zhao Saishuai, Liu Yongxue, Li Manchun, Zhang Hexia and Sun Chao. 2015. Strategic Assessment of the Nansha Islands Occupied by Vietnam Based on AHP-Variation Coefficient Method. Marine Sciences, 39(6): 114-121. ]
	赵斯琦，王晓红，舒天竹，唐睿．2018．喀斯特地区区域尺度土壤侵蚀地形因子研究．干旱区资源与环境，32（5）：97-103. [Zhao Siqi, Wang Xiaohong, Shu Tianzhu and Tang Rui. 2018. Research on Topographic Factors in Relation to Regional Soil Erosion in Karst Region. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 32(5): 97-103. ]
	Zhao Guopeng and Wang Dong. 2019. Comprehensive Evaluation of AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid Planning Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy Weight Method. Applied Sciences, 9(18): 3843.
	Zhou Xiao, Cheng Liang, Zhang Fangli, Yan Zhaojin, Ruan Xiaoguang, Min Kaifu and Li Manchun. 2019. Integrating Island Spatial Information and Integer Optimization for Locating Maritime Search and Rescue Bases: A Case Study in the South China Sea. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(2): 88.
	朱凌，刘百桥．2009．围海造地的综合效益评价方法研究．海洋开发与管理，26（2）：113-116. [Zhu Ling and Liu Baiqiao. 2009. Research on Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation Method of Land Reclamation from Sea. Ocean Development and Management, 26(2): 113-116. ]

排名	名称	侵占国	分值	排名	名称	侵占国	分值	排名	名称	侵占国	分值
1	弹丸礁	马来西亚	100	16	南海礁	马来西亚	56.04	31	西月岛	菲律宾	42.98
2	南威岛	越南	98.42	17	六门礁	越南	55.98	32	南通礁	文莱	42.04
3	中业岛	菲律宾	97.09	18	日积礁	越南	55.98	33	琼礁	越南	41.50
4	西礁	越南	82.98	19	敦谦沙洲	越南	54.67	34	舶兰礁	越南	39.39
5	南子岛	越南	82.84	20	染青沙洲	越南	54.49	35	马欢岛	菲律宾	39.10
6	景宏岛	越南	72.51	21	无乜礁	越南	54.02	36	万安滩	越南	34.02
7	簸箕礁	马来西亚	67.06	22	榆亚暗沙	马来西亚	52.87	37	广雅滩	越南	33.77
8	鸿庥岛	越南	66.28	23	安波沙洲	越南	52.27	38	费信岛	菲律宾	32.10
9	东礁	越南	65.59	24	南钥岛	菲律宾	51.39	39	西卫滩	越南	31.71
10	中礁	越南	63.99	25	司令礁	菲律宾	50.57	40	李准滩	越南	31.11
11	毕生礁	越南	63.45	26	光星礁	马来西亚	49.54	41	金盾暗沙	越南	29.06
12	大现礁	越南	63.15	27	光星仔礁	马来西亚	47.44	42	人骏滩	越南	28.80
13	南华礁	越南	61.80	28	奈罗礁	越南	47.41	43	奥南暗沙	越南	28.17
14	柏礁	越南	59.38	29	双黄沙洲	菲律宾	46.58	44	蓬勃堡	越南	23.17
15	北子岛	菲律宾	56.53	30	鬼喊礁	越南	45.22

[1]	Jinyue Tang, Yijun He, Na Ta. Spatial Distribution Patterns and Factors Influencing the Shanghai Catering Industry Based on POI Data [J]. Tropical Geography, 2020, 40(6): 1015-1025.
[2]	Du Fangye, Wang Jiao'e, Wang Han. The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Connectivity of China's International Air Transport Network and the Spatial Differences [J]. Tropical Geography, 2020, 40(3): 386-395.
[3]	Zhuang Liang, Tian Na, Zhao Biao. Spatio-Temporal Characteristics and Impact Factors of Museums in Shanghai [J]. Tropical Geography, 2020, 40(3): 539-550.
[4]	Hu Xuefeng, Wang Xingping, Zhao Sidong. Spatial Pattern and Industrial Development Characteristics of the Industrial Zone in Vietnam [J]. Tropical Geography, 2019, 39(6): 889-900.
[5]	PENG Ying，WENG Shixiu and LI Lixun. Spatial Pattern Evolution of China’s Urban TV Market Structure in the Context of Marketization: A Case Study of 30 Provincial Cities and Municipalities [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 38(4): 504-515.
[6]	LU Junwen，YUAN Qifeng，HUANG Zhe and LI Zhigang. Spatial Pattern and Causes of Rental Housing in Guangzhou [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 38(3): 384-393.
[7]	KONG Feng，WANG Yifei，FANG Jian，LYU Lili，ZHANG Lili，WANG Zhuoni. Projected Regional Difference of the Rainfall with Different Intensities and Their Contribution to Total Rainfall under the RCP6.0 Scenario in China during 2006-2100 [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 38(1): 48-60.
[8]	KONG Feng，FANG Jian，LYU Lili，WANG Zhu，MENG Yongchang，YANG Xu. Tendency and Fluctuation of Different Rainfall Intensities in China during 1961-2015 [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 37(4): 473-483.
[9]	DIAO Beidi，CHEN Kunlun，DING Lei，ZENG Kefeng. Spatial Pattern and Influence Factors of Taobao Village in 2013 and 2014 [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 37(1): 56-65.
[10]	SU Mulan，DAI Wenyuan，HUANG Huafu，GUO Qiang，HUANG Jianbin. Spatial Evolution Characteristics of Island Rural Settlements under the Background of Rapid Urbanization: A Case Study of the Haitan Island of Fujian [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2016, 36(6): 1005-1018.
[11]	ZHONG Guoping，CAO Xiaoshu. Spatial Pattern of Job-housing Relationship of Polycentric Cities: A Case of Zhongshan City [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2016, 36(4): 591-599.
[12]	JIANG Haining，XU Shuhui，TAN Shiliu. Spatial Pattern of National Musical Instrument Manufacturing Enterprises in China [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2014, 34(5): 599-605.
[13]	WANG Jiao’e，JIAO Jingjuan. Development Process, Spatial Pattern and Effects of High-Speed Rail Network in China [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2014, 34(3): 275-282.
[14]	WANG Tao，ZENG Juxin. Spatial Patterns and Development Strategy of Competition-Integration between Cities in Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2014, 34(3): 390-398.
[15]	MEI Zhixiong，XU Songjun，OUYANG Jun. Spatial Pattern and Evolution of Road Network Accessibility in the Pearl River Delta [J]. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2014, 34(1): 27-33.

Strategic and Spatial Pattern Assessments of Spratly Islands Occupied by Foreign Countries

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 6

References 0

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0