中国城镇化对老年人健康的影响

doi:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003387

Abstract

Abstract:

China's rapid urbanization has contributed to an epidemiological transition from infectious diseases to chronic diseases over the last four decades. The aging of the population has also raised considerable challenges for the sustainable development of China's economy and society. Determining the effects of urbanization on older adults' general health in China is helpful for a more comprehensive assessment of current development in urbanization and to find active interventions to achieve healthy aging. Based on a micro-data sample from the 2010 China population census, nighttime light data, and other statistical data, this study employed two-level logistic regression models to estimate the relationships of the level and rate of urbanization with self-rated health among older Chinese adults on the county-level geographic scale and explore the differences in the health effects of urbanization in different groups of older people. We applied propensity score matching to control for self-selection bias. This study found that (1) the level and rate of China's urbanization have a significant positive correlation with older adults' self-reported health, such that older people living in areas with moderate urbanization and experiencing rapid urbanization are more likely to report good health; (2) those with junior high school education or below and those with local hukou benefit more from urbanization development; (3) after controlling for self-selection bias, the level and rate of urbanization are still positively associated with the self-reported health of older adults. In summary, this study used nationally representative census data covering 2805 counties across 31 provinces to provide a more comprehensive picture of urbanization-health relationships across the country. Longitudinal studies are warranted to determine causality, which may help policymakers and practitioners develop effective interventions to promote older adults' health and healthy aging.

Key words: urbanization, self-rated general health, older adults, multilevel logistic regression models, propensity score matching, China

CLC Number:

Baishi Huang, Ye Liu, Zehan Pan. The Effects of Urbanization on Older Adults' Health: Evidence from 2,805 Counties in China[J].Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(5): 906-917.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of county-level characteristics and individual-level attributes

变量		测量方法	所有老年人样本	自评为健康的老年人样本	自评为不健康的老年人样本	p值
结果变量	自评健康/%	健康=1，不健康=0		—	—	—
	健康	—	43.57	—	—	—
	不健康	—	56.43	—	—	—
预测变量	2010年城镇化水平	夜间灯光指数	12.34 （23.40）	13.72 （24.05）	11.24 （22.82）	0.000^a
	2000—2010年城镇化速度/%	2000—2010年夜间灯光指数的年均变化率	26.98 （80.85）	24.16 （73.33）	29.16 （86.14）	0.000^a
	社会剥夺指数	方法详见1.2.3节	-0.26 （2.72）	-0.47 （2.70）	0.09 （2.72）	0.000^a
	人均GDP/元（log）	—	10.14 （0.73）	10.22 （0.72）	10.09 （0.73）	0.000^a
	距海岸线距离/m（log）	县区质心与中国海岸线的最短直线距离	12.34 （1.51）	12.21 （1.55）	12.45 （1.46）	0.000^a
	每千人拥有医院卫生院床位数/床		194.08 （3 351.65）	246.20 （3 787.83）	153.84 （2 970.73）	0.000^a
	PM_2.5的平均质量浓度/（μg·m^-3）		43.18 （17.03）	44.09 （17.04）	42.78 （16.99）	0.000^a
	1981—2010年累年平均气温/℃		14.40 （4.47）	14.54 （4.44）	14.29 （4.50）	0.000^a
	平均海拔/m	—	—	—	—	0.000^b
	＜500	—	74.35	76.58	72.62	—
	500~1500	—	19.22	17.78	20.34	—
	1 500~2 500	—	5.50	4.95	5.92	—
	≥2 500	—	0.93	0.69	1.12	—
	年龄/岁	以69岁和79岁为断点，划分3个年龄组	—	—	—	0.000^b
	60~69		56.46	71.59	44.78	—
	70~79		32.05	23.42	38.72	—
	≥80		11.49	4.99	16.50	—
	性别	男性=1，女性=0		—	—	0.000^b
	女性	—	51.13	46.18	54.95	—
	男性	—	48.87	53.82	45.05	—
	民族	汉族=0，少数民族=1		—	—	0.000^b
	汉族	—	93.02	93.70	92.49	—
	少数民族	—	6.98	6.30	7.51	—
	婚姻状况	有配偶=1，未婚、离婚或丧偶=0	—	—	—	0.000^b
	有配偶		70.59	79.68	63.57	—
	未婚、离婚或丧偶		29.41	20.32	36.43	—
	受教育程度	被登记人接受教育的最高学历	—	—	—	0.000^b
	未上过学		25.66	16.71	32.57	—
	小学和初中		65.12	71.26	60.38	—
	高中		5.86	7.62	4.50	—
	大学及以上		3.36	4.41	2.55	—
	户口状态	基于“普查时点居住地”和“户口登记地”两个问题，以普查时点居住地与户口登记地不处于同一县级单元区分“本地户口”与“外地户口”，根据“户口性质”判断“农业户口”与“非农户口”	—	—	—	0.000^b
	本地农业户口		67.49	63.67	70.45	—
	本地非农户口		30.63	34.30	27.80	—
	外地农业户口		1.13	1.22	1.05	—
	外地非农户口		0.75	0.81	0.70	—
	是否为独居老人	依据“本户应登记人数” 区分是否为独居老人，是=1，否=0	—	—	—	0.000^b
	否		92.24	94.22	90.72	—
	是		7.76	5.78	9.28	—
	人均住房面积/m²	本户住房面积/本户人口数	32.42 （23.91）	33.17 （24.46）	31.85 （23.46）	0.000^a
	住房建成年代	1990年以前=1，1990年以后=0	—	—	—	0.000^b
	1990年以前		56.55	59.30	54.42	—
	1990年以后		43.45	40.70	45.58	—
	房屋设施	包括管道自来水、厨房、厕所和洗澡设施	—	—	—	0.000^b
	没有、一种、两种或三种		66.49	60.38	71.20	—
	四种		33.51	39.62	28.80	—
个体样本数量/人		—	574 725	250 419	324 306	—
县区单元数量/个		—	2 805	2 805	2 805	—

Table 1

Fig.1

Table 2

Results of multi-level logistic regression models

效应和变量	发生比（OR）（95%置信区间）
效应和变量	模型1	模型2
固定效应部分
2010年城镇化水平（参照组：第一分位）
第二分位		1.13（1.08~1.18）^***
第三分位		1.15（1.09~1.21）^***
第四分位		1.08（1.01~1.16）^**
2000—2010年城镇化速度（参照组：第一分位）
第二分位		1.03（0.99~1.08）
第三分位		1.07（1.02~1.12）^***
第四分位		1.08（1.04~1.13）^***
社会剥夺指数	1.00（0.99~1.00）	0.99（0.98~1.00）^**
人均GDP的对数	1.07（1.04~1.10）^***	1.05（1.01~1.08）^***
每千人拥有的医院卫生院床位数	1.00（1.00~1.00）^***	1.00（1.00~1.00）^***
PM_2.5的平均质量浓度	1.00（1.00~1.00）^***	1.00（1.00~1.00）^***
距海岸线距离的对数	0.92（0.91~0.93）^***	0.92（0.91~0.93）^***
1981—2010年累年平均气温	1.01（1.01~1.01）^***	1.01（1.01~1.01）^***
平均海拔/m（参照组：＜500）
500~1 500	1.05（1.01~1.10）^**	1.07（1.02~1.12）^***
1 500~2 500	1.15（1.07~1.23）^***	1.15（1.07~1.23）^***
≥2 500	0.98（0.88~1.09）	1.02（0.92~1.14）
年龄/岁（参照组：60~69）
70~79	0.43（0.43~0.44）^***	0.43（0.43~0.44）^***
≥80	0.25（0.24~0.25）^***	0.25（0.24~0.25）^***
男性（参照组：女性）	1.22（1.21~1.24）^***	1.22（1.21~1.24）^***
少数民族（参照组：汉族）	1.01（0.98~1.04）	1.01（0.98~1.04）
婚姻状况（参照组：有配偶）	0.72（0.71~0.73）^***	0.72（0.71~0.73）^***
受教育程度（参照组：未上过学）
小学和初中	1.50（1.48~1.53）^***	1.50（1.48~1.53）^***
高中	1.78（1.73~1.83）^***	1.78（1.73~1.83）^***
大学及以上	1.85（1.79~1.92）^***	1.85（1.79~1.92）^***
户口状态（参照组：本地农业户口）
本地非农户口	1.07（1.05~1.09）^***	1.08（1.06~1.09）^***
外地农业户口	1.19（1.13~1.26）^***	1.19（1.13~1.26）^***
外地非农户口	1.10（1.03~1.17）^***	1.10（1.03~1.18）^***
独居老人（参照组：否）	0.85（0.83~0.88）^***	0.85（0.83~0.88）^***
人均住房面积	1.01（1.00~1.01）^***	1.00（1.00~1.00）^***
住房建成年代（参照组：1990年以后）	0.91（0.90~0.92）^***	0.91（0.90~0.92）^***
房屋设施（参照组：没有、一种、两种或三种）	1.27（1.25~1.29）^***	1.27（1.25~1.29）^***
随机效应部分
组间方差	0.12（0.12~0.13）^***	0.12（0.11~0.13）^***
县样本量	2 805	2 805
个体样本量	574 725	574 725
AIC	713 084.69	713 037.58
log likelihood	-356 516.34	-356 486.79
LR test	9 848.47^***	9 373.18^***
ICC	0.04	0.04

Table 2

Fig.2

Table 3

Table 4

References 0

	常青青，仲伟周. 2018. 城市化促进了公共健康水平提高吗?. 经济经纬，35（6）：127-134. [Chang Qingqing and Zhong Weizhou. 2018. Does Urbanization Promote Public Health? Economic Survey, 35(6): 127-134. ]
	Chen J, Chen S, Landry P F and Davis D. 2014. How Dynamics of Urbanization Affect Physical and Mental Health in Urban China. The China Quarterly, 220: 988-1011.
	Chen H, Liu Y, Li Z and Xue D. 2017. Urbanization, Economic Development and Health: Evidence from China's Labor-Force Dynamic Survey. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16: 207-214.
	程明梅，杨朦子. 2015. 城镇化对中国居民健康状况的影响——基于省级面板数据的实证分析. 中国人口·资源与环境，25（7）：89-96. [Cheng Minmei and Yang Mengzi. 2015. Impact of Urbanization on the Health of Chinese Residents: An Empirical Study Based on Provincial Panel Data. China Population, Resources and Environment, 25(7): 89-96. ]
	程杨，杨林生，李海蓉. 2006. 全球环境变化与人类健康. 地理科学进展，25（2）：46-58. [Cheng Yang, Yang Linsheng and Li Hairong. 2006. Global Environment Change and Human Health. Progress in Geography, 25(2): 46-58. ]
	Galea S and Vlahov D. 2005. Urban Health: Evidence, Challenges, and Directions. Annual Review of Public Health, 26: 341-365.
	龚胜生，陈云. 2020. 中国南方地区卫生资源与居民健康的时空关系. 地理研究，39（1）：115-128. [Gong Shengsheng and Chen Yun. 2020. Temporal-Spatial Relationship between Health Resources and Residents' Health in Southern China. Geographical Research, 39(1): 115-128. ]
	Gong P, Liang S, Carlton E J, Jiang Q, Wu J, Wang L and Remais J V. 2012. Urbanisation and Health in China. The Lancet, 379: 843-852.
	国家统计局城市社会经济调查司. 2011. 中国城市统计年鉴-2011. （2011-12-01）[2021-01-01]. https://data.cnki.net/Yearbook/Single/N2012020070. [Department of Urban Social and Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2011. China City Statistical Yearbook - 2011. (2011-12-01) [2021-01-01]. https://data.cnki.net/Yearbook/Single/N2012020070. ]
	国家统计局农村社会经济调查司. 2011. 中国县（市）社会经济统计年鉴-2011. （2011-12-01）[2021-01-01]. https://data.cnki.net/Yearbook/Single/N2012020067. [Rural Socioeconomic Investigation Department, National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2011. China Statisitcal Yearbook (County-level) -2011. (2011-12-01) [2021-01-01]. https://data.cnki.net/Yearbook/Single/N2012020067. ]
	国家卫生计生委. 2020. 关于印发“十三五”健康老龄化规划的通知. （2020-01-06）[2021-01-01]. http://www.otcmoh.org.cn/info/182.html. [The National Health and Family Planning Commission. 2020. The 13^th Five-Year Plan for Healthy Aging. (2020-01-06) [2021-01-01]. http://www.otcmoh.org.cn/info/182.html. ]
	国务院人口普查办公室. 2010. 中国人口普查分县资料. （2012-12-01）[2021-01-01]. https://data.cnki.net/yearbook/Single/N2013040004. [the Population Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. 2010. Tabulation on the Population Census of the People's Republic of China by County. (2012-12-01) [2021-01-01]. https://data.cnki.net/yearbook/Single/N2013040004. ]
	胡安宁. 2012. 倾向值匹配与因果推论:方法论述评. 社会学研究，27（1）：221-242. [Hu Anning. 2012. Propensity Score Matching and Causal Inference: A Methodological Review. Sociological Studies, 27 (1): 221-242. ]
	黄柏石，李思思，仝广乾，林宇敏，刘晔. 2020. 中国老年人口自评健康水平的空间分异及影响因素研究. 人文地理，35（3）：37-47. [Huang Baishi, Li Sisi, Tong Guangqian, Lin Yumin and Liu Ye. 2020. Spatial Difference and Influencing Factors of Self-Rated Health Level of Old People in China. Human Geography, 35(3): 37-47. ]
	Huang B, Liu Y, Feng Z, Pearce J R, Wang R, Zhang Y and Chen J. 2019. Residential Exposure to Natural Outdoor Environments and General Health Among Older Adults in Shanghai, China. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18 (1): 178.
	Huang B, Huang C, Feng Z, Pearce J R, Zhao H, Pan Z and Liu Y. 2021. Association between Residential Greenness and General Health Among Older Adults in Rural and Urban Areas in China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 59:126907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126907.
	Hou B, Nazroo J, Banks J and Marshall A. 2019. Are Cities Good for Health? A Study of the Impacts of Planned Urbanization in China. International Journal of Epidemiology, 48: 1083-1090.
	吉黎. 2013. 城市化有利于健康吗?——基于个体微观迁移数据的实证研究. 世界经济文汇，（3）：18-28. [Ji Li. 2013. Is Urbanization Good for Health? An Empirical Study Based on Individual Migration Micro-Data. World Economic Papers, (3): 18-28. ]
	Leon D A. 2008. Cities, Urbanization and Health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37: 4-8.
	Li X, Wang C, Zhang G, Xiao L and Dixon J. 2012. Urbanisation and Human Health in China: Spatial Features and A Systemic Perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19: 1375-1384.
	刘国峰，孙美平，王智勇，简伟研. 2016. 城镇化水平与慢性病及健康相关行为的关联分析. 北京大学学报（医学版），48（3）：478-482. [Liu Guofeng, Sun Meiping, Wang Zhiyong and Jian Weiyan. 2016. Association Analysis Between Urbanization and Non-Communicable Diseases and Health-Related Behavior. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 48(3): 478-482. ]
	Liu Y, Huang B, Wang R, Feng Z, Liu Y and Li Z. 2019. Exploring the Association between Urbanisation and Self-Rated Health of Older Adults in China: Evidence from A National Population Sample Survey. BMJ Open, 9: e029176.
	Liu Z, He C, Zhang Q, Huang Q and Yang Y. 2012. Extracting the Dynamics of Urban Expansion in China Using DMSP-OLS Nighttime Light Data from 1992 to 2008. Landscape and Urban Planning, 106: 62-72.
	Jones-Smith J and Popkin B M. 2010. Understanding Community Context and Adult Health Changes in China: Development of An Urbanicity Scale. Social Science & Medicine, 71: 1436-1446.
	陆大道, 陈明星. 2015. 关于“国家新型城镇化规划（2014-2020）”编制大背景的几点认识. 地理学报，70（2）：179-185. [Lu Dadao and Chen Mingxing. 2015. Several Viewpoints on the Background of Compiling the "National New Urbanization Planning(2014-2020)". Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(2): 179-185. ]
	Macintyre S, Ellaway A and Cummins S. 2002. Place Effects on Health: How Can We Conceptualise, Operationalise and Measure Them? Social Science & Medicine, 55: 125-139.
	Miao J and Wu X. 2016. Urbanization, Socioeconomic Status and Heath Disparity in China. Health Place, 42: 87-95.
	Van De Poel E, O'Donnell O and Van Doorslaer E. 2012. Is There A Health Penalty of China's Rapid Urbanization? Health Economics, 21: 367-385.
	Wang R, Xue D, Liu Y, Chen H and Qiu Y. 2018. The Relationship Between Urbanization and Depression in China: The Mediating Role of Neighborhood Social Capital. International Journal for Equity in Health, 17: 105-115.
	Wu J, Wang Z, Li W and Peng J. 2013. Exploring Factors Affecting the Relationship between Light Consumption and GDP Based on DMSP/OLS Nighttime Satellite Imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 134: 111-119.
	吴晓瑜，李力行. 2014. 城镇化如何影响了居民的健康?. 南开经济研究，（6）：58-73. [Wu Xiaoyu and Li Lixing. 2014. The Impact of Urbanization on Health in China. Nankai Economic Studies, (6): 58-73. ]
	Yang G, WangY, Zeng Y, Gao G, Liang X, Zhou M, Wan X, Yu S, Jiang Y, Naghavi M, Vos T, Wang H, Lopez A D and Murray C. 2013. Rapid Health Transition in China, 1990-2010: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2010. The Lancet, 381: 1987-2015.
	杨林生，李海蓉，李永华，王五一，谭见安. 2010. 医学地理和环境健康研究的主要领域与进展. 地理科学进展，29（1）：31-44. [Yang Linsheng, Li Hairong, Li Yonghua, Wang Wuyi and Tan Jian'an. 2010. Progress of Medical Geography and Environmental Health Studies. Progress in Geography, 29(1): 31-44. ]
	Yi K, Tani H, Li Q, Zhang J, Guo M, Bao Y, Wang X and Li J. 2014. Mapping and Evaluating the Urbanization Process in Northeast China Using DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light Data. Sensors, 14: 3207-3226.
	张帆. 2014. 城镇化对居民健康的影响：基于有序概率模型的实证研究. 中国卫生经济，33（12）：5-7. [Zhang Fan. 2014. The Impact of Urbanization on Resident Health: Empirical Study Based on Ordered Probit Model. Chinese Health Economics, 33(12): 5-7. ]
	张延吉，秦波，唐杰. 2018. 基于倾向值匹配法的城市建成环境对居民生理健康的影响. 地理学报，73（2）：333-345. [Zhang Yanji, Qin Bo and Tang Jie. 2018. The Impact of Urban Built Environment on Residential Physical Health: Based on Propensity Score Matching. Acta Geographica Sinca, 73(2): 333-345. ]
	中共中央，国务院. 2016. 中共中央国务院印发《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》. （2016-10-25）[2021-01-01]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm. [Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, The State Council, The People's Republic of China. 2016. Healthy China 2030 Planning Outline. (2016-10-25) [2021-01-01]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm. ]
	中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2011. 2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报（第1号）. （2011-04-28）[2021-01-01]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/201104/t20110428_30327.html. [National Bureau of statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2011. Main Data of the Sixth National Population Census (No.1). (2011-04-28) [2021-01-01]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/201104/t20110428_30327.html. ]
	中华人民共和国国务院. 2017. 国务院关于印发国家人口发展规划（2016—2030年）的通知. （2017-01-25）[2021-01-01]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-01/25/content_5163309.htm. [The State Council, The People's Republic of China. 2017. National Population Development Plan for 2016-2030. (2017-01-25) [2021-01-01]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-01/25/content_5163309.htm. ]
	卓莉，史培军，陈晋，一之濑俊明. 2003. 20世纪90年代中国城市时空变化特征——基于灯光指数CNLI方法的探讨. 地理学报，58（6）：893-902. [Zhuo Li, Shi Peijun, Chen Jin and Toshiaki I. 2003. Application of Compound Night Light Index Derived from DMSP/OLS Data to Urbanization Analysis in China in the 1990s. Acta Geographica Sinica, 58(6): 893-902. ]

变量	平均处理效应ATT（标准误）
变量	近邻匹配（k=1）	卡尺匹配
处理组（2010年城镇化水平/%）
>25	0.445 ^***（0.014）	0.445 ^***（0.014）
>50	0.479 ^***（0.008）	0.479 ^***（0.008）
>75	0.506 ^***（0.009）	0.506 ^***（0.009）
处理组（2000—2010年城镇化速度/%）
>25	0.433 ^***（0.002）	0.433 ^***（0.002）
>50	0.434 ^***（0.002）	0.434^***（0.002）
>75	0.433 ^***（0.002）	0.433 ^***（0.002）

效应和变量	发生比（OR）（95%置信区间）
效应和变量	模型S1：将夜间灯光灰度值＞0的地区视为城镇	模型S2：将夜间灯光灰度值＞10的地区视为城镇	模型S3：以人口密度衡量城镇化
2010年城镇化水平（参照组：第一分位）
第二分位	1.12（1.06~1.17）^***	1.13（1.08~1.19）^***	0.96（0.92~1.01）
第三分位	1.20（1.13~1.27）^***	1.17（1.11~1.23）^***	1.09（1.03~1.16）^***
第四分位	1.08（1.01~1.17）^**	1.10（1.02~1.18）^**	0.98（0.91~1.04）
2000—2010年城镇化速度（参照组：第一分位）
第二分位	1.01（0.97~1.06）	1.03（0.98~1.07）	1.02（0.97~1.06）
第三分位	1.01（0.96~1.06）	1.08（1.03~1.13）^***	1.10（1.05~1.14）^***
第四分位	1.02（0.97~1.08）	1.04（0.99~1.09）^*	1.09（1.03~1.14）^***

[1]	Li Wang, Tuo Zhang, Lingling Hu. Differences and Influencing Factors of Local Identity between Local Residents and Immigrants in Medium and Small Cities after "Village into Urban Community": A Case Study of Y Village in Lingbao City [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(5): 1034-1045.
[2]	Hailong Liu, Zhitao Guan. Spatio-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Factors of Chinese Film Industry [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(5): 943-955.
[3]	Fei Wen, Aihua You, Jibin Xue. Integrated Reconstruction and Analysis of Temperature and Precipitation Changes in Southeastern China during the Last 2000 Years [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(4): 778-789.
[4]	Yuhui Guo, Xiaojun Huang, Dianyuan Zheng, Yanyu Li. Urban Vulnerability Pattern and Influencing Factors under Extreme Heat Stress in China [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(3): 596-608.
[5]	Jihong He, Bing Sun, Zhaowan Shi, Shuixing Luo, Xu Wang, Lei Chen, Ying Xiong, Jun Lin, Nancai Pei. Proposing a Conceptual Framework for Ecotourism Based on Pro-Poor Tourism Strategy in Lechang City, Guangdong Province [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(3): 645-655.
[6]	Wenjing Yu, Yongrui Guo, Xinyi Hou. Representation and Creation of Foodscape on Local Social Memory: A Case Study of A Bite of China [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(3): 495-504.
[7]	Junfeng Zhang, Congcong Wang, Lei Xu, Yuwei Weng. Spatial Effect of Construction Land Misallocation in China: An Empirical Analysis Based on Data o 235 Cities [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(2): 217-228.
[8]	Yanru Zhang, Zhonglei Yu, Zhiqiang Hu, Changhong Miao. The Influence of Urban Amenities, Economic Opportunities and City Size on the Spatial Distribution of Highly Educated Workers in China [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(2): 243-255.
[9]	Qi Li, Ye Dong, Yungang Liu. Characteristics of the Urban System and Its Influencing Factors in Pakistan [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(2): 290-302.
[10]	Zhengyu Lin, Qiang Chen, Liangji Deng, Xiao Li, Peng He, Guitang Liao, Jianbo Fei. Spatial Pattern Changes and Driving Factors of Citrus Production in China [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(2): 374-387.
[11]	Peihuan Huang, Gang Wang, Ziyin Huang, Dongsheng Guan. Evaluation of Coastal Water Quality and Influence Factors Identification in South China [J]. Tropical Geography, 2021, 41(1): 124-135.
[12]	Lin Lin, Chengqi Yan, Ying Yang, Yixin Fan, Qing Wu. Bypass Behavior and Influencing Factors Among Older Adults with General and Chronic Diseases in Guangzhou [J]. Tropical Geography, 2020, 40(6): 993-1003.
[13]	Ying Xiong, Kelun Hou, Sirui Zheng, Kun Zhang, Tianhao Yang, Dandan Zhao, Bing Sun, Lei Chen. Relationship between Farmer's Well-Being and Ecosystem Services in Hilly and Mountainous Areas of South China Based on Structural Equation Model: A Case Study of Lechang in Guangdong Province [J]. Tropical Geography, 2020, 40(5): 843-855.
[14]	Yongfei Xie, Yanqing Ma, nd Li Hongjuan. Migration Characteristics and Return Migration Intentions of Migrants in the Context of New Urbanization [J]. Tropical Geography, 2020, 40(4): 612-624.
[15]	Zhenfa Li, Wensheng Lin, Yaling Ye, Canfei He. Regional Disparity of Financial Inclusion in China—Determining the Relationship between Geographical Inclusion and Business Inclusion [J]. Tropical Geography, 2020, 40(4): 709-720.

The Effects of Urbanization on Older Adults' Health: Evidence from 2,805 Counties in China

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 6

References 0

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0