Recently, the integration of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) and tourism has generated new consumption hotspots that facilitate the transformation of cultural resources into cultural capital, producing notable economic and social benefits. Drawing on critical heritage studies, this research applies cultural capital theory and scale theory to examine Yingge Dance, a national-level ICH item originating from Chaoshan region (comprising 3 prefecture-level cities: Shantou, Jieyang and Chaozhou), China. Using participant observation and in-depth interviews, we explored the multi-scalar formation and scale transformation of cultural capital related to Yingge Dance. This study yielded three main findings. First, Yingge Dance embodies both cultural publicity and capital productivity. Its preservation and transmission depend on embodied practice, objectified transformation, and institutionalized support, reflecting a fusion of tradition and modernity as well as a symbiotic relationship between economy and culture. Second, at the individual scale, performers continually refine their bodily knowledge and skills in intergenerational practices, extending training and performance into broader community contexts. This process transforms Yingge Dance into cultural capital that fosters group cohesion and enhances community governance. At the regional scale, cultural tourism consumption and market participation accelerate the production of objectified cultural capital. Supported by local government initiatives, Yingge Dance becomes a form of urban cultural capital that stimulates tourism consumption and contributes to urban branding. At the national scale, China incorporates Yingge Dance into narratives of physical, moral, and aesthetic education, embedding it within cultural governance frameworks through top-down policy empowerment. This elevates Yingge Dance to national cultural capital that reflects cultural diversity and strengthens international competitiveness. Third, Yingge Dance has achieved the reproduction of the functions, values, and meanings by scaling up from group-level cultural capital to urban cultural capital and subsequently to national cultural capital. However, challenges emerge during this scaling-up process, including cognitive conflicts among stakeholders, blurred genre boundaries, uneven development, and diminishing authenticity. To address these issues, China promotes a scaling-down approach through policies and discursive frameworks to maintain the vitality of ICH transmission. This scaling down is reflected in the stewardship and empowerment of ICH bearers, incorporation of national ICH strategies into urban development agendas, and strengthening of local governments' narrative and discursive power. This study offers a critical perspective on understanding the practices and interactions of multiple actors in ICH inheritance. It also provides practical recommendations for cultural tourism development and the extraction of ICH value through the lens of cultural capital and scale theories.

Facilitating the social integration of the migrant population is a pivotal task in the comprehensive advancement of new urbanization. Nevertheless, this significant task is currently confronted with formidable challenges arising from the prevailing trend of unstable employment in the labor market. This paper introduces the concept of precarity, which has been the subject of extensive and in-depth discussion in the international academic community, constructs a comprehensive indicator system for assessing employment precarity, and reveals the intricate impact mechanism of employment precarity on the social integration of China's migrant population. Based on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2017, the following primary conclusions were obtained through rigorous exploratory factor analysis and parallel multiple mediation effect models. Firstly, the overwhelming majority of the migrant population is in a state of varying degrees of unstable employment. When evaluating the comprehensive index of employment precarity for the migrant population from four key dimensions, employment status, contract nature, occupational industry type, and unit ownership, the value of 0.466 indicates an overall moderate level of precarity. The migrant population that fails to attain stable employment often finds itself in a disadvantaged position. These individuals typically seldom sign formal contracts, which means they lack the legal protection and stability that come with such contracts. They are concentrated in the secondary labor market, where low-threshold occupations and non-monopolistic industries prevail. Despite their arduous work, they can only earn meager wages, which severely restricts their standard of living and development opportunities. Secondly, the average level of social integration of the migrant population is 0.363. The integration levels of the economic, psychological, and behavioral dimensions are 0.102, 0.614, and 0.732, respectively. The low-level integration in the economic dimension is the primary bottleneck in the social integration process of the migrant population. Thirdly, the employment precarity of the migrant population has a significant direct negative impact on its level of social integration. It constrains social integration by influencing a series of material, social, and subjective psychological conditions. These include income stability, housing stability, social security level, local social network, local social participation, housing willingness, and settlement willingness. The indirect limiting effect accounts for 77.49% of the total limiting effect. Among the hypotheses proposed in this paper, the effect of the employment precarity–residence intention–social integration path is the most significant, and the effect of the employment precarity–income stability–social integration path is the weakest. However, the employment precarity–family migration–social integration path has not been verified and requires further in-depth exploration and elucidation. This paper enhances the indicator system for measuring employment instability, comprehensively demonstrating its characteristics such as high job-change frequency, lack of security, and disadvantaged position in the labor market. Simultaneously, it specifically reveals the impact path of employment instability on social integration. Finally, this paper introduces the concept of employment instability into domestic human geography research, offering a solid research foundation for understanding and addressing the challenges posed by instability to the social integration of the migrant population. At the practical level, in the context of employment instability becoming a trend of economic development, it is imperative to promote the social integration of the migrant population through policy and system linkages in employment, housing, social security, household registration, and other areas.

High-resolution records and fine structure comparisons between different climate proxies are invaluable for elucidating the detailed variations and mechanisms of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) intensity. Based on eight high-precision ²³⁰Th dates and 448 δ¹⁸O data from a stalagmite (YX53) collected from Yongxing Cave in the Shennongjia Forestry District, Hubei Province, China, this study reconstructed a high-resolution EASM evolution sequence spanning 52.45 to 64.44 ka BP. This sequence completely covers Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events 18 to 15, and partly covers DO14. This record not only reveals the rapid onset and gradual decline pattern of DO18 during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4/3 transition but also delineates the sub-millennial-scale internal oscillations within DO17a and two sub-oscillations during DO16a that are comparable in duration and intensity. It also clearly documents two precursor events (PEs), namely PE17 and PE16. The results demonstrated that the EASM intensity exhibited a one-to-one correspondence with the Greenland ice core record throughout the DO18–15 events. However, in the YX53 δ ¹⁸O, Arabian Sea albedo, SCH02 δ ¹⁸O, and Cariaco Basin albedo records, the intensities of the PE17 and PE16 events are consistently lower than those of the subsequent DO17a and DO16a events. In contrast, the Greenland ice core record shows that the intensities of the PE17 and PE16 events are comparable to those of the DO17a and DO16a events, respectively. Furthermore, the evolution of EASM intensity during the DO events exhibited notable similarities to low-latitude climate processes. During the onset and termination phases of the DO events, changes in the EASM intensity resembled the more gradual transitions that are characteristic of low-latitude records. However, within the DO events themselves, the EASM exhibited internal structures analogous to those observed in low-latitude processes, such as the two sub-oscillations during DO16a that are comparable in duration and intensity, and the rapid-onset–slow-termination transition pattern of DO18. These consistencies indicate a significant modulating influence of low-latitude processes on EASM intensity during the MIS4/3 transition. We propose that the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) may have influenced the pace of EASM variability and contributed to centennial-scale oscillations within DO events through mechanisms such as air-sea interactions. Based on a stalagmite δ ¹⁸O record from Shennongjia, this study reconstructs EASM variability during DO events 18 to 15. Through detailed comparisons and analyses of transitional events, we reveal the modulating role of low-latitude processes on the EASM during the MIS4/3 transition. These results suggest that while high-latitude processes primarily drive the initiation and termination of millennial-scale EASM enhancement events, low-latitude processes, which are likely influenced by the WPWP, may shape the intensity and internal structure of these enhancements within DO events.

In the context of an accelerating society, young individuals in contemporary cities face mounting psychological pressures and existential anxiety. This has led to an increasing demand for environments that offer therapeutic relief and emotional refuge. This study takes the "Time-Farm," an urban green space, as a case study to explore the construction of urban therapeutic landscapes, the perception of young individuals, and the ontological and epistemological foundations of healing. Drawing on Tim Ingold's dwelling perspective, this study examines epistemologies of human-nature relations, embodied and enmined practices, and the temporality of landscapes to propose a multidimensional analytical framework. This framework serves to interpret how landscapes can be healing for youth and offers a new explanatory approach for reconstructing subjectivity in an accelerated society. The findings suggest that therapeutic landscapes are not simply the result of static natural environments but are co-constructed through a relational epistemology that views human and non-human life as interdependent, cohabiting participants. In the Time-Farm, the therapeutic effect of space emerges from its founders' intentional rejection of anthropocentrism. Plants are not regarded as decorative objects but as co-dwelling beings with agency. Through sustained interaction and affective care, caregivers' non-representational practices fostered a shared coexistence epistemology that resonated with urban youths. As youth began to participate in the maintenance and experience of the space, their involvement signaled bodily engagement and an epistemic transformation: therapeutic feeling required the recognition of human–nature interdependence. This shift in understanding is a necessary precondition of ecological connections and emotional resonance. Moreover, the therapeutic process is deeply embedded in the convergence of embodied and enmined practices and temporal rhythms of the landscape. The young participants engaged in sensory-rich, emotionally resonant activities that activated bodily awareness and relational connections to a place. The therapeutic effect does not occur as an immediate experience but rather unfolds over time through repeated interactions, seasonal cycles, and the slow growth of living organisms. The temporality of the landscape mirrors the rhythms of individual transformations and supports sustained therapeutic effects. Theoretically, this study challenges the reductive paradigm that equates therapeutic effects solely with environmental conditions. Instead, it proposes a relational and procedural approach integrating epistemology, embodiment, and temporality. By employing Ingold's dwelling perspective, this study provides an interpretive tool rooted in environmental anthropology for understanding therapeutic landscapes. Practically, it offers insights for designing urban green spaces: therapeutic environments must move beyond the mere presence of greenery to foster relational understanding, embodied participation, and long-term interaction.As an urban green space, the Time-Farm demonstrates how therapeutic landscapes can be cultivated through cohabitative epistemology, integrated mind-body practices, and sustained care. The model of a "human-environment-life community" provides an ecologically holistic perspective on landscape-making and offers a fertile direction for theoretical innovation in future therapeutic landscape research.

With rapid urbanization, urban safety has become a critical issue in city governance. Among the various approaches, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) has gained increasing attention owing to its effectiveness in reducing crime risk through physical environment interventions. This study systematically reviewed the development trajectory of CPTED practices in South Korea over the past four decades, dividing them into three distinct stages: initial conceptual introduction and early experimentation, formulation of guidelines and pilot implementation, and legislative revision and full-scale institutionalization. Each stage was analyzed in detail in terms of policy background, implementation strategies, and governance arrangements. Based on this review, this study constructed a framework illustrating the operational mechanism of CPTED in South Korea, highlighting the collaboration among national agencies (particularly the National Police Agency), local governments, academic institutions, and communities. The model emphasizes the importance of a standardized design process and case-based feedback to form a dynamic and iterative practice system. To demonstrate the practical application of this framework, this paper presents a detailed case study of the Yeomni-dong neighborhood in Seoul, one of the earliest CPTED pilot projects in South Korea. Through onsite assessments, risk mapping, participatory planning, and post-implementation evaluations, the project significantly improved community safety, reduced specific types of crime (such as robbery), and enhanced residents' sense of belonging and security. This case underscores the adaptability and effectiveness of CPTED principles in densely built East Asian urban contexts.The study also provides a concise overview of how CPTED-related principles have been applied in China across different administrative sectors, including the Ministry of Public Security's "Skynet Project," the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development's "Complete Residential Community Guidelines," and grassroots governance initiatives such as Zhejiang's "Neighborhood Watch" and Beijing's "Fengqiao Experience." Despite these efforts, challenges remain in China's current CPTED practices, including the lack of a unified standard system, fragmented departmental responsibilities, and insufficient integration of digital and physical safety strategies.Drawing on South Korea's institutional and practical experience, this study proposes four strategies for constructing a localized CPTED framework in China: (1) improving the legal and regulatory system by incorporating CPTED principles into national and local standards; (2) fostering cross-sector collaboration among planning, security, and governance bodies; (3) embedding CPTED assessments into urban health-check mechanisms to identify spatial safety risks; and (4) integrating CPTED principles into the entire process of urban renewal projects to promote sustainable and resilient urban environments. This study aims to provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for improving urban crime prevention strategies in China, contributing to the development of a more integrated, adaptive, and locally tailored CPTED system. It also offers valuable lessons for the convergence of spatial planning and public safety governance in rapidly urbanizing contexts.

To enhance ecological civilization, establishing a governance framework that reconciles the principles of financial sustainability with those of urban green development has been identified as an effective pathway for urban sustainability. Land finance constitutes a distinctive government revenue model in China, providing crucial support for accelerated urbanization and urban construction. Without alternative large-scale revenue sources for local governments, land finance continues to be an important source of off-budget revenue. Therefore, optimizing the use of land finance and leveraging its positive impact on sustainable urban development are crucial. The positive role of land finance in promoting urban green development is an effective means of advancing ecological civilization construction and high-quality urban development. Urban green spaces are pivotal elements of the urban ecological environment. Investigating the influence of land finance on urban green spaces is an important research area. This study employed panel data from 273 prefecture-level cities in China from 2007 to 2019 to systematically assess the impact of land finance on urban green spaces by utilizing the fixed effects and spatial Durbin models. Furthermore, it assessed the moderating effect of environmental governance in promoting land finance to support the improvement of urban green spaces based on the moderation effect model. The findings indicate that the impact of land finance on urban green space exhibits an inverted U-shaped pattern with a negative overall effect. However, the positive impact of land finance on urban green spaces is limited. Local governments' environmental governance exerted a significant positive moderating effect on the impact of land finance on urban green spaces. As environmental governance strengthens, the impact of land finance on urban green space shifts from negative to positive. This suggests that land finance can promote improvements in urban green spaces through high-level environmental governance. The coverage level of urban green spaces displayed spatial agglomeration characteristics, and land finance had a negative spatial spillover effect on urban green spaces. In addition, the moderating effect of environmental governance presented a positive spatial spillover effect. Consequently, the impacts of land finance and environmental governance on urban green spaces in economically and geographically adjacent cities must be considered. Subgroup analysis showed that the impact of land finance on urban greenspaces is more pronounced in cities located in the central and western regions. This study makes a significant contribution to the discussion on whether land finance can support the improvement of urban green spaces and how to promote the positive role of land finance in urban green development, and the positive role of environmental governance in facilitating the supportive role of land finance in promoting urban green development. This paper proposes policy suggestions on how to use land finance to enhance urban green spaces and provides new ideas for sustainable and green urban development.

Based on the investment path data of the top 100 benchmark enterprises of new quality productivity in 2024, according to the three-stage hierarchical affiliation model, the spatial network structure of new quality productivity in Chinese cities and its influencing factors are studied by using social network analysis, spatial analysis through geographic information system, and QAP(Quadratic Assignment Procedure) analysis. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) The spatial network of new quality productivity in Chinese cities involves a wide range of cities with a certain degree of two-way interaction, medium-to-high connectivity, and strong agglomeration. A connection between any two cities is typically achieved through a few nodes. Simultaneously, the network exhibits a small-world effect, forming several independent small groups or circles with high-frequency interactions. (2) The network first forms a national core skeleton with a triangle with "Beijing-Shanghai-Shenzhen" as the vertex. Furthermore, it expands to a diamond network connection pattern with "Beijing-Shanghai-Shenzhen-Chengdu" as the vertex, forming an obvious "core-edge" structure. Beijing plays a core guiding role in the allocation of new quality production factors, and Shanghai is the largest core to attract investment inflows. (3) The network consists mainly of cross-level connections, with high-level cities having substantial external spillovers and closer internal connections that are mainly responsible for the undertaking, and the internal connections are relatively loose. Additionally, the characteristics of internal and external connections differ considerably across the three major regions—East, Middle, and West. The eastern region has the closest internal connections and stronger external attraction and interactivity, forming a ladder-like network pattern. The Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations exhibit characteristics of cohesive development, whereas the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration shows characteristics of external development. (4) Economic scale, industrial structure, network popularization, institutional proximity, innovation output, and innovative industries were the most important factors affecting the spatial network structure of China's new urban quality productivity. They essentially reflect the spatial configuration logic and coordinated agglomeration law of new quality production factors, and embody the network construction logic of "spatial nesting-innovation drive-industrial collaboration." Spatial nesting provides the most basic geographical and institutional support for the flow of new quality production factors and interaction between cities. The innovation drive is the core driving force behind the construction of network structures, and the industrial collaboration mechanism promotes this network relationship based on space and innovation, moving towards a deeper level of functional integration and jointly shaping a multilevel, gradient, and efficient flow network pattern.

Exploring the new pattern of the integration of the digital economy, culture, and tourism industry is one way to promote the high-quality development of the cultural and tourism industry. This study takes Marx's theory of the industrial capital cycle as a guide and constructs an evaluation index system to integrate the digital economy and cultural and tourism industries, and infrastructure, social subjects, external environment, and effectiveness. It adopts the entropy value method, Dagum Gini coefficient, and Markov chain to measure and analyze the level of development of the integration of the digital economy and cultural and tourism industry in 31 Chinese provinces and cities from 2012 to 2022, the regional differences, and their spatiotemporal evolution patterns. The study found the following. The development level of digital cultural tourism integration in China showed a fluctuating upward trend during the study period; however, the overall level remained relatively low. Only four provinces and municipalities, namely Shanghai, Beijing, Sichuan, and Anhui, achieved a "high level–high speed" development status. Significant disparities in digital cultural tourism integration exist among the eight major comprehensive economic zones, although a regional catch-up effect has emerged. The eastern, northern, and southern coastal regions form the first-tier group; the Middle Yangtze, Southwest, and Middle Yellow River regions constitute the second tier; and the Northeast and Northwest regions fall into the third tier. The Eastern Coastal region leads the country in the transformation and upgrading stages, whereas the northern coastal, middle Yellow River, and northwest regions show the most evident catch-up momentum. The overall disparity in digital cultural tourism integration across China has gradually narrowed. However, the gap between the eastern coastal and northwestern regions remains the primary obstacle to the coordinated development of digital cultural tourism integration. Meanwhile, the northeast region faces internal imbalance, indicating the existence of a "digital cultural tourism integration divide" within the region. This highlights the need to address development shortcomings and promote coordinated development among provinces within the northeast. The development trend of digital cultural tourism integration in China has remained relatively stable, with the emergence of four types of convergence "clubs": low-level, lower-middle-level, upper-middle-level, and high-level. Among them, convergence is most significant in the low- and high-level groups, reflecting a pronounced "Matthew effect." Cross-club transitions are rare, with higher probabilities of shifts occurring between adjacent levels than nonadjacent ones, and upward transitions are more likely to occur than downward transitions. Notably, the eastern and southwestern regions show a clear trend of upward mobility in digital cultural tourism integration, whereas the northern coastal and northeastern regions display roughly equal probabilities of upward and downward transitions, indicating a lack of clear directional tendencies in their development. This study systematically reveals the spatial patterns and dynamic trends of the integration between the digital economy and the cultural tourism industry in China in three dimensions: theoretical logic, indicator system, and evolutionary mechanism. This study provides theoretical support and policy references for enhancing the quality of digital cultural tourism integration, narrowing regional disparities, and promoting high-quality tourism.

The contradiction between natural ecological environment protection and the diversification of human needs is increasing daily in the transition period from high-speed to high-quality development. Coordination of the benign and balanced development of ecosystem services and human well-being, with a view to deconstructing the complex interactions of human-land composite systems, is of great scientific and practical significance. To date, studies have mainly focused on the impact of ecosystem services on human well-being and the feedback of human well-being to ecosystems and have paid little attention to the deep coupling relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the complex coupling and coordination relationships between ecosystem services and human well-being to provide a scientific basis for achieving sustainable development. This study takes Guangdong Province, which has a developed economy, large population, and prominent human-land conflicts, as a typical example. This study comprehensively applied the InVEST model, the Revised Universal Soil Erosion Equation, and the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach to quantify the four main ecosystem services; constructed an indicator system for human well-being; and combined the coupled coordination degree model with a geodetector to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of ecosystem services and human well-being and reveal the coupled and coordinated relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being during 2000–2020. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the ecosystem services in Guangdong Province showed an overall downward trend, with a significant decline in carbon sequestration service, with average carbon sequestration decreasing by 11.31%; the spatial heterogeneity showed a pattern of "high in the north and low in the south" with the green ecological barrier in the mountainous areas of northern Guangdong highlighted, and the ecosystem services of the Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations significantly degraded; the level of human well-being significantly improved, and innovation vitality and open environment promoted the high-quality development of the region; (2) from 2000 to 2020, the degree of coupling coordination has shifted from barely coordinated to well-coordinated; however, the core urban areas of the Guangzhou-Foshan region remain characterized by an "economic-ecological" imbalance; the ecosystem services level of the mountainous areas in northern Guangdong is high, and the human-land system shows the characteristics of benign resonance development in the process of economic development; (3) the influencing factors of the coupling and coordination relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being show a stage-by-stage evolutionary feature: during rapid urbanization, the development of urbanization level and the adjustment of industrial structure determine the relationship between the two; in the high-quality development period, the main influence shifted to land intensive use and public social services; none of the influencing factors are independent, and there is an enhanced effect of multi-factor interaction among the influencing factors, showing a complex relationship of nonlinear enhancement. This study provides a theoretical basis for solving the human-land system conflict and optimizing the spatial governance of land in economically developed regions.

In the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and a new wave of technological advancements, integrating technological innovation resources and accelerating strategic emerging industries have become crucial for promoting high-quality economic development. Industrial innovation networks are critical in this landscape, as they enable cities to participate in innovation networks that facilitate the absorption of external knowledge, technologies, and market information, which promotes regional technological innovation. In this study, we focused on the rare earth industry in China, which supports innovation within strategic emerging fields, particularly in technological breakthroughs. Patent collaboration data from three critical stages of the value chain (i.e., mining and smelting, material processing, and end-use applications) were used with social network analysis and Quadratic Assignment Procedure regression methods to explore the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of the innovation network at different stages. The primary goal of the study was to determine the structural differences in innovation networks within an industry and how these differences are influenced by the functional roles of the value chain. The findings indicate that the scale of the innovation network in China's rare earth industry expands progressively along the value chain, particularly in the end-use application stage, in which the density of connections among the participants increases considerably, resulting in a "small world" characteristic. Moreover, the innovation network in the mining and smelting stage exhibits a north-south differentiation pattern that is consistent with the geographical distribution of China's rare earth resources (i.e., light rare earths in the north and heavy rare earths in the south). In contrast, the material processing stage exhibits a radial pattern dominated by national innovation centers such as Beijing and Shanghai, whereas the end-use application stage exhibits a "triangular" pattern centered on cities with concentrated strategic emerging industries, highlighting the importance of regional innovation ecosystems. Analysis of the influencing factors indicates that the innovation network is primarily affected by social and institutional proximities, as well as the innovation output capacity. Notably, the impacts of resource agglomeration and openness to foreign markets vary among different stages of the value chain. For example, resource agglomeration is significant in the material processing stage but has a lower impact in the end-use application stage, where the level of openness to foreign markets is crucial for driving innovation. Building on existing research on industry-wide innovation networks, this study investigated the internal differences in innovation networks and mapped value-creation processes within the rare earth industry. The findings indicate that marked spatial differences exist among the mining and smelting, material processing, and end-use application stages, which are closely related to the value processes and resource endowments in each stage. In addition, the findings obtained herein provide theoretical and empirical support for understanding spatial innovation activities along the industrial value chain. We offer policy recommendations for optimizing the spatial configuration of the innovation network in China's rare earth industry, with the goal of enhancing its competitiveness in high value-added sectors and supporting the nation's transition to a more innovation-driven economy.

Counties in the Yangtze River Delta face considerable pressure from industrial transformation. In addition, an enclave economy has substantial value for enhancing county-level innovation capacity and advancing industrial upgrades. Enclave economies facilitate the flow of innovation resources into counties and strengthen collaborative innovations between counties and central cities. However, the effectiveness of these innovations is constrained by factors such as benefit-sharing mechanisms and each county's capacity to absorb innovation resources. Thus, systematic empirical research is urgently required to evaluate their impacts. This study focused on Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, where exploration of the enclave economy in the Yangtze River Delta region has been the most advanced. Using a multi-period Difference-In-Differences (DID) model, we examined how establishing enclave industrial parks from 2001 to 2022 influenced county-level innovation outputs, as well as the heterogeneity of these impacts across forward and reverse enclave models and different county types. The findings indicate that the enclave economy exerted an overall positive impact on county-level innovation, and a larger number of enclave parks corresponded to more pronounced increases in innovation. Multiple robustness tests confirmed the reliability of these results. In addition, nationally ranked top-100 counties demonstrated considerably higher susceptibilities to the positive effects of enclave economies compared with those of non-top-100 counties, likely because relatively developed counties have better environments to support innovation, which facilitates the absorption and transformation of innovation resource flows triggered by enclave park construction. Forward enclaves, which are characterized by earlier initiation and more mature mechanisms, had a markedly superior effect on enhancing county innovation compared with that of reverse enclaves, even though reverse enclaves theoretically exert a more direct and effective impact on county-level innovation. Enclave parks co-constructed by national ministries and local governments, by local governments alone, or between development zones were also more likely to positively influence county innovation than those involving other entities. This may occur because these actors primarily exist within the public sector and share homogenous policy agendas and preferences; thus, collaboration among them is more conducive to reducing communication and coordination costs, thereby enhancing their role in boosting county-level innovation. These results suggest that future efforts should prioritize enhancing the capacities of less-developed counties to absorb innovation resources and direct more policy support towards innovative models, such as reverse enclaves and university-satellite industrial parks. Less-developed counties should address their own developmental foundations and capacity to accommodate innovative resources in the construction of enclave economies, avoid impatience, and emphasize nurturing an environment conducive to innovation. However, compared with forward enclaves, which are characterized by industrial gradient transfer, reverse enclaves have stronger attributes for technological innovation, aiming to promote county-level industrial transformation by incubating innovative enterprises. Given reverse enclaves' shorter construction period and associated inadequate mechanism exploration, it is necessary to provide more policy support and assess their actual effects over a longer timescale. Similarly, because universities are a crucial component of the triple-helix model of innovation, enclave parks co-constructed with universities hold greater potential for boosting county-level innovation than those co-established with other actors. Therefore, barriers related to park management, technology transfer, and funding support for universities and research institutions should be addressed promptly to amplify their spillover effects on county-level innovation activities.

As psychological research has expanded, the hegemony of vision in landscape studies has become increasingly challenging. As the second most critical sensory system after vision, sound has emerged as a key focus of theoretical inquiry. This paper focuses on individuals who have left their rural hometowns (hometown leavers) and used their auditory experiences as an analytical context. Drawing on in-depth interviews and using qualitative research methods such as coding analysis and semiotics, we uncovered the Xiangchou signification system of rural soundscape symbols and their operational mechanisms. We found that the perception of rural soundscapes by hometown-leavers followed a four-stage cognitive model: experience accumulation, representamen triggering, symbol reception and recognition, and meaning interpretation. First, the rural life experiences of hometown leavers formed the foundational prerequisites for awakening their perceptions of Xiangchou-related soundscape symbols. Their accumulated rural upbringing, inherited memories, and other lived rural experiences endowed them with a heightened sensitivity to sound symbols, which enabled seamless perception and reception. Second, during the symbolization of the Xiangchou soundscape, the perceptual trigger for the subject played an equally vital role. The activation and interpretation of sound symbols requires specific triggers. When respondents encounter sounds from their past, the unique timbre, pitch, or loudness of these sounds manifested as representamina, which overlapped with the imagined rural sound symbols stored in their minds. This overlap evoked a vivid sense of "as if it was yesterday," which propelled the symbolization process forward. Third, within the traditional village spaces etched in the memories of hometown leavers, complex sound symbols intertwined to form a distinct rural soundscape system composed of animal calls, natural noises, and sounds of human activity. These concrete sounds in the physical world acted as triggers to bridge the spatiotemporal divide between the soundscape symbols accumulated in the subjects' rural memory, stirring a rich array of rural recollections. Fourth, soundscapes characterized by greater abstractness and associativity focus on awakening and engaging the auditory culture. Through cognitive processing, the subjects transcended mere auditory perception to form interpretive meanings, which elevated the auditory experiences of hometown leavers to the emotional realm of rural sentiments via specific sounds. Following reception and recognition, the meanings of these soundscape symbols gradually solidified and assumed symbolic weight. Receivers with rural experiences endowed sound symbols with interpretive intent, mirroring them into four categories of Xiangchou soundscape units: sentimental attachment, pastoral leisure, rustic amusement, and seasonal busyness, thereby generating emotional resonances such as nostalgia, relief from pressure, longing for the future, and a sense of belonging. Compared with visual landscapes, soundscapes have greater penetrative power, significantly deepening the sense of belonging and identity of the hometown leavers toward their rural roots. This indicates that, during modernization, the eroded intimate connections between people can find psychological compensatory fulfillment through Xiangchou soundscapes. Xiangchou sound symbols allowed the hometown leavers to project their perceptions of their past rural life based on their unique auditory cultural field. Amid fast-paced urban life, their wandering souls were temporarily disengaged, healed, and comforted, thereby achieving a brief return to their spiritual haven through sound. The seasonal busyness soundscape centers on land as its core symbol, carrying the emotional memories and cultural totems of hometown leavers and acting as a spiritual bond for identity affirmation and the reconstruction of belonging. The rustic amusement soundscape, which has childhood games and local rituals as its symbolic anchors, awakened joyful memories and cultural identity, which became an emotional solace for hometown leavers navigating spiritual displacement.

In the era of post-covid globalization, the integration of geography and country and region studies is becoming increasingly urgent. This study draws on the concept of the "epistemic domain" to explore the convergence and possible pathways for integrating these two disciplines at the level of knowledge construction, research paradigms, and methodologies, using Southeast Asia as a case study. The "epistemic domain" (domain of knowledge) refers to the "space of knowledge," which is the manifestation of knowledge in different contexts such as "academic knowledge" and "public knowledge." It emphasizes the integration of traditional geographical knowledge and regional studies. The "epistemic domain" is characterized by multi-scale, multi-domain, and relativity. The conclusions suggest that the perspective of the "epistemic domain" helps to break down disciplinary boundaries and promotes the organic integration of geography and country and region studies. Combining these two fields will give rise to a new knowledge system for regional studies. The holistic perspective of geography, combined with the diverse perspectives of country and region studies, will foster innovative interdisciplinary research paradigms; the quantitative analysis of geography and qualitative research methods in countries and regions can also achieve complementary integration. Using Southeast Asia as an example, the integration of these disciplines should focus on the interaction between resource environments and socio-economic factors, intrinsic mechanisms of spatial political economy, and coexistence of cultural diversity in the region. This should be approached through an interdisciplinary research pathway that combines holistic and diverse perspectives, resulting in a balanced quantitative and qualitative "epistemic domain" methodology. Although the "epistemic domain" concept provides a new perspective on interdisciplinary integration, issues such as operational inadequacies and the potential overshadowing of global knowledge universality by regional orientations need to be addressed. Future dialogues and exchanges between different "epistemic domain" backgrounds must be strengthened. In summary, the close integration of geography and country and region studies within the "epistemic domain" framework aligns with contemporary development trends and will contribute new cognitive intelligence to address the challenges of global integration and regional diversity.

Abstract: Continental Shelf Delimitation in Global Ocean Governance: Legal, geopolitical, and Resource Dimensions. Continental shelf delimitation constitutes a central issue in global ocean governance because it directly involves sovereignty claims, access to marine resources, and stability of the international geopolitical order. With the increasing assertion of maritime rights by late-developing coastal states, tension between traditional maritime powers and emerging maritime nations has become increasingly visible. Against this backdrop, continental shelf delimitation practices have become testing grounds and catalysts for the evolution of maritime boundary governance, reflecting a dynamic interplay between international law, resource politics, and technological advancements in marine science. Research Purpose and Methods: This study provides a systematic review of the literature on continental shelf delimitation, with an emphasis on states' claims concerning sovereignty, resource entitlements, and geopolitical order. Through a comparative analysis of legal texts, judicial precedents, and case studies of disputes in different maritime regions, this review highlights commonalities and divergences in state practice. It also identifies the key obstacles faced by coastal states when invoking the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the principle of natural prolongation. Methodologically, this study relies on a doctrinal legal analysis combined with geopolitical interpretation, which enables an integrated understanding of how law and politics jointly shape the delimitation process. Results Three major findings emerged from this review. 1) Resource-based conflicts: Continental shelf areas are often rich in hydrocarbons, fisheries, and other marine resources. However, the transboundary and mobile nature of these resources makes them frequent sources of interstate conflicts. Fishery disputes in the North Atlantic, hydrocarbon competition in the Eastern Mediterranean, and overlapping claims in the Arctic illustrate how cross-border resource flows challenge stable delimitation and lead to the complex interweaving of multilateral negotiations and contested ownership. 2) Multidimensional boundary perceptions: Delimitation cannot be reduced to the purely geological question of natural prolongation. Coastal states are increasingly invoking historical rights, security concerns, and geopolitical spatial strategies to construct composite claims. The integration of legal, historical, and political arguments reflects the multilayered nature of contemporary maritime governance and demonstrates that boundary-making is as much a political process as it is a legal-technical exercise. 3) Limitations of the UNCLOS: Although the UNCLOS provides the principal legal framework for delimitation, its practical application is limited. The insufficient operationalization of natural prolongation rules, coupled with the inconsistent reliance on judicial precedents by international courts and tribunals, creates significant uncertainty. These gaps hinder coastal states from asserting sovereignty and fairly distributing resources, particularly late-developing maritime nations that lack the technical and legal capacity to substantiate their claims. Conclusion and Research Contributions: In light of these findings, this study proposes three directions for future research and the normative development of global ocean governance. First, the principle of natural prolongation should be re-examined and strengthened as a natural legal basis for dispute resolution, ensuring that geological realities continue to inform legal outcomes. Second, the continuity of historical rights should be incorporated into interpretive logic consistent with customary international law, recognizing that long-standing practices form part of legitimate maritime entitlements. Third, the interpretive gaps in UNCLOS should be supplemented by documenting and theorizing coastal states' practices, thereby enabling a more inclusive process of consensus building in global maritime rule making. This study contributes to the literature by offering a structured synthesis of the key legal, political, and resource-related dimensions of continental shelf delimitation. It highlights the ways in which boundary disputes reflect competing national interests and shape the evolution of the international maritime order. By bridging doctrinal analysis with geopolitical perspectives, this study underscores the need for adaptive governance mechanisms that can accommodate established powers and rising coastal states in the rapidly changing global ocean governance seascape.

Accurately identifying the spatiotemporal characteristics of urban residents' travel carbon emissions is an important scientific issue in transportation geography and planning, and is also a prerequisite for formulating reasonable low-carbon transportation policies. Existing studies mostly use top-down methods for calculation, however, the lack of internal urban statistical data, difficulty in depicting the dynamic evolution and spatial distribution patterns of carbon emissions, and other factors, have restricted the further development of related research. Furthermore, problems such as small sample size, low accuracy, and the need to verify the effectiveness of bottom-up calculation methods have always been difficult to solve. Therefore, this study proposes a framework for measuring residents' travel carbon emissions using mobile phone signaling data to: 1) Overcome the reliance on traditional statistical data, innovatively integrating travel survey logs with mobile phone signaling data, and effectively verifying the trajectory information. 2) Extract factors influencing the travel mode choice, such as residents' social attributes, travel characteristics, public transportation service levels, and travel preferences, and uses the random forest algorithm to specifically identify five travel modes, balancing precision and accuracy. 3) Comprehensively consider factors such as travel mode, distance, speed, vehicle energy consumption type, and passenger load rate to accurately reflect carbon emissions from individual residents' single trips. 4) Aggregate by time, space, and population characteristics to multidimensionally reflect the carbon emission patterns of residents' travel. Taking Shenzhen as an example, based on the travel data of over 30 million residents, a technical application was conducted. The accuracy rate of individual travel mode identification was 77%. The aggregated carbon emission calculation results effectively revealed the highly concentrated distribution pattern of "two belts, three zones, and multiple points" and the functional spillover effect of the Shenzhen metropolitan area at the spatiotemporal level found that there were structural differentiations in traffic carbon emissions between working and non-working days, and between commuting peaks and general periods in different urban areas; at the population attribute level, the significant influence of age, gender, and other characteristics on residents' travel distances, travel modes, and travel carbon emissions were further confirmed. This framework is conducive to clearly and comprehensively revealing the spatiotemporal characteristics of urban residents' travel carbon emissions, providing new technology for high-precision monitoring of urban transportation carbon emissions and a basis for the formulation of urban transportation pollution reduction and emission reduction policies.

Rapid urbanization in China has significantly exacerbated light pollution, disrupted the ecological balance, and imposed constraints on both astronomical observations and public access to stargazing. Therefore, addressing light pollution has become a critical issue in ecological conservation and sustainable development. Shenzhen's Xichong Community achieved a landmark milestone in 2023 by becoming China's first International Dark Sky Community certified by the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA). This designation makes light pollution control practices of Xichong significant for similar regions. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of light pollution control measures in the Xichong Community, providing a scientific basis for balancing conservation and development in comparable areas. This study innovatively utilized high-resolution nighttime light (NTL) remote sensing data acquired using the Sustainable Development Goals Satellite-1 (SDGSAT-1), integrated with NASA's Black Marble products, to establish a refined monitoring and assessment framework for light pollution. To address the challenge of radiometric inconsistencies inherent to multitemporal SDGSAT-1 NTL imaging, this study proposed a novel radiometric consistency correction method based on Random Forest Regression (RFR). During the preprocessing phase, the images were subjected to salt-and-pepper noise removal and absolute radiometric calibration. Subsequently, the RFR model was applied to achieve a radiometric consistency correction. A comparative analysis with traditional linear brightness normalization confirmed the superior accuracy and effectiveness of RFR approach in enhancing image comparability. By leveraging corrected, high-quality, time-series NTL imagery, this study quantitatively assessed the effectiveness of light pollution control measures implemented in the Xichong Community over a three-year period. The key findings were as follows. (1) Significant reduction in light pollution: the Xichong Community exhibited a markedly greater decline in overall light pollution intensity compared to other areas within the Dapeng New District. Pixel-level analysis verified the widespread nature of this decreasing trend, with the brightness values showing a pervasive reduction. (2) Effective control across functional zones: the core stargazing beach area witnessed a substantial brightness reduction (57%) in September 2024 compared with that seen in September 2022. Road-lighting intensity also decreased significantly (56%-70%). Among the residential zones, Xinwu and Xiyangwei villages achieved reductions exceeding 69%, whereas brightness in Nanshe village decreased by 55.7%. Getian and Xigong villages experienced steady declines, while Hesou, Yashan, and Shagang Villages saw fluctuating but overall decreasing trends. (3) Effective management of light pollution sources: although accommodation facilities remain the primary contributors to light pollution, their brightness coefficients decreased significantly (46.11%). Points of Interest (POIs) related to tourism saw reductions exceeding 45% in brightness, with overall POI brightness coefficients declining by 27.68%-74.45%. These results demonstrate that the stringent lighting management policies implemented by the Xichong Community effectively mitigated the adverse impacts of tourism development on the dark sky environment. This study not only successfully applied high-resolution NTL data from SDGSAT-1, but also developed an RFR-based radiometric consistency correction technique, significantly improving the comparability of multi-temporal NTL data. The established methodological framework enables fine-scale monitoring of nighttime lighting at the community level, specifically for areas pursuing "dark-sky conservation + ecotourism" models. Furthermore, this study provides a foundation for establishing a dynamic monitoring and quantitative assessment system for light pollution within existing dark-sky reserves. These advancements offer critical scientific foundations and technical support for balancing the imperative of dark-sky conservation with sustainable tourism development goals.

City serves as a medium for communication and, in turn, reshapes the city. Since the 21^st century, social media has rapidly spread worldwide, providing users with a platform for self-presentation and channels for expression. This has greatly changed people's lives and exerted a substantial influence on the reconstruction and gentrification of urban social spaces. However, few studies have focused on the underlying mechanisms. To gain a deeper understanding of the role of social media in commercial gentrification, Nantai Alley, a renowned Internet-famous block in Nanjing, was selected as a case study, and Xiaohongshu (Red note), whose main active user group is young women, was chosen to represent social media. This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the occurrence process, formation mechanism, and comprehensive effects of commercial gentrification under social media intervention. The research found that social media is deeply involved in the commercial gentrification process and continuously promotes the gentrification process through media information dissemination. Social media involvement in commercial gentrification is mainly achieved through two types of entities: merchants and consumers. On the one hand, social media provides merchants with replicable Internet celebrity aesthetics and business models and serves as a platform for self-marketing, increasing the probability of occurrence and promoting a more simplified and rapidly evolving trend of gentrification. On the other hand, consumers, engage in trendy check-ins and act as "discourse investors," accelerating commercial gentrification. Social media's representation of urban space amplifies and reinforces commercial gentrification; the progression and outcomes of gentrification are magnified on social media, occupying its central discursive spaces, whereas the daily lives and consumption practices of local residents are marginalized and rendered invisible in these digital representations. Furthermore, the profit-driven behaviors of certain local residents have laid the groundwork for gentrification, and the government has further consolidated the achievements of gentrification through urban renewal plans. The comprehensive effects triggered by commercial gentrification present significant dual characteristics: it exerts positive effects, such as commercial revitalization and beautification of the built environment, while also generating negative impacts, such as commercial exclusion, displacement, and cultural distinction from the neighborhood. Therefore, in future urban renewal processes, it is imperative for the government to intervene in a timely manner to preserve the community's original public value orientation and sense of place. This study enriches research on gentrification in the digital age by incorporating the factor of social media, and provides references for the renewal and management of urban space in the context of stock development.

With the rapid growth of the digital economy, integrating the cultural and tourism industries has become a key driver of regional economic development and industrial upgrading. As a vital component of the cultural and digital sectors, the gaming industry facilitates integration through digital innovation and creative design. While existing research on cultural-tourism integration is extensive, little attention has been paid to how virtual cultural symbols transform and drive this process in the digital era. Recent advancements in gaming have blurred the boundaries between virtual and real experiences through virtual scene construction, cultural symbol reproduction, immersive interactions, and social media dissemination, accelerating the transformation of cultural resources into tourism assets. Understanding how the gaming industry promotes cultural-tourism integration enhances existing research frameworks, deepens insights into the dissemination and reproduction of cultural symbols in the digital economy, and offers new regional cultural tourism development strategies. Using Black Myth: Wukong as a case study, this research applies the field conversion theory to examine the flow and transformation of cultural symbols between virtual and real-world tourism contexts. It explores two key questions: (1) How does the gaming industry reconstruct traditional cultural symbols through digitalization and integrate them into real-world tourism using field conversion mechanisms? and (2) How does the participation and feedback of different groups influence the effectiveness of this integration, shaping the gaming industry's role in regional cultural tourism development? The findings indicate that digital technologies not only overcome spatial constraints on cultural resources but also enhance interactivity and dissemination, promoting the transformation of symbolic capital into cultural, social, and economic capital. However, engagement levels varied across groups. Players deeply immersed in virtual cultural symbols strengthened the connection between gaming and real-world tourism through social media, offline activities, and digital communities. In contrast, non-players rely on traditional tourism information sources and respond passively and indirectly to game-driven cultural symbols. This study identifies capital accumulation, habit migration, and stakeholder collaboration as the core mechanisms facilitating cultural-tourism integration. While gaming fosters cultural identity, tourism consumption, and economic diversification, it also presents challenges, such as infrastructure strain and tourism industry homogenization due to sudden visitor influxes. This research expands the scope of the theory's application by integrating the field conversion theory into the study of gaming and cultural-tourism integration. It examines how cultural symbols gain value through cross-field transformations. Furthermore, it highlights how digital games that leverage virtual reality, short videos, and social media facilitate cultural symbols' cross-regional flow and reproduction. Moving beyond static cultural transmission models, this study reveals the dynamic evolution of virtual culture and offers fresh perspectives on the development of the cultural industry in the digital economy.

As the pace of life accelerates and the demand for tourism quality increases, slow tourism, which emphasizes experiences, relaxation, and sustainability, has emerged. However, slow-tourism behaviors and perceptions differ widely across different urban contexts. We applied the basic framework of landscape perception theory to popular Citywalk routes in Chengdu, Wuhan, and Shanghai, which were obtained from the Xiaohongshu platform. By integrating spatial, multimodal data, and content analyses, as well as other methods, we explored the spatial behavioral patterns, perceptual differences, and the associated mechanisms of tourists during Citywalk activities in different urban contexts. The findings indicate that Citywalk activities mainly occurred within the second rings of cities, representing small-scale urban exploration that emphasizes experiential feelings over conventional mobile tourism. Tourists preferred culturally and artistically vibrant urban destinations. Citywalks are generally free, thereby embodying a subcultural phenomenon that contrasts with the stressful rhythm of life emitomized by "involution" and "996" work culture. Notable differences in cognitive imagery, emotional imagery, and cultural perception were present among the tourists in different cities, which shaped unique urban Citywalk tourism experiences. Based on different models and perceptual differences, Chengdu's Citywalk was defined as "a slow city tour centered around creative cultural districts that blends creative spaces and gourmet exploration," whereas those in Wuhan and Shanghai were defined as "a slow city tour centered around historical architecture, that blends cultural spaces and natural scenery" and "a slow city tour centered around urban landscapes that blends humanities, arts, and modern fashion," respectively. Differing geographical locations, planning concepts, development orientations, and historical backgrounds affected the Citywalk tourism experiences by influencing aspects such as the natural environment, spatial layout, developmental direction, and cultural characteristics of each city, which created different place perceptions. Geographical location affects the natural environment, tourism facilities, and cultural atmosphere of a city, whereas planning concepts influence urban spatial layouts, functional zoning, and the mode of tourism resource development, which affect the form and experiences in slow tourism. Development orientation determines the development direction of a city, thereby crafting unique attractions. Differing historical backgrounds create distinct urban cultural features, lifestyles, and tourism resources, which affect the direction of slow-tourism development. The findings of this study present the differences in Citywalk behaviors and perceptions in various urban contexts, filling a gap in comparative studies of cities within slow-tourism scenes. The findings also provide a new theoretical perspective for understanding the interactions between tourism behavior and urban spaces and offers reference experiences for other cities to develop slow tourism, enhance urban cultural tourism competitiveness, and promote sustainable urban tourism development.

The homestay industry, an essential component of rural tourism, plays a crucial role in promoting the rural industries and realizing rural revitalization strategies. Female homestay owners, as important participants in this industry, have driven the development of rural tourism and the homestay sector and benefited from it. Therefore, further research is necessary to explore how female homestay owners leverage their feminine traits to become rural tourism elites, thus becoming a significant force in developing and revitalizing rural homestays. This study considerd 30 female homestay owners in Guangdong Province as research subjects, combines the four core principles of life course theory, and employs interviews and thematic analysis to explore the bidirectional interaction mechanism between the growth of female homestay owners and the development of rural homestays. This study divides the driving forces of female homestay owner growth into personal agency, accumulation of past resources, socio-historical conditions, and social relationship networks, thereby analyzing the growth path of female homestay owners. The results indicate that female homestay owners are key in promoting rural tourism development. Under certain socio-historical conditions, they actively exercise personal agency; integrate accumulated resources with family, social, and governmental relationship networks; obtain elite status; respond to rural development needs at different stages; and contribute to developing rural tourism and the homestay industry while achieving personal growth. In the exploration phase, they rely on developing rural tourism, seizing opportunities using social relationship networks, promoting the number of homestays, improving rural living environments, and responding actively to rural homestay development needs. In the foundation-building phase, they use accumulated resources and business experience to weave social relationship networks, drive outstanding homestay practitioners, and meet the need for standardization and branding in rural homestays. In the formation phase, they return to rural tourism, shape social images, pursue social recognition, address homestay clustering and branding issues, and promote exemplary development in the rural homestay industry. The feminine traits of female homestay owners play a vital role in this process; they use traits such as affinity, delicacy, and sensitivity to enhance homestays' competitiveness and customer satisfaction, create a warm accommodation environment, and keenly capture market changes. The traditional role of women in family structures influences homestay owners' career choices. They achieved economic independence through homestay businesses, enhanced their say in the family, and supported their families. In terms of care ethics, they focus on women's development, improving the employment situation of rural women, offering training and support, promoting economic independence and self-development of rural women, and contributing to rural revitalization. This study, from the perspective of integrating micro-individuals with macro-society, provides a reference for clarifying the formation and evolution mechanism of the positive interaction between local elites and local development, offers a new perspective for understanding the role of female homestay owners in rural revitalization, and provides a rich set of empirical data and a theoretical framework for future research.

China's urban development is currently in the new stage of upgrading existing resources. In response to the insufficient innovation vitality of existing spaces in current urban renewal practices, major cities have successively implemented the "City Silicon Alley" project, attempting to explore new paths for the innovative development of existing spaces in old urban areas. This study used the Nanjing Jinchuan Silicon Alley as a typical case, combined with the Actor-network theory, through qualitative methods, such as on-site observation and in-depth interviews. The study analyzed the spatial evolution process of the Jinchuan Silicon Alley and conducted a dialectical assessment of its spatial effectiveness, summarizing the multidimensional promoting effects of urban renewal on material and social spaces, thereby providing experience references for the in-depth construction of urban silicon alleys. The research concludes the following: (1) The Jinchuan Silicon Alley realizes spatial innovation through the combined force of market capital and policy systems. As a key actor, the Silicon Alley operator takes on capital power and completes the identity transformation. Through various means, such as creating cultural landscapes and developing industrial chains, it promotes the reconfiguration of the action network and shapes a material space with a prominent innovative vitality atmosphere, significant scientific and technological clusters, and diverse social group integration. (2) The development mechanism of the Jinchuan Silicon Alley is based on the leading role of superior innovation policies, actively exploring potential key actors and practical places and requiring the government and operator to coordinate the diverse needs of internal action subjects, leveraging the feedback effect of human and non-human action subjects on the action network, while adopting community-based operation governance ideas to ensure the completion and long-term stable development of the Jinchuan Silicon Alley. (3) The success of the Jinchuan Silicon Alley relies on government guidance, emphasizing the use of market mechanisms to promote urban renewal. Through the "up and down linkage" role of the operator in innovation policies, capital markets, and community residents, it builds an operation model of "industry recruitment + diversified sharing," achieving old city industrial renewal and coexistence of diverse populations, and weakening the spatial isolation induced by gentrification. This study supplements the empirical research on the transformation of existing spaces into innovative spaces from a micro perspective, proving that as a type of alternative path for urban renewal, the internal operation logic of "City Silicon Alley" must possess the traditional renewal "government-market-society" operation mechanism, rely on the overall planning of the market operator, and actively consider the spatial rights of disadvantaged groups, such as community residents. Future research should focus on internal population differences and the social promotion paths of innovative space renovation, promoting the high-quality development of urban silicon alleys.

During the current critical stage in China's urbanization transition from rapid expansion to high-quality development, stock planning and renewal strategies have become important topics that drive urban sustainability. Urban villages, as remnants of rapid urbanization, pose major challenges to urban governance owing to their complex spatial forms, socioeconomic structures, and disconnection from the mainstream urban system. The government has implemented multidimensional measures such as policy guidance, environmental remediation, and industrial upgrading, which have achieved certain results in addressing urban villages. However, issues such as a lack of development momentum, insufficient self-renewal capabilities, and low integration with the city remain. The successful transformation of Gaopu Village in Xiamen City is a valuable example of an autonomous development path for urban villages. We focused on the transformation practices used in Gaopu Village to determine the underlying reasons behind the village transformation. An analytical model was constructed that comprehensively considered dynamic policy, market, and culture mechanisms, as well as exploring their impacts on the development of Gaopu Village and the changes in interactive relationships among the three factors. The benign development of Gaopu Village was found to have benefited from synergy between policy, market mechanisms, and local culture. Government policies, as external driving forces, provide directional guidance and resource support to Gaopu Village, injecting new vitality. Market mechanisms, particularly the establishment of the Xinglin Industrial Zone, increased tourism while industrial upgrading enhanced the economic level of Gaopu Village and facilitated the optimization of spatial functions. In addition, the profound local culture in Gaopu Village, including historical memory, community identity, and values, had an implicit stabilizing role in the transformation, which strengthened the villagers' sense of belonging and cohesion and promoted the coordination of multiple interests and consensus formation. When market driving forces weaken or the external environment changes, local culture transformed into an endogenous driving force that supported the sustained development of the village, which allowed it to achieve modern transformation while preserving its unique characteristics. The transformation of Gaopu Village offers important insights for other urban villages: to achieve benign and autonomous development, it is necessary to explore and fully utilize intrinsic resources, particularly cultural resources, and construct a transformation mechanism where internal and external dynamics mutually reinforce and synergize each other. This study not only enriches the theoretical framework of urban village transformation and development but also provides practical guidance for urban planners, policymakers, and community managers. The findings provide new perspectives for exploring the harmonious coexistence of cultural inheritance and modern governance in urban villages, emphasize the importance of self-renewal capabilities in urban villages, and offer valuable lessons for future urban governance.

Coastal nebkhas are an important component of coastal sand dune ecosystems, widely distributed at varying scales, and the key subject of coastal aeolian geomorphology research. This paper systematically reviewed the morphological characteristics, developmental evolution, and dynamic processes of coastal nebkhas, summarizing the major advancements in research and technical methods both domestically and internationally. Key findings include: the establishment of dune developmental stages based on the correlation of dune morphological parameters (horizontal scale and height); the volume of coastal nebkhas is related to wind and sand activity, ocean dynamics, and biological factors; the dune formation mechanism is a coupled process consisting of wind-driven dynamics, sand source supply, and vegetation stabilization, with coastal environments indirectly influencing dunes through vegetation and wind-sand interactions; the relative importance of different factors varies across regions during dune development; airflow and its interaction with shrub dunes exhibit significant differences in various dune parts, with windward slopes generating reflective eddies that enhance wind speed, and leeward slopes forming horizontal and vertical vortices. Vegetation species type, coverage, density, and distribution all affect near-surface wind-sand movement, with the highest sand deposition typically occurring near vegetation on the windward slopes, where sand transport decreases. A technical approach combining observational and simulation studies has shaped the research, especially with the recent application of new technologies, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle measurement systems and computer simulations, which have significantly advanced the study of coastal nebkha morphology, airflow structure, and sediment transport patterns. However, current research faces three main limitations: an incomplete understanding of the development mechanisms of coastal nebkhas, and a need for deeper exploration into their dynamic mechanisms. In the future, the focus should be on combining traditional observations with modern emerging technologies to strengthen the study of the main limiting factors and their interaction mechanisms during the formation and development of nebkhas and deepen the understanding of their formation and development mechanisms in China. Through comprehensive field surveys, typical investigations, and morphological measurements of key distribution areas of coastal shrub dunes, multi-scale, long-term, continuous dynamic monitoring should be conducted. It is important to analyze the formation and evolution mechanisms of coastal nebkhas in different regions, providing a scientific basis for cross-regional dune management and protection. A comprehensive study of the joint action mechanisms of wind dynamics, hydrodynamics, particle adhesion, and biological forces is essential to reveal the spatiotemporal dynamic evolution patterns of coastal nebkhas in China, both annually and inter-annually. Furthermore, the influence mechanisms of vegetation ecological processes, human activities, and climate change on coastal nebkhas should be emphasized, addressing the gaps in domestic research and improving the research framework for coastal aeolian geomorphology in China.

Using images and interview data from the Nanzhi Street in the Songyang County, combined with K.-S. Lee's five-dimensional theory of food memory, this study explores the impact of media and commercialization on traditional food and local memory. This work analyzes how five factors—population hollowing, commercialization of preparation methods, standardization of sensory experiences, weakening of emotional connections, and uniformity—affect the relationship between food and local memory. It also discusses the mediating role of media as an intermediary factor. The findings indicate: (1) Loss of native residents: The departure of native residents has led to external operators maintaining emotional ties but failing to restore the community atmosphere. The demographic shift in the Nanzhi Street has transformed local memory from the emotional memory of native residents to the commercial memory of external operators. Media has simultaneously enhanced commercial vitality and accelerated the commodification and symbolization of local memory; (2) Differences in shop styles: There is a clear distinction between the styles of registered and non-registered shops. Registered shops preserve local characteristics but tend toward symbolic traditional appearances under policy support and media influence, while non-registered shops cater to influencer-driven culture, leaning towards commercialization. This dual influence maintains commercial vitality but also speeds up the commodification of local memory, reflecting the tension between preserving local culture and pursuing commercial development; (3) Changes in traditional food and sensory experiences: The preparation methods and sensory experiences of traditional food have changed to meet consumer demands, leading to differences in how tourists and locals perceive local memory. Media's simplified narratives and excessive commercialization reduce the cultural depth of local cuisine, reinforce stereotypes, and overlook the importance of craftsmanship and deep-rooted culture. These shifts not only affect consumer perceptions but also undermine the authenticity and completeness of local memory. Additionally, under the influence of commerce and media, traditional food has become increasingly standardized, with weakened artisanal techniques and local characteristics. Younger consumers are more exposed to adapted, standardized flavors, further simplifying the cultural essence of local cuisine and diminishing its role in cultural diversity and regional identity; (4) Impact of media on emotional connections: Media's influence on emotional connections is dual-faceted. For locals, private memories are made public, transforming traditional food from a familial emotional symbol into a symbol of local culture. For tourists, media transforms local memory into a commodified and emotionalized product, replacing personal connections with consumer-driven experiences. This shift reflects the commercialization of local memory and highlights the disconnect in emotional ties between locals and tourists, as private memories are gradually replaced by mass-consumption emotions. The work reveals the conflict between commercialization and local characteristics in the Nanzhi Street under media and policy guidance, emphasizing the importance of preserving local memory and emotional connections during urban transformation.

Analysis of the spatiotemporal agglomeration trends of individuals' daily activities can contribute to gaining a better understanding of the temporal and spatial selection characteristics of residents' daily activities, and the utilization of urban space. This is of considerable practical significance for improving the living environment and enhancing the quality of life of residents in affordable housing in the context of the current era of optimizing existing stock. In this study. we examined a large-scale affordable residential area in Nanjing as an empirical case. Based on the perspective of "family division of labor" and the activity log data of the residents in the large-scale affordable residential area, we initially applied a spatial autocorrelation model to construct a spatiotemporal autocorrelation function, and depicted the overall characteristics of the spatiotemporal agglomeration of the daily activities of the residents in this area from the dual scales of "main urban area–residential area." In addition, we conducted a comparative analysis of the spatiotemporal agglomeration characteristics of different activities. In this context, we characterized and compared the spatiotemporal response patterns of the daily activities of residents in this type of residential area. We subsequently undertook theoretical derivation, interpretation and refinement of the temporal and spatial selection processes of the daily activities of residents in large-scale guaranteed residential areas. From the perspective of spatiotemporal agglomeration trends, our findings revealed that the spatial and temporal clustering of the daily activities of residents in large low-income residential areas is often closely associated with the intensity of family division of labor and spatial scale. Among these, the spatial and temporal clustering of daily activities under medium and high intensity division of household labor was observed to be more obvious at the main urban area scale, whereas daily activities under low and medium intensity division of household labor were more concentrated on the scale of residential areas. From the perspective of response mode, we detected clear difference between the temporal-family and spatial-family response patterns of all types of activities, particularly between work and non-work activities. From the perspective of the interpretive model, the temporal range of different activities can be ordered as maintenance activities > survival activities > free activities, and the interaction of the temporal response process mainly occurs between the medium- and high-intensity division of household labor. Moreover, the spatial scope of different activities can generally be ordered as survival activities > maintenance activities > free activities, and the interaction of the spatial response process is mainly reflected in the high-intensity division of household labor. By examining the spatiotemporal patterns and decision-making mechanisms of residents' daily activities. we can provide necessary guidance and a basis for the construction of an ideal living circle for residents in large-scale public welfare residential areas.

To promote the implementation of the Paris Agreement and achieve the "Dual Carbon Goals", China aims to develop sustainability transitions in production, lifestyle, and consumption, shifting away from its current socio-technical system reliant on the petrochemical energy. Sustainability transitions involve replacing outdated technological systems with new ones. However, this process inevitably triggers negative social consequences, potentially exacerbating social injustice and inequalities. Therefore, the challenge of achieving a "spatially just transition" has become a key issue in economic geography. This study examines international (English-speaking) studies on sustainability transitions and particularly explores the background, themes, and characteristics of related geographical research through bibliometric analysis. The study found the following. (1) Research on transitions is characterized by a strong geographical emphasis. It originated in the early 21st Century from Western old industrial cities and resource-based regions, where the adoption of green technologies as a key mean for industrial transformation. While green technologies did alleviate environmental problems while it also brought about new social problems (such as, unemployment and poverty among traditional workers) and widened social injustices. (2) The concept of just transition currently lacks a unified definition, theoretical framework, and empirical viewpoints. Due to its late entry into the field, related research in geography remains on the periphery of mainstream academic discourse on just transition. In spite of that, geographical perspectives and concepts such as "place," "scale," and "spatiotemporal context" are gradually gaining recognition. (3) The theoretical discourse of just transition has been constructed and dominated by Western developed countries, with insufficient consideration and theoretical reflection on the practical experiences and contextual characteristics of developing countries and regions. However, as China is currently the world's largest driver of transition and a leading promoter of urban/regional pilot initiatives, the geography of just transition holds significant potential for empirical exploration and theoretical reconfiguration. This paper argues that Chinese geographers should seize the historical opportunity to focus on localized transition practices under national policy frameworks such as the Common Prosperity Strategy and the Ecological Civilization Construction. Particular attention should be paid to the transformation of peripheral and less-favored regions or "left-behind places"—such as old industrial areas, resource-dependent cities, and ecologically fragile regions—and their associated social justice challenges during green transitions. Moreover, just transition research should be positioned as a critical topic in current and future studies addressing regional uneven development.

With the rapid development of tourism, conflicts between the protection and utilization of tourist destinations have become increasingly prominent. The effective promotion of sustainable development of tourist destinations has become an important issue in academic circles. The essence of the conflict between the protection and utilization of tourist destinations is the disharmony and imbalance between the protection and utilization of tourist destinations. The root cause of this conflict is the restriction of the policy system and the difference in the interest demands of multiple subjects in the protection and utilization of tourist space resources, which leads to various disputes, contradictions, or opposites. Based on a review of relevant research at home and abroad, this study systematically reviews and summarizes the conceptual connotation, basic theory, identification and classification, feature analysis, occurrence mechanism, and adaptive governance of the conflict between tourism destination protection and utilization. The results show the following: 1) Based on a multidisciplinary perspective, scholars have enriched and refined the conceptual connotation and basic theory of the conflict between tourism destination protection and utilization, have gradually paid attention to the specific demand conflict between different stakeholders in tourism destination protection and utilization, and have attempted to reveal its intrinsic nature and development trends; 2) In terms of identification and classification, owing to the significant differences in research areas and perspectives, the types of conflict between the protection and utilization of tourist destinations also show a diversified trend; 3) Researchers mainly analyze features from the perspectives of subject, time, and space, and the conflicts between tourism destination protection and utilization are characterized by diverse interest subjects, complex spaces, and stages; 4) In terms of the occurrence mechanism, the research mainly explored the driving factors from the macro perspectives of policy system, environment, economy, and social culture, and micro perspectives of subjects' cognition, attitude, and behavior. The macro policy system and micro-subject perceptions were the focus of this study; 5) In terms of adaptive governance, research countermeasures mainly promote the organic combination of macrospatial governance and microsubject regulation to achieve the effect of adaptive governance. Macro-spatial governance provides an overall framework and directional guidance for the development of tourism destinations, while micro-subject regulation ensures that all stakeholders can act reasonably within this framework and jointly promote the sustainable development of tourism destinations. And finally, this research proposes that future research should include supplementing and improving the theoretical system of tourism destination protection and utilization conflict in the context of social change, expanding and deepening the research content of tourism destination protection and utilization conflict in the context of sustainable development, strengthening the research method innovation of tourism destination protection and utilization conflict with the support of geospatial information technology, and promoting the integration of tourism destination protection and utilization conflict in the perspective of multidisciplinary integration, combined analysis and application of results.

In recent years, the integration of red culture into rural areas has led to a remarkable upsurge in red tourism in the revolutionary old areas. The residents of these tourist destinations play a crucial role as carriers and stakeholders in tourism development. However, the role of residents' red culture-inspired awe in tourism development and its underlying mechanisms have not yet been thoroughly explored. Against this backdrop, this study aimed to fill this research gap. This study is firmly grounded in the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. To achieve the research objectives, a quasi-experimental design and a field survey method were employed. In the quasi-experimental study, materials related to the red culture of Jinggangshan were carefully selected to induce awe. Participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups and a series of measurements were conducted, including assessments of red culture-inspired awe, red cultural identity, and support for tourism development. For the field survey, the Jinxiang Coastal Red Tourism Area in Lufeng City, Guangdong Province, was chosen as the research site. Questionnaires were designed and distributed to collect data on the relevant variables after conducting reliability and validity tests. Our study revealed several significant findings. First, awe inspired by red culture has a direct and positive impact on residents' support for tourism development. This indicates that in the context of red tourism, residents' awe towards local red culture can effectively stimulate their prosocial behaviors. Second, red cultural identity mediates the relationship between red culture-inspired awe and support for tourism development. It was found that when residents experienced a higher level of red culture-inspired awe, their identification with red culture became stronger, which in turn led to a greater inclination to support tourism development. Third, trust in the government also serves as a mediator. Red culture-inspired awe can enhance residents' trust in the government, and this trust significantly influences their attitude towards tourism development policies and their willingness to support tourism. Finally, there exists a serial mediating effect of red cultural identity and trust in the government in this process. This study made several important contributions. Theoretically, this broadens the application scope of the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions in the field of red tourism, providing a new perspective for understanding resident attitudes towards tourism development. It also deepens our understanding of the role of emotions in promoting cultural identity and trust in the government. This study offers valuable suggestions for sustainable development of red tourism. For example, it emphasizes the importance of protecting and inheriting red cultural resources to enhance residents' feelings of awe, promote residents' in-depth identification with red culture through various means, and establish a transparent policy communication mechanism to strengthen residents' trust in the government. Future research should expand the sample range and explore the dynamic changes and long-term effects of red culture-inspired awe to provide more comprehensive theoretical support and practical guidance for the development of red tourism.

Against the background of rapid urbanization, China's districts and counties are characterized by unbalanced, inadequate, and asynchronous development, accompanied by different degrees of population loss. It is of theoretical and practical significance to explore the spatial distribution, evolution, and influencing factors of population shrinkage in county and district units in order to adapt to population shrinkage and formulate locally adapted development plans. Taking Guangdong Province as an example, this study analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of population shrinkage during 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 based on resident population data at the district and county scales from 2000 to 2020. The study also constructed a socioeconomic-natural-demographic indicator system, explored the factors influencing its formation and evolution from the perspective of non-linear influence with the help of a multi-classification logit regression model and a random forest model, and put forward relevant suggestions. This study has the following results: (1) In the spatial dimension, the population shrinkage areas in Guangdong Province are primarily distributed in the periphery of the Pearl River Delta, with a spatial core-periphery imbalance, as well as differences between counties (including counties and county-level cities) and municipal districts. Among these, counties and county-level cities are the main areas of population shrinkage, characterized by a wide range of shrinkage, a more profound degree, and a more extended period; (2) In the temporal dimension, in the two stages of 2000–2010 and 2010–2020, Guangdong Province has seen an increase in the intensity of population shrinkage, with a trend towards slower, more sustained, wider, and more widespread population shrinkage and a deepening of the shrinkage in the areas adjacent to the nine cities in the Pearl River Delta. The degree of population shrinkage deepened in the eastern part of the northern mountainous region of Guangdong, mainly Meizhou. In contrast, the northern mountainous region of Guangdong, mainly Shaoguan, has gradually recovered from shrinkage; and (3) In the context of globalization, regionalization, and aging, the formation of population shrinkage areas in Guangdong Province is affected by the interaction of multiple factors in the four dimensions of demographic structure, production, life, and nature, with complex mechanisms and different impacts on different types of population shrinkage. Persistent population shrinkage is mainly affected by the demographic structure, especially the increasing aging problem, which leads to a long-term stable population decline. At the same time, economic and social factors also impact the continuous population shrinkage. Additionally, the policy regulation of ecological reserves, which has a direct impact on population distribution and mobility, cannot be ignored. However, in addition to the endogenous factors of the population, intermittent shrinkage is also affected by social and economic aspects such as industrial adjustment and fiscal expenditure, which may lead to fluctuations in economic activities in the short term and thus affect the population distribution.

Hypothermia is a type of safety accident that is often neglected in field activities. Its occurrence is not only a medical problem but also a thermodynamic problem and involves a specific geographical environment. An effective way to improve public awareness of hypothermia risk is to analyze hypothermia accidents from the perspective of heat transfer and heat balance between the human body and the environment. However, few reports have been written on relevant research. Therefore, this study uses the heat balance theory to build a calculation model of the clothing thermal resistance required by the human body to maintain a normal body temperature. The two most serious hypothermia death events in Shilin, Yellow River, Baiyin, Gansu province, and Ailao Mountain, Yunnan province, in 2021 are used as cases for analysis. The theoretical clothing thermal resistance has been calculated according to the external ambient temperature and human activity conditions (including metabolic rate and consumption coefficient) at the time of the event. By comparing the actual clothing thermal resistance value of the human body with the model, the theoretical clothing thermal resistance value has been calculated to study the hypothermia risk of the human body in the incident environment. The results show that, in the death incident of the Shilin Marathon on the Yellow River in Gansu Province, the theoretical thermal resistance of clothing required by the human body to maintain a normal body temperature was between 0.72 and 4.45 clo under different temperature conditions (resting, walking, and long-distance running), while the actual thermal resistance of the clothing worn by the accident personnel was 0.32 clo. The theoretical thermal resistance of the clothing is higher than that of the actual clothing, resulting in a high risk of temperature loss. Regarding the death event in the Ailao Mountain geological survey, the theoretical clothing thermal resistances required for the human body to maintain a normal body temperature under different temperatures while camping (sleeping), conducting field work, and mountaineering were 2.70-6.52 clo, 1.06-2.27 clo, and 0.55-1.75 clo, respectively. The actual thermal resistance of the clothing worn by the accident personnel was 1.86clo. During the accident, as long as the human body was in a climbing or working state, the difference between the theoretical and actual clothing thermal resistance was small, and the risk of hypothermia was low. However, while camping (sleeping), the theoretical clothing thermal resistance was higher than the actual clothing thermal resistance, and the lower the temperature, the greater the difference―especially at night when the temperature drops to its lowest point. At that point, the theoretical clothing thermal resistance could have been more than 3.5 times higher than the actual clothing thermal resistance, posing a serious risk of hypothermia. The results show the inevitability of hypothermia deaths in Shilin of the Yellow River in Gansu Province and Ailao Mountain in Yunnan Province. The insufficient prediction of hypothermia risk was the main cause of the hypothermia accidents. The calculation model constructed in this study can predict and evaluate the hypothermic risk of a certain outdoor activity in the future, provide a theoretical basis and research paradigm of thermodynamics and environmental science for improving public awareness about hypothermic risk, and is an effective means to prevent hypothermic accidents. Some measures and suggestions are provided for geographers engaged in long-term field investigation to avoid field hypothermia.

Cities function as complex systems where subsystems interact to form higher-level urban complexes characterized by intricate nonlinear coupling relationships among various networks. Although a substantial amount of research on urban networks from the perspective of single-factor flow exists both domestically and internationally, such studies have limitations, as they do not fully capture the multifaceted nature of urban systems. Research on multi-city networks in China primarily examines the structural characteristics and dynamic mechanisms of networks with distinct attributes. While international studies have explored interactions and coupling effects among subsystems within complex systems, focusing on aspects like network robustness and cascading failures, relevant studies on urban networks remain relatively limited. This study proposes a comprehensive research framework called Correlation-Multiplex Coupling Networks-Coupling Linkage Effect Evaluation (CMC). Focusing on the coupling of enterprise and information networks in the Chengdu-Chongqing twin-city economic circle, this study further analyzes the coupling linkage effect between these networks. The results indicate that: First, there exists a complex nonlinear coupling relationship between information and enterprise networks, with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.625 and different degrees of interactive coupling between nodes; second, from 2011 to 2020, there were notable differences in the core-edge structures of the three networks within the twin-city economic circle. Interactions between cities in core areas were more frequent than those in peripheral areas, displaying a prominent "rich man clubs" phenomenon and preferential links. The hierarchical structure and "Matthew effect" of the urban network were evident. The enterprise network evolved from a dual-core, single-strong link structure to a dual-core, multiple-strong-link structure, achieving a more balanced network over time. The information network transitioned from a single-centered structure around Chengdu to a weaker dual-core structure, with Chongqing as a secondary core. Third, from 2011 to 2020, differences in coupling and linkage effects between enterprises and information networks were significant, with node coupling and linkage primarily at medium to low levels. Link coupling and linkage were mainly at medium to high levels, and interactive linkage weakened over time. The "rich club" phenomenon in coupled networks was stronger than in information networks but weaker than in enterprise networks. Compared to enterprise networks, the "Matthew effect" of coupled networks was less pronounced. In 2020, due to COVID-19 impacts, coupling and linkage between enterprise networks and information networks were significantly weakened, and urban comprehensive capacity did not markedly improve. This study expands the research perspective on urban networks, enriching the field by using a multiplex network approach and coupling coordination model, providing a methodological reference for similar research in other regions and enhancing understanding of the linkage effects among urban subsystems.

New urbanization is an important for narrowing the urban-rural income gap and providing powerful support for promoting regional cooperative development. Based on panel data of 71 county units in the Wuling Mountain Area from 2014 to 2021, the spatial effect and influence mechanism of new urbanization on the urban-rural income gap were investigated using the spatial Durbin, mediation effect, and panel threshold models. The results revealed the following: 1) A positive spatial correlation existed between new urbanization and urban-rural income gap in the Wuling Mountain Area. The local spatial clustering was dominated by the "low-high", and new urbanization had a significant spatial spillover effect on the urban-rural income gap. 2) New urbanization in the Wuling Mountain Area reduced the urban-rural income gap by increasing the level of digitally inclusive financial development and promoting upgrading the industrial structure. 3) The impact of new urbanization on the urban-rural income gap in the Wuling Mountain Area was constrained by itself and the level of economic development, and there was a single-threshold effect, which showed the law of diminishing margins and the inverted "U"-shaped change trend, respectively. Based on the spatial perspective and non-linear perspective, it investigated the spatial effect and influence mechanism of the new urbanization on the urban-rural income gap in the Wuling Mountain Area, which not only made up for the limitations of the existing research in exploring the relationship between the two from the perspective of localization, but also expanded the existing theoretical research system, and provided the theoretical basis and practical guidance for the Wuling Mountain Area and other underdeveloped areas to accelerate the two-way flow of urban and rural factors, to promote the organic integration of new urbanization and rural revitalization strategy, and to promote the realization of common prosperity.

China imports more than 80% of its iron via sea. The spatiotemporal patterns of iron ore shipping, as well as its changes, are linked to the China's national economic security. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the spatiotemporal patterns of global shipping. By studying the changing trend of China's iron ore import pattern during the pandemic, this study attempts to provide a basis and experience to prevent similar crises and improve supply chain resilience in the future. This study employs Automatic Identification System data to estimate China's iron ore imports during the COVID-19 pandemic from January to June 2020. Furthermore, this study integrates the standard deviation ellipse and origin-destination, flow analysis methods to examine changes in the iron ore trade pattern. The findings reveal the following. 1) The import pattern of iron ore in China exhibits pronounced geographical concentration. In terms of port distribution, the Bohai Rim serves as a core hub, hosting the majority of the country's major ore-receiving ports. Among them, the Caofeidian Port, Zhoushan Port, and Jinggang Port constitute three strategic fulcrums. 2) From the perspective of trade source countries, China's iron ore imports face substantial market concentration risks. Australia (accounting for over 60%) and Brazil (accounting for over 20%) contributed more than 80% of the total import volume, forming a highly dependent supply system. The main ports for iron ore exports from Australia are located on the west coast, including Ports Hedland, Dampier, and Walcott, while Port Itaqui in Brazil is also a major source of China's iron ore imports. 3) COVID-19 had the greatest impact on China's iron ore imports in February 2020. Imports rebounded in March as production resumed in China. In May, a higher import share in the Yangtze and Pearl River Delta regions shifted the import center slightly southward, although it remained along the southern boundary of the Bohai Rim port cluster. Despite the pandemic, the Bohai Rim ports retained their status as the primary import hubs. 4) Compared with 2019, iron ore exports from major exporters, including Australia, Brazil, South Africa, India, and Ukraine, increased from January to June 2020. China's dependence on iron ore from Australia and Brazil has decreased annually, while its dependence on Ukraine and India has increased. This has led to a westward shift in overseas iron ore supply centers. 5) Among ports with a monthly throughput exceeding 5 million tons, the iron ore supply to China from Australia's Ports Hedland, Dampier, and Walcott generally increased, whereas Brazilian Itaqui Port experienced a continuous decline in its supply to China starting in February. Among significant ports with a monthly throughput below 5 million tons, Peru's San Nicolas Port and South Africa's Saldanha Bay Port were the most severely impacted by the pandemic, with a notable reduction in their iron ore supply to China.

Over the past 40 years, significant changes have occurred along the coastlines of Qinzhou Bay in China and Manila Bay in the Philippines. Understanding the patterns of these changes is important for the management and planning of coastal zones. This study is based on the Google Earth Engine platform, using the modified normalized difference water index, combined with the Otsu algorithm and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System, to extract the coastlines of Qinzhou Bay in China and Manila Bay in the Philippines over the past 40 years, and then analyze the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the two coastlines and the situation of reclamation. The results show that in the past 40 years, the coastline of Qinzhou Bay has generally advanced towards the sea, with a coastline length increase of 44.78 km, an average End Point Rate(EPR)of 6.81 m/a, and average Linear Regression Rate(LRR)of 6.16 m/a. Natural coastline length continued to decrease, whereas the proportion of artificial coastlines continued to increase. The Index of Coastline Utilization degree (ICUD) values show an upward trend, whereas the Index of Coastline Type Diversity (ICTD) values show a continuously decreasing trend. The Manila Bay coastline first increased and then decreased, with an overall decrease of 1.05 km—a relatively small change. The coastline also shows a trend of advancing towards the sea with an average EPR of 2.36 m/a and average LRR of 2.32 m/a. The proportion of natural coastlines continued to decline, whereas that of artificial coastlines gradually increased. The ICUD values showed a steadily increasing trend, whereas the ICTD values showed a downward trend. The cumulative area of reclamation in Qinzhou Bay has reached 6,674.27 hm², with an average annual expansion rate of 196.30 hm²/a. Reclamation activities were significantly active and large-scale. However, the cumulative reclamation area of Manila Bay is only 1,718.59 hm², with an average annual expansion rate of 50.55 hm²/a, indicating relatively limited reclamation activities. The reclamation intensity index and annual spatial expansion rate of Qinzhou Bay were higher than those of Manila Bay. Overall, compared to Manila Bay, the Qinzhou Bay coastline exhibited more significant characteristics in terms of change amplitude, change speed, and reclamation intensity. Reclamation activities have a significant impact on coastline changes, and port and dock construction and aquaculture are the main driving factors for reclamation.

River terraces are important geomorphic indicators that reveal the evolution of rivers, and their climatic and tectonic responses. Dating is key to studying terrace evolution. In the past decade, electron spin resonance (ESR) dating has been widely applied in Quaternary geology and environmental research, and has solved a series of Quaternary chronology problems. This study selected well-exposed river terrace sections of the Zhenjiang River in the upper reaches of the Beijiang River as the research object and used ESR dating to analyze the ages and formation mechanisms of the terraces of the Zhenjiang River system. The experimental data show that the Ti-Li core dose-response curve of quartz in the sediment samples of the Zhenjiang River terraces fits well with the ESR signal strength, indicating that the terrace samples are stable and meet the requirements of ESR dating. Two age data were obtained from the bottom and the top of the ZJ-P₁ profile, with ages of 654 ± 79 ka and 231 ± 29 ka respectively; three age data (576 ± 38 ka, 523 ± 55 ka and 256 ± 26 ka) were obtained from the bottom to the top of the ZJ-P₂ profile, and three age data (392 ± 56 ka, 132 ± 15 ka and 41 ± 6 ka) were obtained from the bottom to the top of the ZJ-P₃ profile, being respectively. These results reflect the continuous sedimentation of the strata. Through the comparative analysis with the existing thermoluminescence age data of the Zhenjiang River and adjacent basins, it is determined that there are two distinct river terraces on the left bank of the Zhenjiang River in the upper reaches of the Beijiang River, and the final formation times of T₂ and T₁ are approximately 231 ± 29 and 41 ± 6 ka, respectively. Similarly, the ages of the river terraces in the main basins of northern Guangdong obtained by different dating methods were similar, indicating that the rivers in northern Guangdong were generally incised during the Middle and Late Middle Pleistocene and that the main rivers in northern Guangdong have synchronous evolution characteristics. On the basis of sedimentary characteristics of the river terraces in the Zhenjiang section of the upper reaches of the Beijiang River, terrace dating data, and previous research, it is shown that the formation of the second terrace in the Zhenjiang section was mainly influenced by tectonic uplift movements; the final formation time was in the Middle and Late Pleistocene, and the first terrace was formed under the combined action of climate change and tectonic activity during the late Pleistocene. Based on the ages of the samples at the top of the T₂ and T₁ gravel layers and the incision heights, the corresponding incision rates were calculated to be 0.056 and 0.524 mm/a, respectively. Finally, a comparison with the downcutting rates of other river terraces in neighboring areas showed that the Jinjiang and Zhenjiang Rivers exhibited higher downcutting rates since the Middle to Late Pleistocene, indicating the presence of tectonic uplift in northern Guangdong during this period. This study determined the ages and formation mechanisms of low-level river terraces in the Zhenjiang River section using ESR dating and provides an important reference for the study of climatic and tectonic responses in northern Guangdong.

Skilled migration is a pivotal phenomenon underpinning globalization that has attracted widespread scholarly interest; a nuanced understanding of the patterns and mechanisms of skilled migration is considered essential for fostering coordinated regional development and enhancing labor market allocation. To compare the domestic and international talent mobility research in the 21^st century and advance China's talent mobility theory, In this paper, we reviewed Chinese and English literature from fields such as geography, urban planning, demography, economics, and management since 2000 via quantitative and qualitative analysis. Initially, we conducted bibliometric and keyword co-occurrence analyses using CiteSpace to identify research hotspots and trends; subsequently, we performed Qualitative Data Analysis Miner qualitative analysis as a supplementary approach to derive in-depth insights and determine connections between literature sources. Herein, we summarize the research hotspots regarding skilled migration, domestically and internationally. We found that concerning research hotpots, domestic research emphasizes the spatial distribution of different types of talent, the impact of urban factors on skilled migration, and the interplay between talent and urban innovation. In contrast, international research emphasizes more on the mobility decisions of highly skilled migrants within a globalization context, focusing on the impact of international high-skilled migration on the destination and origin countries, the micro-level mechanisms of migration decision-making (such as family dynamics, gender roles, and early career stages), and social adaptation in destination countries (including identity, sense of belonging, and related factors). Theoretically, both domestic and international studies are based on labor migration theory, examining skilled migration mechanisms from macro-regional and micro-individual perspectives, and expanding theoretical frameworks to include amenities and the creative class. However, owing to differences in social, economic, institutional, and developmental contexts among countries, these theories are not entirely applicable in practice, particularly regarding their explanatory power in the Chinese context, which requires further examination. Furthermore, in terms of research progress, we found that international studies are increasingly highlighting the life course of migrants and the socio-cultural micro-mechanisms influencing skilled migration, emphasizing the adoption of a combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods. Conversely, domestic research predominantly focuses on the spatial patterns of skilled migration and the effects of macro-urban factors, relying on quantitative analyses. Future research in China should aim to examine micro-mechanisms, develop indigenous theoretical frameworks to foster theoretical innovation, and enhance the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods. Moreover, exploiting the potential of big data and emerging technologies could contribute towards overcoming limitations associated with data acquisition. On the basis of our survey of current theories and methods, we propose the following four directions for future research: (1) strengthening investigations into the micro-mechanisms of skilled migration; (2) developing indigenous theoretical frameworks to support theoretical innovation in China; (3) promoting the integration of qualitative and quantitative research methods; and (4) enhancing data acquisition and exploiting big data and advanced technologies to overcome the current limitations associated with acquiring data.

The number of highly educated individuals continues to grow, and the internal heterogeneity of this group is becoming increasingly evident. Examining these differences in location selection mechanisms from the perspective of heterogeneity is crucial for optimizing talent distribution. In this study, we used population census data from 2010 and 2020, along with 1% population sampling survey data from 2015 across various provinces. We employed the Gini coefficient and visualization methods to depict the spatiotemporal patterns of talent distribution at college, undergraduate, and graduate education levels in Chinese prefecture-level administrative regions. Employing a Beta regression model, we identified the factors that influence talent distribution across four dimensions: spatial sorting, spatial selection, spatial agglomeration, and comfort preferences. The key findings were as follows: 1) From 2010 to 2020, regional disparities in educational talent were ranked as postgraduate > undergraduate > college, with a decreasing trend in disparities for all three categories. 2) The proportion of college-, undergraduate-, and graduate-level educated individuals exhibited a clear administrative hierarchy, with the proportion of highly educated individuals decreasing from capital cities to provincial capitals (vice-provincial cities), prefecture-level cities, and regions. Hierarchical differentiation was most pronounced for graduate-level individuals, and was least pronounced for college-level individuals. 3) The Hu Huanyong Line serves as a dividing line for spatial structural differences in the distribution of highly educated individuals. To the southeast of the line, the spatial structure follows a pattern from the center (provincial capitals) to the periphery (general prefecture-level regions), with graduate-level individuals demonstrating the most characteristic spatial structure. Northwest of the line, a high-talent area for college and undergraduates extends from the Daxinganling Forest region in the east to Hami in the west. 4) Urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas are gradually becoming important spatial carriers of highly educated individuals, with the most typical examples being national-level urban agglomerations, especially the Yangtze and Pearl River Deltas. 5) From 2010 to 2020, dynamic changes in the concentration of talented individuals at the associate degree, undergraduate, and graduate levels exhibited a reverse core-periphery spatial structure. Specifically, the location quotient for talented individuals in capital and provincial-level cities (including sub-provincial cities) decreased, whereas it increased in prefecture-level cities and regions. Additionally, the dynamic changes in the concentration of talented people demonstrated regional differentiation; the location quotient for talented people in areas northwest of the Hu Huanyong Line showed an upward trend, whereas it decreased southeast of the line. Similarly, the location quotient for talented people in the eastern region declined, whereas it increased in the central and western regions. 6) In terms of spatial sorting, talented people at different educational levels tended to prefer prefecture-level administrative regions with higher incomes, higher administrative ranks, and larger urban populations, with the order of preference being graduate > undergraduate > college. Regarding spatial selection, higher housing costs and more competitive job markets in prefecture-level administrative regions generally demand higher educational qualifications, following the trend: graduate > undergraduate > college. In terms of spatial agglomeration, urbanization levels in prefecture-level regions foster clustering of talented people at all educational levels, with the effect being strongest for college-educated people, followed by undergraduate and graduate people. With regard to comfort preferences, regions with higher levels of social environmental comfort are more attractive for the aggregation of highly educated individuals. Our research findings will be helpful for different cities and regions in formulating differentiated talent recruitment policies.

In recent years, the number of Chinese university graduates has been progressively increasing, and their employment situation has become increasingly poor under the influences of the COVID-19 epidemic and downward economic pressure. The employment issue of university graduates has attracted considerable attention. The migration of university graduates is synthetically affected by multiple factors including individual-, family-, and city-level factors. A systematic theoretical framework of the influencing mechanism of the migration of university graduates, which combines these factors, is lacking. Moreover, extant studies have scarcely investigated the migration of university graduates from the overall perspective of family capital, let alone different factors considered by graduates with different family capital levels in the migration decision-making process. The role of human capital in the relationship between the family capital and migration of graduates still remains unknown. To address this gap, based on first-hand survey data on the migration of new graduates from 78 universities in eight cities in 2022, this study employs a nested logit model to examine the influencing factors on the intercity migration of university graduates from both the individual and city levels, and reveals the dual influencing mechanism of family capital (economic, cultural, and social capital) and human capital (education qualification, university type, student cadre status, academic records, certificates, and internship experience). The results demonstrate that: 1) Family capital exerts a significantly positive impact on the intercity migration of university graduates. Graduates with higher levels of family capital are more inclined to move to higher-level cities. Compared with graduates whose parents have an annual income level below 90 thousand RMB and highest education qualification below a college degree, graduates whose parents have an annual income level above 90 thousand RMB and highest education qualification above a college degree are more likely to flow to first-tier and second-tier cities. 2) The influence of family capital on the migration of graduates presents significant heterogeneity. When choosing employment cities, graduates with a higher level of family capital pay more attention to urban economic and amenity factors. Compared with graduates with lower levels of family capital (represented by lower parental income levels, lower educational qualification levels, and parents' non-managerial or professional occupations), graduates with higher levels of family capital (opposite to their counterparts) are more affected by income levels, living costs, environmental quality, medical resources, and cultural resources, in selecting employment cities. 3) The human capital of graduates plays both a positive mediating role and a certain degree of a negative moderating role in the impact of family capital on the migration of graduates. All the variables of human capital play a positive mediating role, that is, family capital positively influences the migration of graduates by affecting their human capital; however, some variables of human capital (student cadre status, academic records, certificates, and internship experience) play a negative moderating role, that is, the human capital accumulated in the university can weaken the impacts of family capital on the migration of graduates. By introducing a spatial perspective, this study provides not only empirical evidence for the response to the social concern about whether getting good jobs depends on family background or personal efforts, but also scientific references for promoting the full employment of graduates and guiding the rational talent flows.