Global biodiversity governance and China's development of a national park-centered protected area system are advancing rapidly. The synergy between wildlife conservation and community development has emerged as a central issue for achieving green development and harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. However, a considerable tension exists between strict conservation policies and community aspirations for development. The recovery of wildlife populations intensifies human-wildlife conflict, while community pursuits of common prosperity can disturb habitats, making the contradiction between protection and utilization increasingly acute. To address this challenge, this forum brings together scholars from geography, management, landscape architecture, and anthropology. They employ diverse theoretical perspectives, including nature-based solutions, more-than-human approaches, spatial justice, and multispecies ethics, to analyze the causes, interactive mechanisms, and governance pathways for human-wildlife conflicts within protected areas systematically. Drawing on case studies such as the North Chinese leopard in Shanxi, desert cat in the Qilian Mountains, Bryde's whales in Beihai, Asian Elephant National Park, and crested ibis conservation, the discussion reveals a progressive spatial interaction spectrum ranging from traditional livelihood conflicts to challenges in adapting new business formats. It also identifies structural governance dilemmas including power imbalances, mismatched compensation mechanisms, and insufficient participation. This forum advocates for a shift in protected area governance from a single-species conservation model toward a social-ecological system governance approach. It proposes building differentiated coordination mechanisms, innovating ecological compensation and community co-management models, and integrating technological empowerment with local knowledge. By exploring collaborative pathways within a framework of spatial justice and multispecies coexistence, this discussion aims to provide theoretical support and practical insights for the high-quality construction of China's protected area system and the green transformation of its rural areas.
To enhance ecological civilization, establishing a governance framework that reconciles the principles of financial sustainability with those of urban green development has been identified as an effective pathway for urban sustainability. Land finance constitutes a distinctive government revenue model in China, providing crucial support for accelerated urbanization and urban construction. Without alternative large-scale revenue sources for local governments, land finance continues to be an important source of off-budget revenue. Therefore, optimizing the use of land finance and leveraging its positive impact on sustainable urban development are crucial. The positive role of land finance in promoting urban green development is an effective means of advancing ecological civilization construction and high-quality urban development. Urban green spaces are pivotal elements of the urban ecological environment. Investigating the influence of land finance on urban green spaces is an important research area. This study employed panel data from 273 prefecture-level cities in China from 2007 to 2019 to systematically assess the impact of land finance on urban green spaces by utilizing the fixed effects and spatial Durbin models. Furthermore, it assessed the moderating effect of environmental governance in promoting land finance to support the improvement of urban green spaces based on the moderation effect model. The findings indicate that the impact of land finance on urban green space exhibits an inverted U-shaped pattern with a negative overall effect. However, the positive impact of land finance on urban green spaces is limited. Local governments' environmental governance exerted a significant positive moderating effect on the impact of land finance on urban green spaces. As environmental governance strengthens, the impact of land finance on urban green space shifts from negative to positive. This suggests that land finance can promote improvements in urban green spaces through high-level environmental governance. The coverage level of urban green spaces displayed spatial agglomeration characteristics, and land finance had a negative spatial spillover effect on urban green spaces. In addition, the moderating effect of environmental governance presented a positive spatial spillover effect. Consequently, the impacts of land finance and environmental governance on urban green spaces in economically and geographically adjacent cities must be considered. Subgroup analysis showed that the impact of land finance on urban greenspaces is more pronounced in cities located in the central and western regions. This study makes a significant contribution to the discussion on whether land finance can support the improvement of urban green spaces and how to promote the positive role of land finance in urban green development, and the positive role of environmental governance in facilitating the supportive role of land finance in promoting urban green development. This paper proposes policy suggestions on how to use land finance to enhance urban green spaces and provides new ideas for sustainable and green urban development.
The continuous sprawl of global cities has led to increasingly severe long-distance commuting problems, resulting in a series of negative impacts such as traffic congestion, environmental stress, and declining residents' well-being. Reducing commuting distances has therefore become an urgent challenge for major metropolitan areas worldwide. Optimizing the built environment to shorten commuting distances has been recognized as one of the most effective strategies. While existing studies have primarily focused on the effects of the residential built environment on commuting distance, the influence of the built environment at work location has received relatively limited attention. To address this gap, this study took Wuhan, China, as a case study. Using long-term China Unicom cellular signaling data, it identified the spatiotemporal dynamic changes of commuting distance and employed a Spatial Panel Durbin model to explore the effects of built environments at both residential and work locations on commuting distance. The results reveal that: (1) As the city expanded, the average commuting distance of Wuhan residents increased from 8.22 km in 2017 to 8.49 km in 2021. Although approximately 40% of residents consistently commuted within 5 km, the proportion of long-distance commuters (over 10 km) has shown a continuous upward trend. (2) A distinct "core-periphery" spatial pattern of commuting distances is observed at both residential and workplace ends, with relatively shorter commuting distances in central urban areas and longer ones in suburban areas, along with notable spatial heterogeneity among different suburban clusters. (3) The built environment at both residential and work locations significantly influences commuting distance. Specifically, the number of metro stations, residential population density, the number of road intersections, and distance to the city center exhibit significant positive effects, while employment population density, the number of educational and cultural facilities, and the number of living service facilities have significant negative effects. Among these factors, the number of metro stations and employment population density emerge as the most prominent positive and negative determinants, respectively. (4) The SPDM results further demonstrate significant direct and spillover effects of built environment factors on commuting distance. The direct effects are largely consistent with the total effects, reflecting the core influence of the built environment on local residents' commuting behavior, while the spillover effects reveal spatial externalities across neighboring regions. Notably, the number of metro stations shows no significant direct effect, suggesting that under the city's transit-oriented development (TOD) model, the areas around metro stations have already achieved a relatively balanced job-housing relationship. However, it exhibits a significant positive spillover effect in adjacent areas, indicating that metro systems, while expanding residents' spatial choices of residence and workplace, also facilitate wider commuting extensions. In contrast, employment population density and distance to sub-city centers display significant negative spillover effects, implying the spatial synergy between employment agglomeration and a polycentric urban structure in promoting job-housing balance in surrounding areas and reducing commuting distance. The findings reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of commuting distance and uncover the differentiated mechanisms through which the built environments at both residential and workplace locations influence commuting distance. These results provide robust empirical evidence for formulating transportation policies and land-use optimization strategies aimed at reducing commuting distances. Moreover, the study offers valuable insights for enhancing the job-housing balance and advancing the goals of sustainable urban development.
Based on the investment path data of the top 100 benchmark enterprises of new quality productivity in 2024, according to the three-stage hierarchical affiliation model, the spatial network structure of new quality productivity in Chinese cities and its influencing factors are studied by using social network analysis, spatial analysis through geographic information system, and QAP(Quadratic Assignment Procedure) analysis. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) The spatial network of new quality productivity in Chinese cities involves a wide range of cities with a certain degree of two-way interaction, medium-to-high connectivity, and strong agglomeration. A connection between any two cities is typically achieved through a few nodes. Simultaneously, the network exhibits a small-world effect, forming several independent small groups or circles with high-frequency interactions. (2) The network first forms a national core skeleton with a triangle with "Beijing-Shanghai-Shenzhen" as the vertex. Furthermore, it expands to a diamond network connection pattern with "Beijing-Shanghai-Shenzhen-Chengdu" as the vertex, forming an obvious "core-edge" structure. Beijing plays a core guiding role in the allocation of new quality production factors, and Shanghai is the largest core to attract investment inflows. (3) The network consists mainly of cross-level connections, with high-level cities having substantial external spillovers and closer internal connections that are mainly responsible for the undertaking, and the internal connections are relatively loose. Additionally, the characteristics of internal and external connections differ considerably across the three major regions—East, Middle, and West. The eastern region has the closest internal connections and stronger external attraction and interactivity, forming a ladder-like network pattern. The Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations exhibit characteristics of cohesive development, whereas the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration shows characteristics of external development. (4) Economic scale, industrial structure, network popularization, institutional proximity, innovation output, and innovative industries were the most important factors affecting the spatial network structure of China's new urban quality productivity. They essentially reflect the spatial configuration logic and coordinated agglomeration law of new quality production factors, and embody the network construction logic of "spatial nesting-innovation drive-industrial collaboration." Spatial nesting provides the most basic geographical and institutional support for the flow of new quality production factors and interaction between cities. The innovation drive is the core driving force behind the construction of network structures, and the industrial collaboration mechanism promotes this network relationship based on space and innovation, moving towards a deeper level of functional integration and jointly shaping a multilevel, gradient, and efficient flow network pattern.
The population problem has always been an overall, long-term, and strategic issue facing China; the fertility rate can reflect the population problem, and the identification of the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and driving factors of fertility rate is of great significance to the long-term balanced development of population and the coordination of human-land relationship. Based on the census data of 2000, 2010, and 2020, the Theil index, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and geographically weighted regression models were used to explore the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of city fertility in China from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that: (1) Based on the perspective of time series characteristics, from 2000 to 2020, China's fertility rate presented a downward trend, the degree of distribution first increased and then decreased with the passage of time, the discrete trend between cities decreased, and the regional differences in fertility rate have narrowed. (2) Based on the perspective of spatial pattern, the fertility rate is high in the south and west and low in the north and east, whereas heterogeneity is obvious. Specifically, the west side of the Hu Line is higher than that of the east side, but the fertility rate fluctuation on the east side is higher than that on the west side. China's four major economic regions are in the order of Western > the Central> the Eastern > the Northeast, with fertility rates still declining in the Western and Northeast regions. Focusing on the five major urban agglomerations, the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River has the highest fertility rate, followed by the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, and the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration, with the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration having the lowest fertility rate. Overall, the H-H cluster agglomeration areas are mainly distributed in the southern and western regions of China, while the L-L cluster agglomeration areas are concentrated in the northern and eastern regions. (3) Based on the perspective of influencing factors, economic, policy, demographic, and social factors are always the key factors affecting fertility, with economic and policy factors generally having a greater impact on China's fertility rate. The spatial heterogeneity of economic factors represented by per capita GDP and urbanization rate is significant, the positive impact of policy factors in northern and eastern China is significant, the population quality and fertility rate in the west of the Hu Line are strongly negatively correlated, the population number and fertility rate in southeast China are positively correlated, the negative impact of marriage and childbearing on fertility on the east side of the Hu Line is greater than that on the west side, and the influence of the concept of raising children and preventing old age in some areas in the east is still greater.
A thorough evaluation of heat exposure risk is essential for the development of precise cooling measures and the enhancement of urban residents' heat adaptation capabilities. However, prevailing evaluation methodologies frequently fail to account for the interactive effects of spatiotemporal variations in population distribution and temperature, resulting in less precise conclusions and strategies. This study focused on the area encompassed by the Chengdu Ring Expressway. Spatiotemporal variations in mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. were simulated using the SOLWEIG model. A "temperature-population" spatiotemporal coupling heat exposure risk assessment model was developed for empirical analysis, combined with Tencent Easygo population heatmap data. The results showed that 1) The study area demonstrated significant fluctuations in Tmrt values throughout the day, following a general trend of rising and then falling from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Furthermore, the spatial distribution patterns exhibited variability across different time periods. Specifically, an inverted U-shaped distribution pattern was observed at 8:00 a.m., with the highest Tmrt values occurring in the area between the center and the periphery, followed by the center itself, and the lowest values in the periphery. From 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., a stepwise decline was evident from the urban center towards the periphery. By 8:00 p.m., the distribution pattern underwent a reversal, manifesting characteristics diametrically opposed to those observed between 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. 2) The dynamic changes in population distribution throughout the day due to commuting and other travel activities, combined with the spatiotemporal variations in Tmrt, resulted in significant spatiotemporal differences in urban residents' actual heat exposure risks. Specifically, areas of high heat exposure were recorded at 08:00 am in transitional zones between urban centers and their peripheries. The distribution of these areas exhibited a dispersed pattern around the urban center. During daylight hours (10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.), a pronounced clustering pattern emerged, with high heat exposure risk zones persistently concentrated in two areas; the city center and the southern region. These areas are characterized by high-density commercial and employment hubs with diverse land use. It is evident that, owing to these areas accommodating a substantial workforce within a constrained spatial expanse, the aggregate number of high-risk zones diminished during the observed period. By 8:00 p.m., there was a significant decline in heat exposure risks in the city center and southern regions. As time progressed, the high-risk zones shifted geographically, moving to the periphery of the central urban area. This resulted in a spatial pattern that became dispersed once more; reminiscent of the morning pattern observed at 8:00 a.m. 3). The global Moran's I result indicated that the spatial correlation between heat-exposure risk and population distribution consistently and stably outweighed its correlation with temperature. It is evident that there is a negative spatial correlation between temperature and risk, particularly during nocturnal hours. This finding underscores the notion that elevated temperatures do not necessarily translate into increased heat-exposure risks. At the local level, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) clustering maps reveal significant diurnal dynamics in dominant risk types: the "population-temperature composite" was observed to be dominant during the daytime (10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.), while "population-dominant" patterns prevailed during the early morning (8:00 a.m.) and evening (8:00 p.m.) hours. Consequently,urban planning and management must address the impact of population mobility on heat exposure risks, particularly as residents' dynamic movement between workplaces and residential areas can cause significant fluctuations in heat exposure risks within the same area throughout the day. The management of urban heat risk must transition from a myopic emphasis on cooling infrastructure to a holistic strategy that accord equal importance to "population management" and "environmental transformation." The implementation of tailored interventions should be informed by an analysis of the prevailing heat risk levels across diverse geographical regions and time periods.
Exploring the new pattern of the integration of the digital economy, culture, and tourism industry is one way to promote the high-quality development of the cultural and tourism industry. This study takes Marx's theory of the industrial capital cycle as a guide and constructs an evaluation index system to integrate the digital economy and cultural and tourism industries, and infrastructure, social subjects, external environment, and effectiveness. It adopts the entropy value method, Dagum Gini coefficient, and Markov chain to measure and analyze the level of development of the integration of the digital economy and cultural and tourism industry in 31 Chinese provinces and cities from 2012 to 2022, the regional differences, and their spatiotemporal evolution patterns. The study found the following. The development level of digital cultural tourism integration in China showed a fluctuating upward trend during the study period; however, the overall level remained relatively low. Only four provinces and municipalities, namely Shanghai, Beijing, Sichuan, and Anhui, achieved a "high level–high speed" development status. Significant disparities in digital cultural tourism integration exist among the eight major comprehensive economic zones, although a regional catch-up effect has emerged. The eastern, northern, and southern coastal regions form the first-tier group; the Middle Yangtze, Southwest, and Middle Yellow River regions constitute the second tier; and the Northeast and Northwest regions fall into the third tier. The Eastern Coastal region leads the country in the transformation and upgrading stages, whereas the northern coastal, middle Yellow River, and northwest regions show the most evident catch-up momentum. The overall disparity in digital cultural tourism integration across China has gradually narrowed. However, the gap between the eastern coastal and northwestern regions remains the primary obstacle to the coordinated development of digital cultural tourism integration. Meanwhile, the northeast region faces internal imbalance, indicating the existence of a "digital cultural tourism integration divide" within the region. This highlights the need to address development shortcomings and promote coordinated development among provinces within the northeast. The development trend of digital cultural tourism integration in China has remained relatively stable, with the emergence of four types of convergence "clubs": low-level, lower-middle-level, upper-middle-level, and high-level. Among them, convergence is most significant in the low- and high-level groups, reflecting a pronounced "Matthew effect." Cross-club transitions are rare, with higher probabilities of shifts occurring between adjacent levels than nonadjacent ones, and upward transitions are more likely to occur than downward transitions. Notably, the eastern and southwestern regions show a clear trend of upward mobility in digital cultural tourism integration, whereas the northern coastal and northeastern regions display roughly equal probabilities of upward and downward transitions, indicating a lack of clear directional tendencies in their development. This study systematically reveals the spatial patterns and dynamic trends of the integration between the digital economy and the cultural tourism industry in China in three dimensions: theoretical logic, indicator system, and evolutionary mechanism. This study provides theoretical support and policy references for enhancing the quality of digital cultural tourism integration, narrowing regional disparities, and promoting high-quality tourism.
Coastal sandy landforms, shaped by complex interactions among marine, atmospheric, and terrestrial systems, are ecologically sensitive yet underutilized tourism resources. Although considerable progress has been made in assessing tourism development potential in inland desert regions, current evaluation frameworks fail to capture the unique landscape features, ecological functions, and spatial constraints of coastal sandy environments. To address this gap, this present study constructed a multidimensional and adaptive evaluation system tailored to the characteristics of coastal sandy areas, using Pingtan Island in Fujian Province, China, as a case study, comprising three primary dimensions: resource element value, resource environmental condition, and resource development condition, and 25 evaluation indicators. Indicator weights were determined using a combined Delphi-analytic hierarchy process approach, ensuring expert consensus and logical consistency. To address the heterogeneity of data types and uncertainty in qualitative judgments, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was employed, integrating quantitative indicators (shoreline length, dune diversity, air and water quality) and qualitative metrics (cultural value, recreational suitability, service level) obtained through remote sensing, field surveys, and public perception questionnaires. Empirical analysis of five typical coastal segments—Tannan Bay, Changjiang Ao, Liushui Town, Shanqi Ao, and Baiquan Mountain—yielded the following key results: 1) Among the three dimensions, the resource element value played a dominant role (weight = 0.6209), confirming its decisive influence on tourism suitability and spatial differentiation of development potential. 2) Tannan Bay and Changjiang Ao were rated as top-tier development zones because of their large sandy areas, diverse dune types, and high beach comfort levels. Liushui Town and Shanqi Ao were classified as medium-potential zones (third level), limited by either a small sandy scale or single landscape structure. Baiquan Mountain, characterized by weak resource endowment and minimal infrastructure, was rated as low-potential (fourth level). Several substantial contributions were made in this study. Theoretically, the applicability of tourism resource evaluation models to coastal sandy contexts was expanded, establishing a regionally adaptable framework. Methodologically, expert judgment was integrated with fuzzy logic to capture multisource and multiscale information, thereby accommodating both environmental sensitivity and development feasibility. Practically, a decision-support tool for zoning, investment prioritization, and policy guidance in ecologically fragile coastal zones was established. Future research should extend validation of the model across diverse coastal geomorphic types and incorporate emerging technologies, such as big-data analytics and machine learning, to improve the spatiotemporal precision and decision-making capacity of tourism development assessments.
As the economy and culture evolve, and as residents increasingly value the relationship between parents and children, parent-child tourism has emerged as a significant component of the tourism industry. Parent-child travel groups such as parents, children, mothers, and children are becoming increasingly common. However, there is limited literature on the spatial flow of parent-child tourism from the perspective of geography; in particular, research on the differences in the network structure of parent-child tourism flows of different group types is relatively scarce. This study focusses on Chengdu, Sichuan Province, employing Complex Network Analysis, Geo-detectors, and additional methodologies to examine the structural characteristics of parent-child tourism flow networks across various demographic groups, including parents with children, mothers with children, fathers with children, and three-generation peers. It further investigates the factors influencing the network structure of parent-child tourism flows among these distinct group types. The study found that: (1) The parent-child tourism flow network of different group types has a significant hierarchical nature, and the parent-child tourism flow network is controlled by a small number of dominant nodes, such as Wuhou Temple, Jinli, and Kuanzhai Alley. Parent-child tourism groups have a strong preference for dominant nodes, among which the performance of the "father + child" tourism group is particularly obvious. (2) The parent-child tourism flow network of different group types is generally relatively loose, with good network accessibility and clustering, and the characteristics of the small world are obvious. In contrast, the small world characteristics of the "parent + child" tourism flow network are the most obvious. Father and mother participate in parent-child tourism together, and their tourism behavior and decision-making are more rational, and it is easier for "parent + child" tourism to maximize the benefits of rational economic agent. (3) There is a phenomenon of community structure in the parent-child tourism flow network of different group types, which is a weak community structure. This also shows, to a certain extent, that there are limited dominant nodes in the parent-child tourism flow network in Chengdu. (4) The concentration of tourist resources and the popularity of tourism were significant factors impacting the development of parent-child tourism flow networks across various group types, with the concentration of tourism resources being the most critical. Each influencing factor has a distinct effect. The concentration of tourist resources significantly influences the "father + child" tourism flow network, while the popularity of tourism predominantly affects the "parent + child" tourism flow network. Finally, this study proposes suggestions for building a diversified parent-child tourism route system, creating a parent-child tourism agglomeration area, and expanding the space and market scale of father and child tourism. At the theoretical level, this research enriches the research content and perspective of parent-child tourism flows and compensates for the one-sided nature of the existing research, overlooking the parent-child tourism flows of different group types. This study provides a useful and practical reference for the construction and management of parent-child tourism destinations and guidance for promoting the healthy growth of children.
The contradiction between natural ecological environment protection and the diversification of human needs is increasing daily in the transition period from high-speed to high-quality development. Coordination of the benign and balanced development of ecosystem services and human well-being, with a view to deconstructing the complex interactions of human-land composite systems, is of great scientific and practical significance. To date, studies have mainly focused on the impact of ecosystem services on human well-being and the feedback of human well-being to ecosystems and have paid little attention to the deep coupling relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the complex coupling and coordination relationships between ecosystem services and human well-being to provide a scientific basis for achieving sustainable development. This study takes Guangdong Province, which has a developed economy, large population, and prominent human-land conflicts, as a typical example. This study comprehensively applied the InVEST model, the Revised Universal Soil Erosion Equation, and the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach to quantify the four main ecosystem services; constructed an indicator system for human well-being; and combined the coupled coordination degree model with a geodetector to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of ecosystem services and human well-being and reveal the coupled and coordinated relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being during 2000–2020. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the ecosystem services in Guangdong Province showed an overall downward trend, with a significant decline in carbon sequestration service, with average carbon sequestration decreasing by 11.31%; the spatial heterogeneity showed a pattern of "high in the north and low in the south" with the green ecological barrier in the mountainous areas of northern Guangdong highlighted, and the ecosystem services of the Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations significantly degraded; the level of human well-being significantly improved, and innovation vitality and open environment promoted the high-quality development of the region; (2) from 2000 to 2020, the degree of coupling coordination has shifted from barely coordinated to well-coordinated; however, the core urban areas of the Guangzhou-Foshan region remain characterized by an "economic-ecological" imbalance; the ecosystem services level of the mountainous areas in northern Guangdong is high, and the human-land system shows the characteristics of benign resonance development in the process of economic development; (3) the influencing factors of the coupling and coordination relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being show a stage-by-stage evolutionary feature: during rapid urbanization, the development of urbanization level and the adjustment of industrial structure determine the relationship between the two; in the high-quality development period, the main influence shifted to land intensive use and public social services; none of the influencing factors are independent, and there is an enhanced effect of multi-factor interaction among the influencing factors, showing a complex relationship of nonlinear enhancement. This study provides a theoretical basis for solving the human-land system conflict and optimizing the spatial governance of land in economically developed regions.
Internal land-use characteristics and structural disparities within urban villages were comprehensively analyzed through an empirical investigation of five representative cases in Guangzhou: Shipai (urban core), Tangxia (inner suburb), Huanxi (transitional zone), Wenchong (outer suburb), and Xiangang (peri-urban fringe). To address the spatial conflicts inherent in China's dual urban-rural land system, this study establishes a functionally driven hierarchical classification framework that categorizes land into four domains: production (subdivided into commercial and industrial activities), living (primarily residential use), ecological, and potential (agricultural/vacant parcels). Quantitative methodologies, including the Weaver-Thomas Combination coefficient, were used to identify dominant functional configurations, a diversification index for measuring structural heterogeneity, and GIS-based hotspot analysis at a 50-m resolution to map economic clusters. This study revealed profound spatial stratification patterns. There was an absolute dominance of living functions across all villages, with residential land occupying 35.87%-69.61% of the total area and exhibiting an inverse correlation between centrality and plot integrity. Central villages exemplify extreme densification: Shipai manifests a residential coverage of 69.61% coupled with severe fragmentation (average plot size: 0.08 ha), whereas peri-urban Xiangang retains 37.96% of its agricultural/potential land with 1.7-fold higher diversification indices. Production functions exhibit distinct spatial gradients: commercial activities cluster linearly along arterial roads, forming economic hotspots that occupy 15%-22% of the core zones. In contrast, 73.2% of high-value commercial nodes are located within 200 m of primary streets. Industrial land virtually disappears in central areas (<5% in Shipai) but persists in the peripheries (12.4% in Xiangang). Structural inertia, rooted in collective land ownership, perpetuates fragmentation, with 28.6 plots per ha in central zones, materially constraining spatial redevelopment potential. These observations delineate a location-filtered evolutionary trajectory: urban-core villages evolve into vertically integrated production-living complexes (quantified as a 1:2.3 ratio of production-to-living space), which adapt to condensed urban demands, whereas peripheral villages maintain horizontally hybridized production-agricultural landscapes (1:1.1 ratio) as transitional buffers for metropolitan expansion. Theoretically, institutional friction is validated because the clash between formal urban land economics and informal rural property regimes catalyzes spatially modulated fragmentation driven by locational gradients. This study proposes calibrated regeneration paradigms: for central villages, three-dimensional mixed-use intensification (embedding commerce within residential towers) to optimize spatial efficiency; for peripheral cases, multifunctional ecological-agricultural reserves preserving productive green buffers; and universally applicable incremental property rights consolidation via land shareholding cooperatives, which demonstrate a 30%-40% cost reduction in redevelopment implementation.
Urban environmental change due to urbanization is a key theme in academic research. Rapid changes in land-use, economy, and population within a short period have significantly affected wetlands during accelerated urbanization. Natural regional ecosystems face substantial pressure due to urban and industrial expansion. As a result, wetland conservation has become a critical issue in urban development. In this study, we investigated land-use types and wetland evolution in Fuzhou City over the past three decades. Through a dynamic analysis of landscape patterns and an examination of influencing factors, this study reveals the characteristics and drivers of wetland landscape evolution; clarifies the interactive relationship between urbanization and wetland patterns; aims to provide a scientific basis for wetland resource conservation, resilient city construction, and sustainable urban development in rapidly urbanizing regions; and examines the spatiotemporal trends of land-use changes during the rapid urbanization process based on land-use data. By integrating wetland pattern data, dynamic changes in landscape patterns, evolutionary characteristics of wetlands, and associated influencing factors can be determined. Finally, this study systematically summarizes the key drivers of wetland landscape pattern evolution in Fuzhou City and clarifies the interactive relationships between these factors and the transformation of urban wetland patterns. The results showed that (1) water bodies and construction land underwent the most significant changes in Fuzhou from 1990 to 2021. The rapid urbanization pattern was characterized by "the expansion of the main city and the growth of peripheral small towns." Consequently, the urban development pattern shifted from a "single main city" to a "main city with multiple satellite points."(2) From 1990 to 2021, the total wetland area in Fuzhou City initially increased and then decreased along with the transition from natural to artificial wetlands. Natural wetlands are predominantly located in the eastern and central parts of the city, while river wetlands are concentrated in the central region, and lake wetlands are mainly distributed in the east. Artificial wetlands are primarily found in coastal regions, with aquaculture ponds and paddy fields common in the southeastern and eastern coastal zones. (3)Wetlands and construction land constituted the major categories of land-use transformation. The evolution in the rapidly urbanizing area is characterized by: "increase of small wetlands in the urban center," "growing wetland fragmentation in the urban periphery," and "wetland retention in the suburbs." Construction land invades wetlands in a patchy manner, whereas wetlands on the urban periphery encroach on croplands and grasslands in both patchy and point-like patterns. (4) Population and economic were the dominant drivers of wetland landscape evolution in Fuzhou, while surface runoff influenced local wetland pattern changes at a finer scale. Annual runoff and precipitation were found to directly affect the spatial configuration of lake wetlands. These results suggest that zone management should be applied to wetlands. In areas with intense human activities, wetlands should be strictly controlled to maintain ecosystem stability. These research findings demonstrate the necessity of implementing zoning management for wetland ecosystems and enforcing strict regulations in areas characterized by a high intensity of human activity. This strategy aimed to balance economic development with the preservation of wetland ecosystem stability. Furthermore, this study elucidated the evolutionary patterns of wetland spatial configurations in Fuzhou during rapid urbanization, confirming that anthropogenic factors are the primary drivers of wetland transformation. The results provide a solid scientific basis for harmonizing urban expansion with ecological conservation and have significant practical implications for advancing wetland zoning management within the framework of resilient urban planning.
Ecological space is a key component of national spatial planning initiatives, the scientific identification and optimization of which serve as a foundation for achieving sustainable spatial governance. In this study, we adopted a "production-living-ecological" collaborative perspective based on an integration of bibliometric analysis with traditional review methods. Utilizing CiteSpace, we examined relevant research hotspots, both domestically and internationally, from 2000 to 2024, and, herein, we outlined the progress in research, identified existing gaps in the literature, and anticipated the future directions of development. Our findings indicate that throughout the study period, although rates of increase in the numbers of papers published have differed between domestic and international contexts, they have shown broadly similar trends. The increase in published works was closely linked to the formulation of pertinent policies and driven by crisis agendas. Moreover, the focus of research has gradually transitioned from identifying individual ecological spaces to managing multifunctional ecological spaces in an integrated manner. In addition, we identified a trend in which the conceptualization of ecological space is evolving from mere pattern recognition toward functional coordination and human-land collaboration. A key factor associated with this evolution is the transcendence of the optimization of ecological space over traditional zonal thinking, emphasizing that it should instead be incorporated into a production-living-ecological collaborative framework to facilitate comprehensive territorial governance. Furthermore, we found that the index system for identifying ecological spaces has been continuously refined and that research methodologies have undergone constant optimization. This system primarily encompasses the following four categories: identification based on ecological elements and ecosystem composition; identification grounded in ecological functions and services; identification focused on ecological processes and spatial connectivity; and identification related to human-land relationships. These advances have contributed to a substatial enhancement of the research framework surrounding ecological space across the four dimensions elements, functions, processes, and relationships. Research on ecological space optimization highlights the importance of coordinated development among the production-living-ecological spaces. By integrating both rigid and flexible regulatory frameworks, this approach not only safeguards ecological security but also facilitates the transformation of ecological functions to productive and living values. This encompasses independent layout optimization studies, comprehensive enhancement of production-living-ecological spaces, and regional territorial space structure optimization. However, despite these advances, considerable deficiencies remain in the realm of ecological space identification and optimization research. These include a lack of systematic investigations into collaborative mechanisms, heterogeneity in multi-source data that results in certain mean errors during dynamic monitoring and multi-scale analysis, and a pressing need to optimize dynamic modeling that effectively integrates ecological processes with human activities within complex human-land systems. Looking ahead, it will be essential to strengthen the connection between ecological space protection and restoration efforts and territorial spatial planning. Such integration will provide scientific support for achieving a coordinated type of development that is conducive to facilitating both regional ecological security and high-quality growth.
Accurately assessing the urban-rural differences in residential seismic vulnerability is essential for understanding regional earthquake risks and implementing effective mitigation strategies. This study uses Jinjiang City in Fujian Province as a case study, employing an improved Vulnerability Index Method (VIM) model to systematically simulate and assess the seismic vulnerability of residential buildings at the township/sub-district scale. The study is based on a scenario with an average historical seismic intensity of VIII, which reflects the potential seismic threats that the region may face. Through this model, the research not only analyzes the performance of different types of residential buildings when subjected to seismic events, but also identifies key factors influencing the seismic vulnerability of buildings. The results show that: (1) The study identifies a marked contrast in the construction characteristics of urban and rural housing in Jinjiang. Urban housing is predominantly composed of brick-concrete and reinforced-concrete structures, with a clear trend toward modernization and renewal as the city expands. This reflects a progressive shift towards more earthquake-resistant designs in urban areas over time. In contrast, rural housing, while increasingly incorporating modern building materials, still retains a significant proportion of traditional construction methods, such as stone-wood structures, especially in older buildings. The construction of rural houses has occurred in clustered phases, with a notable boom in the 1981-2000 period, during which many structures were built using less earthquake-resistant materials and techniques. (2) The study highlights significant disparities in the seismic vulnerability of residential buildings across townships/sub-districts. Urban housing generally exhibits lower seismic vulnerability, particularly in the northern and central parts of Jinjiang, where modern construction materials and practices are more prevalent. On the other hand, rural housing demonstrates a higher overall vulnerability, especially in the southern seismic-belt-affected areas such as Jinjing, Shenhu, and Longhu towns. Targeted seismic retrofitting efforts in these high-risk regions could significantly enhance the overall resilience of rural housing, reducing vulnerability and improving post-earthquake recovery prospects. (3) The structural type of residential building plays a critical role in determining seismic vulnerability. Simulation results show that if all buildings were standardized to stone-wood structures, under seismic intensity level VII, the damage probabilities for stone-wood residential buildings would be 68.1% in urban areas and 68.4% in rural areas. In contrast, if all buildings were standardized to steel-concrete structures under the same seismic intensity, the damage probabilities for steel-concrete residential buildings would be only 12.5% in urban areas and 8.2% in rural areas. This stark contrast highlights the importance of building material selection in mitigating earthquake damage. (4) The age of residential building is another key factor influencing seismic vulnerability. Simulation results indicate that if the building age is standardized to pre-2000, the damage probabilities for urban and rural residential buildings would be 50.2% and 59.3%. However, if the building age is standardized to post-2001, the damage probabilities for urban and rural residential buildings would decrease to 17.1% and 6.8%. The findings also contribute to a broader understanding of earthquake vulnerability dynamics, offering valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and disaster management professionals aiming to reduce the seismic risks faced by different communities.
Geological conditions restrict the occurrence and development of slope collapse from many aspects. The occurrence proportion of slope collapse in granite areas is 84.7%, which is a key factor in the evaluation of hill collapse susceptibility. However, geological conditions were rarely considered in past susceptibility evaluations, and they were not distinguished owing to the control effect of the key factors. Therefore, a set of nonlinear superposition models was designed by product superposition calculation of key geological factors and other factors. Through product calculation, the control effect of geological key factors was amplified, and the evaluation result distortion caused by the large difference between local key and non-key factors in the traditional linear superposition model was avoided. The model selected geological conditions as the key factors of evaluation, and quantified the evaluation criteria of the influence effectiveness of each factor using the frequency ratio method. Among them, the evaluation criteria of non-critical factors were quantified, and the AHP method was introduced into the frequency ratio method to provide weight, so as to avoid distorted evaluations of factor effectiveness, which are caused by the non-independence of factors in the traditional method. According to the grid environment attributes and the quantized impact effectiveness evaluation criteria, the attributes of each impact factor in the grid were assigned, and the sub-layers of each impact factor were formed. Based on reasonable selection of index weights, the superposition among the sublayer grids of each influence factor was calculated according to the designed nonlinear superposition model ( ), and the preliminary results of the slope collapse susceptibility zoning were obtained. According to the comparison between the evaluation model results and the actual occurrence of the slope collapse, the index weight was adjusted to complete the final susceptibility evaluation results map. According to the evaluation example of Anxi County, the frequency density of avalanches in medium- and high-risk areas predicted by the model was higher than that in other areas, and the identification effect of avalanche-prone areas was better. The AUC value of the model obtained using quantitative ROC curve analysis was 0.8586, which has high accuracy and practicability and can provide a theoretical basis for subsequent assessment of avalanche susceptibility, highlighting the core influencing factors and providing new ideas and methods for studying the risk of slope collapse.
