Cultural memory is a spiritual, inner, and middle world composed of self-consciousness, memory, and behavior that expresses the cultural phenomenon, local emotions, and identity generated by human practice in the present world space. Geography pays more attention to the human-land relationship and spatial perception in the formation of cultural memory and constructs a unique cultural memory space. This space is the agglomeration of figurative cultural relics in space, as well as the spiritual representation of non-figurative places, such as art, text, and folklore in space. By systematically analyzing the theory of cultural memory, this study summarizes the process of evolution and development context of cultural memory. Based on 1,527 key domestic and international studies on geography, this study analyzes the main content and progress of global cultural memory space research from the perspective of keyword co-occurrence clustering, theme path evolution, and research trend, with the assistance of CiteSpace—the bibliometrics and visualization tool. By reviewing the frontier hot spots of cultural memory space research at home and abroad, this study aims to construct a research paradigm of cultural memory from the perspective of geography, improve the research methods of cultural memory, and provide a reference for the local application and multidisciplinary integration of cultural memory theory. The analysis results focus the research topics of foreign cultural memory space primarily on: 1) the memory representation of the landscape of daily life; and 2) political and ritual studies in memory. Domestic research topics primarily include: 1) cultural and local studies in collective and social memory; 2) research on urban and rural memory carried by space; and 3) research on heritage memory reproduction, promoted by cultural tourism. The literature on cultural memory space at home and abroad has gradually increased in recent years, as has the attention paid to memorial landscape, heritage buildings, ritual celebrations, war trauma, and national memory; however, the research on cultural memory space has not formed a specific theoretical paradigm. Most of the literature only focuses on the integration of cultural memory and other fields, and relatively few studies address the connotation of cultural memory space, media conversion mechanisms, and spatial identification methods. The perspective of the content and trends in domestic and foreign research indicates that Western scholars pay more attention to the study of migration, rights, free will, women, power politics, and war trauma. The focus on space is mainly on cities, emotions, and rights. Domestic geographers focus on deconstructing regionalized and China-seized cultural memory and local identity from the intangible carrier of memory. Most studies are based on obvious policy orientations. War sites, red tourist sites, traditional villages, characteristic folk customs, and festival ceremonies have become important themes in the study of cultural memory space. In the future, geography research should depict the practical process of text, ritual, and language through non-representational means and re-introduce memory into human research in a materialized way. Simultaneously, the connotation of urban and rural cultural memory should be clearly defined, and heritage, immigration, and tourism should be adopted as the new themes of cultural memory space research through digital images.

As a crime that threatens public safety and social stability, child trafficking has attracted widespread attention from all sectors of society. Few studies have been conducted on child trafficking, especially in the literature review conducted from the perspective of comparison between China and abroad, which makes it difficult to fully reveal the system and development of current research. This study clarifies the thematic structure and development of child trafficking in China and abroad, based on the "Web of ScienceTM Core Collection" and CNKI data sources, using CiteSpace software. Specifically, the study comparatively examines the progress of child trafficking studies in China and abroad since 2000 and analyzes future development trends from the time of publication, regional and subject distribution, research institutions, and keyword co-occurrence. We hope that this work provides a relatively complete and objective understanding for innovative future research. The results indicate that: (1) the research on child trafficking started earlier abroad, and the theoretical system and research methods are relatively mature. From 2000 to 2020, a total of 215 articles were published in Web of Science, showing two stages of fluctuating and rapid growth, and USA ranks first worldwide. There are 46 core articles published in CNKI, showing two stages of initial exploration and fluctuating growth overall, with a relatively slow growth rate in China. More studies are distributed in the fields of social studies, psychology, pediatrics, family studies and criminology in abroad, while domestic studies are mainly distributed in the field of law, criminology and sociology. In recent years, the research in the field of geography has risen rapidly, and there is ample room for development. (2) Due to the differences in regional environment and national conditions, international child trafficking is part of a study on human trafficking, which is mainly for the purpose of exploitation, including direct and indirect exploitation, involving various topics such as commercial sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, trafficking human organs, child marriage trafficking, and other types of trafficking. Commercial trafficking and sexual exploitation are the main research hotspots of child trafficking. Child trafficking in China is usually discussed in combination with the trafficking of women, focusing on the provincial trafficking for the purpose of adoption, and "family control" and "lured adoption" are common ways of committing crimes. The legal policy and social reasons surrounding child trafficking are hot topics of concern. (3) With the increase in interdisciplinary integration, child trafficking involves suicide risk and well-being, rehabilitation and return to society, child protection and trafficking prevention and control measures, which have become popular topics abroad. The theme of domestic child trafficking has extended from focusing on legal policies and social reasons to spatial-temporal patterns, influencing factors, resettlement, and social integration. In the future, how to integrate the relevant parties involved in child trafficking (criminals, victims or guardians, and other people) with the spatio-temporal environment (social environment, built environment, and surrounding people flow environment), and explore the evolution of geographical factors and the spatio-temporal activity trajectory of child trafficking from the perspective of criminal geography? It is important to deeply analyze the occurrence mechanism of child trafficking from the interactive perspective of time, space, and humans. How to make full use of the modern technological means to track and combat child trafficking in practice, to contribute to the prevention and management of this issue at home and abroad, constitutes a key question.

The Belt and Road Initiative aims to achieve common development and prosperity for all countries. Building a scientific and reasonable geopolitical risk assessment system is an important prerequisite for participating countries to prevent and resolve geopolitical risk. Taking 64 countries in the six economic corridors of the Belt and Road Initiative as the assessment object, this study builds a geopolitical risk assessment system based on post-transaction costs. It analyzes the geopolitical risk level, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, and influencing factors using the full array polygon graphical indicator method, Global Moran's I, and the spatial Durbin model. The research results show that: 1) From the time dimension, the geopolitical risks of participating countries show a trend of first rising and then falling, reaching a peak in 2015. 2) From the perspective of spatial distribution, high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the Middle East and South Asia, while medium to high risk areas are concentrated in Indochina and the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the low to medium risk countries are Western Pacific island countries, while low-risk countries are mainly in Central Europe. The clustering characteristics of geopolitical risks are obvious. The results of Global Moran's I show that from 2011-2020, the geopolitical risk concentration area was initially located in the Middle East and South Asia, and then in 2015, Europe and East Asia also experienced high geopolitical risks. By 2020, it was still mainly concentrated in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, however, generally, the regions with high geopolitical risk will still be mainly concentrated in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. 3) The research results on the factors influencing geopolitical risks indicate that political stability, economic freedom, economic growth, increased education expenditure, and better natural resources have a significant inhibitory effect on geopolitical risk, while increases in the unemployment rate, population size, and oil resources, will to some extent, promote the generation of geopolitical risks. The indirect effect results show that political stability, economic freedom, and the unemployment rate of the host country have a significant impact on surrounding countries. Based on this, we believe that countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative need to improve their government governance capabilities, accelerate their modernization transformation, effectively utilize the resources, funds, and technologies brought about by the Belt and Road Initiative. Furthermore, actively integrate into the regional economic cooperation framework of the Belt and Road Initiative and improve their ability to manage geopolitical risks. This study enriched the evaluation system of geopolitical risks. During the construction of the evaluation indicators, the results emphasized the sudden and violent characteristics of geopolitical risks, further explained the violent confrontation and economic game existing in geopolitical risks, and effectively enriched the literature on the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of geopolitical risks of countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative. It should be pointed out that there are still some limitations in this study. This study is based on countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative and there are deficiencies in the discussion of geopolitical risk for countries not in the region. Future research can be based on a global perspective, further enriching the evaluation index system of geopolitical risk, and conducting more in-depth research on the spatial transmission path and geopolitical risk avoidance measures.

As a newly developed branch, social and cultural geography has gradually become an important research field within human geography. With fast-changing research topics, methods, and theories, social and cultural geography has been attracting increasing attention in Chinese mainland over the past six years (2015-2020). New trends and criticisms deserve further analysis, such as the diversity of topics, the intersectionality of research methods, and the reflection and questioning of scientific research. Thus, from the perspective of disciplinary introspection, it is necessary to examine the trend of Chinese social and cultural geography from the perspective of comparing China and the West, so as to locate the characteristics of the discipline and to provide certain directions and enlightenment for domestic social and cultural geography research. Drawing on CiteSpace, this article collects, analyzes, and visualizes publications related to social and cultural geography in both English and Chinese (for English publication, we focus on Social & Cultural Geography (N=418), focusing on five selected leading Chinese journals: Acta Geographica Sinca, Scientia Geographica Sinica, Progress in Geography, Geographical Research, and Human Geography (N=400). Furthermore, the Delphi method was employed to see how Chinese social and cultural geographers (N=20) would comment on the recent development of social and cultural geography in Chinese mainland. With qualitative and quantitative analysis, the topics of Western social and cultural geography are reflected in: (1) migration studies and mobility research, (2) cultural landscape and more-than-human geography, and (3) research on disadvantaged groups and caring geography. In contrast to the West, Chinese social and cultural geography research themes include 1) subject theory introduction and reflection, 2) urbanization, mobility, diverse immigration, 3) tourism and place, and 4) rural transformation and homesickness. Given the comparison of research topics of social and cultural geography between China and the West, the findings of this article include 1) Western countries (the U.K. in particular) currently play key, if not dominant, roles in producing, shaping and consuming theories and knowledge of social and cultural geography; 2) "Politics" and "politics" are the main research focuses in the West, while "tourism" and "rurality" are the dominant topics among Chinese publications. It presents a critical difference between the two bodies of literature and reflects the trends of China's social development. 3) Social and cultural geography research in Chinese mainland is undergoing a significant process of internationalization. However, common knowledge (e.g., publications and theories being cited and discussed) shared by both sides remains insignificant. The boundary of knowledge becomes increasingly flexible but still relatively fixed. On the other hand, researchers' opinions also exposed the issue according to which social cultural geography researchers' sense of discipline belonging is yet to be strengthened, as well as the fact that systemization and consensus of research paradigm are insufficient. To further promote interdisciplinary dialogues and knowledge exchanges, explore the role of space in theorization, and show the contributions of Chinese stories, experience and theories to the current literature on research on social and cultural geography deserve further exploration.

The prediction of rainstorms and floods in small and medium-sized watersheds, as well as the synthesis of related parameters, plays a pivotal role in preventing flood disasters. Environmental changes have led to an increase in hydrological extremes such as rainstorms and floods, presenting unprecedented challenges for small and medium-sized river basins. In this review, we systematically categorize, and summarize the processes involved in predicting rainstorms and floods in these watersheds, along with advancements in correlated parameter synthesis research. Furthermore, we analyze and discuss the most commonly employed runoff and confluence estimation methods and their associated parameters in practical applications, as well as their limitations. First, we establish the concept of small- and medium-sized watersheds across various academic disciplines. From a hydrological perspective, these watersheds typically exhibit slope confluence and have relatively small catchment areas. In terms of eco-hydrology, the ecological water demand of the basin must be calculated based on the different communities occupying the river basin and divided by area according to the ecological samples from each district after the investigation. Thereafter, we summarized the methods and types of runoff calculation and parameter synthesis in small- and medium-sized basins, and the methods and principles of runoff analysis, such as rainfall–runoff correlation diagram, infiltration curve method, deduction method, runoff coefficient method, and hydrological model method as well as the methods of parameter synthesis, such as rainfall-runoff correlation diagrams and loss methods are introduced. Second, we summarize and discuss the assessment of confluence and its associated parameters in small- and medium-sized river basins. This encompasses background information and various calculation methods, such as the instantaneous unit line, comprehensive unit line, inference formula method, and empirical formula method. We also examine how the three major elements of parameter synthesis convergence influence confluence parameters. We emphasize that combining radar rainfall measurements, high-resolution remote sensing, high-performance computing, and deep learning can facilitate research on simulating and forecasting rainstorms and flood processes in small- and medium-sized basins. However, a significant portion of these basins lacks data, limiting the application of simulation and flood forecasting. To address this, integration with geographical parameters specific to small- and medium-sized basins is necessary to enhance regional reliability and forecasting accuracy. Additionally, when applying deep learning to simulate basins with limited or no data, the significance of parameter synthesis becomes even more pronounced. Finally, we discuss the problems and challenges associated with storm flood calculations and parameter synthesis methods in small- and medium-sized basins and offer predictions regarding future research and technical developments. We recommend strengthening the use of emerging technologies for watershed runoff and runoff parameter calculations and advocate for their application in storm flood design.

The crime of human trafficking is an abnormal (involuntary, passive) phenomenon of population migration (disappearance, persecution); it has attracted great attention from the public and academic community because of its resultant social harm and far-reaching impacts on individuals and families. Constrained by the concealment, dispersion, variability, and complexity of the crime of human trafficking in China, the perspectives of earlier research topics were relatively clustered and limited. During the last 10 years, geographers have gradually achieved certain new understandings and progress through continuous exploration. From the perspective of the related sub-disciplines of geography, this study focuses on the main progress, existing issues, future trends, and crime governance paths to review studies on the crime of human trafficking in China. The results indicate the following: (1) Regarding the interdisciplinary situation: The crime of human trafficking is a social pain point of common concern among multiple disciplines. Geography has the advantage of being a latecomer and its integration with other disciplines will help understand the problem in depth and solve it systematically. Geographers will have a broad stage for future research in the field of human trafficking crimes. (2) Regarding the research objects: The earlier studies on the crime of child trafficking in China in the international context were actually subject studies of human trafficking in the Chinese criminal law context. The crime of human trafficking in China is unique compared to other countries and other types of crimes. (3) Regarding the research data: In the past, the data sources mainly comprised non-governmental organizations and individuals. The current data sources show the co-occurrence of non-governmental and official sources and the trend of the integration of offline and online availability. The integration and utilization of multi-source data will be the main path to future studies. (4) Regarding field investigation: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic's impact and the upgrading of related family tracing means, field investigation has opened up new ways, and online investigations (online interviews, participatory observation in live broadcasting rooms, etc.) have become complementary or alternative channels of traditional field investigations and surveys. (5) Regarding patterns and trends: Based on the update and verification of available data, it is found that the stability of the spatiotemporal pattern of trafficking crimes and the dependence on the main routes in China, and cross-border and inter-provincial border areas, are worthy of attention. Future research trend will shift from being independent to comprehensive—from a quantitative study to a qualitative or mixed study; from case numbers to individuals, families, and their social networks; from the source area to the bridging of source, flow, and sink areas; and from a type of human trafficking to multi-type comparisons of missing persons. (6) Regarding measures and suggestions: Combined with the existing research knowledge and current crime trends, this study presents overall strategies and specific paths for dealing with the crime of human trafficking and assisting the abducted and their relatives.

As an important land and water transition zone on Earth, wetlands are good places for birds to breed and roost. Bird monitoring has become an important index for assessing the biodiversity and ecological environment of a region. Nansha Wetland Park in Guangzhou is rich in biological resources and provides an important resting and wintering ground for global migratory birds as it is located on their migration route from East Asia to Australasia. To understand the migration patterns and annual dynamic changes of birds in the Nansha Wetland Park, line- and point-transect surveys were conducted to collect bird species and abundance data from January 2014 to December 2018. First, our results showed that 139 birds were recorded during the study period, of which migrant species were dominant. Combined with the available literature, a total of 186 bird species were recorded, belonging to 17 orders and 49 families. Of these bird species, 165 are under various levels of protection. Second, while the interannual changes in bird abundance were substantial, those of bird species richness were not, indicating that bird species tended to reach maximum abundance in bird communities. When compared to bird abundance in 2015, the number of individuals was relatively stable in other years of investigation, and the number of investigated species was the highest in 2017. Finally, monthly changes in bird species were in accordance with the annual rhythms of migration. Specifically, bird species richness increased rapidly during the wintering period, but remained constant during the breeding period. In addition, the migration time of waterbirds tended to increase over time. This may be related to a warming climate that prompts birds to migrate earlier. Differences in habitat patches are important influencers of bird feeding habits, and thus bird distribution and habitat. Among the habitat patches investigated, birds were primarily distributed in shallow tidal flats with rich food sources and in tall and lush mangrove communities, such as those containing the species Sonneratia apetala. Notably, the number of Platalea minor, a key indicator bird species, has increased steadily, with an increase of 346.15% from 26 in 2014 to 116 in 2018. The annual and monthly dynamic changes of birds in different areas showed subtle changes in individual numbers but generally showed a stable trend, which may be related to the environmental capacity of the habitat. The number of species and individuals that can be sustained by the environment tended to be saturated; that is, the maximum number of species that can be accommodated by the Nansha Wetland Park. Taken together, these findings suggest that bird species diversity could be promoted by expanding the area of tidal flats, increasing the planting area of mangroves, reasonably reclaiming wetlands, and maintaining the proportion of shallow water tidal flats and mangroves.

With industrialization, urbanization, informatization, and economic globalization, there is significant diversification in rural areas, including the social and economic devolopment and rural landscape, land-use structure, urban—rural relationship, consumption structure, and governance pattern. Development and evolution are types of spatial transformation, and their differentiation is significant in rural areas. With changes in the relationship between human beings and the environment in rural areas, problems such as the gradual disappearance of traditional villages, loss of regional identity, precariousness of villagers’ development prospects, and loss of autonomy tend to arise. The renaissance and revitalization of rural areas have become the core target of regional and rural development in this new era. Development, together with the theoretical construction of rural geography, now faces a critical period of opportunity. The mechanism of interaction between the internal and external motivations of rural spatial differentiation needs to be clarified, and geographic parameters concerning the reconstruction of rural multidimensional space need to be examined carefully, as they take a scientific approach in exploring comprehensive rural governance. These are beneficial in strengthening both rural construction and the framework of governance theory. This paper systematically reviews the progress of research on rural spatial differentiation, reconstruction, and governance both at home and abroad. We found that, internationally, research on rural geography is more diverse, and theories and methods from the field of political economics and sociology are widely used. These research methods are mainly qualitative, focusing on the theoretical interpretation of the construction and translation of the actor-network of cognition, differentiation, and reconstruction of rural space. Further, the main body and framework of rural community governance are analyzed deeply. Domestic research, in contrast, focuses on the differentiation and reorganization of rural material space, but the content framework and methodology of rural spatial differentiation, reconstruction, and governance remain insufficient. Accordingly, this paper—guided by the theory of territorial system of human—environment interaction on a macro scale—systematically examines the spatial differentiation types and dynamic mechanism of rural development and transformation under multiple external environments in China. On a medium-micro scale, the comprehensive study of the rural human—environment relationship in a regional system is implemented, focusing on element structure, function change, element reconstruction, and space governance. We performed a space gradient analysis using urban—rural continuous spectrum geographic transects, which analyzed internal multidimensional space differentiation and reconstructed the scientific logic of governance in different locations and with different types of rural space. By integrating geography, sociology, politics, management, and other subjects, we constructed a unique theory framework for the transformation of rural space in China. Rural space governance is an important part of territorial space control and social governance, and is of interest across multiple academic disciplines. The collaborative mechanism between the governance of space and the participating community, as well as the approaches and models of village construction management and spatial governance used, needs an urgent conclusion and summary.

The digital economy, an essential engine for the high-quality development of China's economy, has the potential to become a breakthrough in promoting the rapid recovery of tourism. From a spatial perspective, this study used panel data from 284 prefecture-level and higher cities in China from 2011 to 2019 and constructed a spatial Durbin model (SDM) to empirically test the spatial effect and mechanism of the digital economy on tourism development. (1) Digital economy and tourism development showed significant positive global spatial autocorrelation during the study period. Hotspots of the digital economy have long been located in southeastern coastal areas, and cold spots in central and western China have shrunk significantly. Tourism development hotspots are mainly distributed in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations and in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Chongqing. Cold spots were distributed in the central and western cities of the Shandong Peninsula and gradually expanded southward. (2) In China, the digital economy has a significant direct effect and positive spatial spillover effect, which was confirmed by a series of robustness tests were conducted. From the perspective of different regions, although the direct effect was significantly positive in all regions, the influence coefficient in the eastern region was significantly larger than that in the central, western, and northeastern regions. The spatial spillover effect is entirely significant in the eastern region, partly significant in the central and northeastern regions, and not significant in the western region, indicating that "digital segregation" exists in the western region. (3) The positive spatial spillover effect of the digital economy on tourism development is optimal at 300 km. Subsequently, the spatial spillover effect followed the law of geographical distance attenuation. The spatial spillover effect reaches the critical point of the practical effect at 800 km and almost disappears at 1500 km. (4) Among the digital economy components, digital infrastructure, digital industry development, and digital inclusive finance can significantly promote local tourism development. However, only digitally inclusive finance has a significant positive spatial spillover effect, and the effects of the remaining components are insignificant. This study constructs an analytical framework for the spatial effects of the digital economy on tourism development and conducts rigorous empirical research to compensate for the limitations of current research from a local perspective. This study also examined the spatial effects of various components of the digital economy, which helped identify the source of the impact of the digital economy on tourism development more accurately. In addition, the regional heterogeneity and distance attenuation law of the spatial effect of the digital economy on tourism development were analyzed, and customized policy implications were proposed based on the research conclusions. Overall, this study has essential reference value for achieving high-quality tourism development and expanding the scope of digital economy application.

Internationalization and localization are important issues in the development of contemporary Chinese geography. China's local geographical knowledge research has become a force that cannot be ignored in the world's geographical knowledge system. This paper hopes to reveal the heterogeneity, complexity and diversity of the development of geography in the three countries by comparing the development characteristics of geography in China, Britain and the United States. By the knowledge mapping tool CiteSpace, this paper analyzes the literature of Journal of Geographical Sciences, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers and Annals of the Association of American Geographers from 2010 to 2020, revealing the knowledge evolution, historical hot spots and thematic context of geography in the three countries in recent years. The findings are as follows: 1) American geography pays equal attention to both nature and humanity. In recent years, the comprehensive geographical research on the elements of "nature-environment-humanity-society" has been more active. It shows that American geography circle pays attention to the human-land contradiction and big politics of the world or other countries and regions on a large scale, as well as the human-land relationship and daily politics at the meso and micro scales. It pays attention to a wide range of topics, which are close to the hot spots and needs of American social development. 2) British geography is more "focused" on the study of human geography. In particular, the development of sociocultural geography is very characteristic, and the tradition of political geography is still distinct. There are common issues with the development of American geography, such as climate change, ethnic minorities and segregation. In addition, British geography has paid more and more attention to the research on the relationship between man and nature this year, and has gradually formed the voice of integrating natural and human geography research. 3) Chinese geography focuses on physical geography and regional research, which is different from the trend of American geography and British geography towards the research paradigm of "nature and human" integration. Human geography and geographic information science show rising trends, and the research area is mainly within China. Summarizing the development of geography research in the three countries is conducive to providing reference for the future research direction of Chinese geography and promoting the dialogue between China and world geography. Chinese geography needs to grasp the major demand traction of China's era change, deepen and strengthen the research of Chinese geography in theory and practice, and realize the diversified development of various branches and the transformation and integration of research paradigms.

Using qualitative research methods and taking Wulin in Jinjiang, Quanzhou City as an example, this study investigated the construction characteristics of Qiaoxiang's place meaning superposition from three aspects: entity dimension, social relations and local values, and revealed the superposition process of the place meaning of Qiaoxiang under the background of tourism development and the resulting place identity problems of different subjects including overseas Chinese. The study found that: (1) The superposition of place meaning under the dislocation of man and land is mainly completed through transmission mechanisms such as imagination and tourism system, which makes the overseas Chinese "absent in form" but "present everywhere in content" in Qiaoxiang, and promotes the transformation of Wulin into a place pattern mixed with tradition and modernity. (2) The superposition of place meaning has the attribute of relationship, and multivariate interactions are the remarkable features during its formation. The place meaning is essentially a manifestation of the man-land relationship. When the man-land relationship is no longer determined by the traditional geographic relationship or kinship, the weak bond relationship between man and land cannot be consolidated by the place meaning, which is manifested as the alienation of the relationship of "overseas Chinese-family members-hometown". (3) In terms of local values, the place meaning of Qiaoxiang has experienced a meaning superposition from the home scale to the national and ethnic scales, highlighting the selective representation of power on the place meaning in the context of tourism, and dynamically displaying the controversy on the orientation of spatial values of different subjects and the guidance of the national mainstream cultural values to the local. (4) In the context of tourism development, the superposition of the place meaning of Qiaoxiang has triggered the instrumental and selective "shopping cart" identity of overseas Chinese and the differentiated identity of local residents, and the identity structure of different subjects is full of tension, differentiation and even conflict.

Tropical forests are considered the most abundant source of biodiversity in the terrestrial ecosystem and the key to international biodiversity conservation. Due to the rapid process of urbanization and land conflicts, regional ecological security is under tremendous pressure, resulting in biological habitat destruction, ecosystem service degradation, biodiversity reduction, etc. Consequently, the construction and optimization of ecological security patterns can improve ecological environment stability, restore ecological function, and protect biodiversity, which is an important spatial way to solve regional ecological environment problems and improve regional ecological security. In this study of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province of China, ecological sources were obtained through ecological system service and ecological sensitivity comprehensive superposition, followed by ecological source extraction through hot spot analysis. The resistance coefficient was modified on the basis of the land cover type through landscape fragmentation comprehensive index construction, and Linkage Mapper calculation was performed to calculate ecological corridors and nodes with the ArcGIS cost-distance analysis module to construct and optimize the ecological security pattern in the Xishuangbanna area. The main results are as follows: (1) Twenty important ecological source areas were extracted from the Xishuangbanna area, covering a total of 7,709.56 km² and accounting for 40.33% of the study area. The coincidence rate with the existing nature reserves is 89.92%, which is mainly distributed in natural reserve areas, such as the northern part of Jinghong City, Central and southern parts of Mengla County, and the southern part of Menghai County. (2) Compared with the resistance surface corrected by night light data, the spatial differentiation of the landscape resistance surface corrected on the basis of landscape fragmentation is more significant. Among this, the identification of ecological corridors, the spatial distribution of the corridors, the reduction of conflict points of human activities, network connections, and optimal corridor verification delivered relatively better results. (3) The ecological corridor, which includes the key corridor and the potential corridor of 278.59 km and 631.73 km, respectively, shows a spatial pattern combined with the half ring and the small rings. Moreover, the ecological nodes include 20 resource strategic points, four ecological strategic points, 27 ecological temporary rest points, and 24 ecological fracture points. (4) By referring to the ecological security patterns of Xishuangbanna area, the layout of the ecological spatial structure was optimized as "one belt, one corridor, and four groups." "One belt" was the ecological river corridor belt with the Lancang River as the main axis and the tributaries on both sides. "One corridor" refers to the central corridor structure connecting the national nature reserves of Mengyang, Naban River, and the Mangao Nature Reserve. Based on the existing nature reserves, the four groups were divided into the Bulong-Mangao nature reserves, Menglun three sub-reserves, Mengla-Yiwu-Mengyang-Menglun nature reserves, and Mengla-Shangyong nature reserves. This study provides a practical case for formulating ecological and environmental protection in Xishuangbanna.

The globalization of capital is the product of the social division of labor and the development of social productive forces. It is also the worldwide expansion of the capitalist mode, and its relations, of production. Trans-local catering brand management is a process of brand remodeling; its general strategy is to re-establish its brand identity, which is unique and different from its competitors', such that the production capital can help establish a new brand image in other countries. Simultaneously, the catering needs of Chinese residents are now different and complex, which meets the self-appreciation needs of foreign capital to a certain extent. Western chain enterprises have become the forerunners of global cultural input, having achieved different degrees of brand remodeling in China in the process of globalization and local cooperation. Although studies have preliminarily explored the phenomenon of trans-local food brand remodeling, it is worth verifying and discussing whether the existing theoretical models are universal and have sufficient explanatory power in the context of the ever-changing international situation and domestic consumption environment. Moreover, few studies discuss brand remodeling from the perspective of the simultaneous effects of two cultures, such as the cultural factors of the home country and the trans-local and post-local cultural factors. Therefore, based on the background of the "spatial turn" and the "cultural turn" this study reflects on the reality of contemporary consumption, empirically analyzes the theoretical path of trans-local catering brand remodeling, and establishes a structural equation model with the culture of brand origin and local consumption culture as the pre-factors of brand equity, to verify the influencing factors and mechanism of trans-local catering brand remodeling. The study finds that the continuous improvement in brand equity contributes to the process of trans-local brand remodeling. The image of origin has a direct and significant positive impact on brand awareness, brand loyalty, and perceived quality. Local consumption culture only affects brand awareness, but has no direct influence on perceived quality or brand loyalty. However, local consumption culture can affect perceived quality and brand loyalty through brand awareness, which then influence purchase intention. Local consumption culture provides the necessary cultural, historical, and political basis for understanding brand meaning in various situations. However, with the development of the economy and the establishment of cultural self-confidence, Chinese people's consumption concept is more rational and pragmatic. Thus, brand reconstruction must be based on the promotion of brand equity. It is not sufficient to have the advantage of brand awareness. Perceived quality is an important intermediary to brand loyalty, which is the only way to develop purchase intention. Although the "halo" effect of the image of origin still exists, good brand quality perception is another important factor influencing customers' brand loyalty and purchase intention. Food quality is the primary factor in the survival of the catering industry, and trans-local catering brands should focus more on the customer recognition of the products themselves. The extent to which the current food experience can directly meet customers' expectations will determine whether customers are willing to pay for the brand continuously. In summary, this study discusses two kinds of cultural and geographical factors, namely the origin effect and local consumption culture, verifies and expands the existing trans-local restaurant brand remodeling model, and verifies the new path hypothesis. It enriches the case study objects and explores the contextualized differences of the theory, thus providing a new case practice for contemporary catering geographical and cultural consumption.

Linguistic landscapes, which refer to language and text displayed in public areas with a certain scale or visual impact, have become samples for geographers to conduct multi-type regional research and to examine social and cultural phenomena. In tourist destinations, such landscapes are often found in the form of signs, slogans, and billboards throughout public spaces, helping visitors quickly access information and understand the locale. Inn names are representative linguistic landscapes in rural tourist destinations, embodying operators' profound understanding of place and tourism relationships, reflecting tourists' emotional cognition of the destination. Analyzing their evolution helps to deeply understand the local development process and provides a decision-making reference for future development. This study selects Shuanglang Ancient Town in Dali, Yunnan Province as a case study. Semi-structured interviews, textual analysis, and GIS spatial analysis are adopted to interpret the complex relationship between inn names and local transformation development, attempting to answer how the inn names present spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and adapt to the transformation development of rural tourism destinations. Field investigation revealed that "resident guests" and local Bai ethnic villagers are the producers of the inn's linguistic landscape, following a bottom-up development model, but later indirectly influenced by the government. In the temporal dimension, the inn's linguistic landscape has undergone a development process from gradual enrichment to decline and then to stabilization, with landscape elements dominating. In the spatial dimension, it presents an unbalanced spatial structure, with areas such as Haixia Street, Tianshengying, and Laoyugang featuring significant coastal characteristics and having the highest concentration of the inn's linguistic landscape. The linguistic landscape of Shuanglang inns presents typical audience design characteristics influenced by the market as well as self-expression characteristics influenced by the inn operators' identities. Under the comprehensive influence of modernity and mobility, the spatiotemporal evolution of Shuanglang Ancient Town's inn linguistic landscape is closely embedded in the tourism destination construction and consumption process, with increasing tourist flow, tourists' romantic imagination of Shuanglang, and the self-reflection of migrant tourists driving the production of diverse categories in the linguistic landscape. Meanwhile, the unique natural landscape, limited living space, and pursuit of commercial interests drive the spatial evolution of the inn's linguistic landscape. The rural tourism destination image of "poetry and the distant" is continuously reinforced in the inn's linguistic landscape. In terms of innovation, this study provides new findings for existing research that considers the evolution of tourism destination linguistic landscapes as presenting "audience design" characteristics. Some "counter-market" linguistic landscape evolution characteristics are, in fact, modern people's escape from modernity. However, this behavior is not merely negative; the "warm writing" of the inn's linguistic landscape on living spaces can be regarded as an important practice for their aspirations toward a better life.

With regard to China's vigorous promotion of environmental governance and ecological restoration, farmers around mines are victims of environmental damage and major participants in ecological restoration. Their willingness to participate is related to whether the government's environmentalpolicies can play a good role. This study developed a structural equation model of the impact of environmental perception on pro-environmental behavior willingness and conducted an empirical study using survey data of farmers around the Dabaoshan tailings area in Shaoguan in 2020. Value perception includes "economic value" and "ecology value", which was measured by the two observable variables "increasing income" and "improving the surrounding environmental quality". The results showed that value perception had a positive impact on farmers' willingness to be environmentally friendly, and that the standardization coefficient of the "increase in income" variable was higher, which meant that if farmers felt that environmental governance in the tailings area could bring them economic benefits or improve the ecological environment, they were more inclined to participate in environmental governance activities in tailings areas, and local farmers paid more attention to economic interests. Endowment perception represented farmers' self-efficacy, which was measured by "energy perception" and "ability perception". The above two variables strongly influenced farmers' willingness to be pro-environmental. The results showed that the higher the self-efficacy evaluation of farmers, the stronger their willingness to participate in environmental governance of the tailings area. Policy perceptions including exemplary norms and command-line norms were measured by "government attitudes", "attitudes of miner" and "attitudes of neighbor and friend". The results showed that policy perception had a direct impact on farmers' willingness to pro-environmental behavior, but this was due to an indirect impact by affecting farmers' value perception and policy perception, and "mining enterprise attitude" was the policy perception where the important variables were explained. Therefore, improving farmers' value perception and endowment perception through policy perception could also indirectly improve their willingness to exhibit pro-environmental behavior. Based on the above results, this study puts forward relevant policy implications. First, traditional media, newspapers, and TV should combine with emerging online platforms such as Douyin and Kuaishou to expand publicity channels. As rational economic people, farmers naturally attach great importance to the value brought about by participating in environmental governance in tailing areas. Therefore, it is necessary to publicize the economic and ecological value of environmental governance in the tailings area in a simple and easy-to-understand way and to make the publicity more targeted. Second, it is necessary to strengthen employment guidance and vocational education, improve the technical literacy of local farmers, lower the threshold and cost for farmers to participate in environmental governance, and encourage them to make scientific decisions. Last but not the least, it is necessary to build an ecological restoration exchange platform, strengthen the demonstrative role of neighborhoods, break the information barriers between the government and farmers, and explore effective leading models.