“阿者科计划”对农户生计的影响分析——基于DFID可持续生计框架

doi:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003496

Abstract

Abstract:

Farmer' livelihoods are an important issue for rural revitalization and rural sustainable development. It has been proven in recent years that rural tourism influences farmers' livelihoods and its impacts vary based on different tourism development modes. The DFID sustainable livelihoods framework has been widely used in research on rural tourism development and farmer' livelihoods. It offers a comprehensive perspective that links elements from the external livelihood environment, to investigate farmer' livelihoods. This study developed an evaluation index for farmer' livelihood capital based on the DFID sustainable livelihoods framework. The evaluation index was used to analyze the farmer' livelihood capital. Azheke village, Yunnan Province was chosen as an example in the present study, which successfully launched a tourism poverty reduction program, the "Azheke Plan", in 2018. The data used in this study were collected through questionnaire survey from July 2020 to February 2021, during which the first author lived in Azheke Village. The findings of this study were summarized as follows: (1) Farmers in Azheke used to have only one livelihood mode: farming or working in cities. Now rural tourism development has allowed local villagers to work within local tourism businesses or operate their own tourism businesses in the village. thus, farmers has formed a diversified livelihood mode. (2) Families with different livelihood modes have manifested different features and livelihood capital. Ranking from high to low, the livelihood modes are: tourism-oriented, tourism involved + working in cities, tourism-involved, working in cities, and farming + working in cities. The sequence highly correlates with the degree of farmer' participation in tourism. (3) Farmers whose livelihoods are tourism-oriented, tourism involved + working in cities and tourism-involved have the highest degree of participation in tourism, their household labor and livelihood capacity has improved, it have created more livelihood outcomes for their households, and has a higher level of livelihood capital. Farmers who work in cities and farming + working in cities experienced the growth of physical capital and financial capital mainly throughout the "Azheke Plan", but their livelihood capital is lower than the other three livelihood modes relating to tourism. (4) From the institution perspective, this study explores the relationship between tourism development and changes in livelihood. Several notes are summarized on villagers' livelihoods through "Azheke Plan" from basic conditions, external support, internal factors, livelihood strategies and livelihood results. Finally, the future research direction of tourism development and farmer' livelihood, as well as the possibility of replicating the "Azheke plan" in other regions are discussed.

Key words: farmer' livelihoods, livelihood capital, DFID sustainable livelihood framework, rural tourism, Azheke plan

CLC Number:

F592.7

Yang Xu, Jigang Bao. A Study of Farmer' Livelihoods in "Azheke Plan": Based on the DFID Sustainable Livelihood Framework[J].Tropical Geography, 2022, 42(6): 867-877.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig.1

Table 1

Measurement index description and weight of farmers' livelihood capital

生计资本指标		指标说明	权重	指标参考文献
自然资本	耕地面积	每户家庭所耕种的水田面积	0.016	DFID（1999）；苏芳等（2009）；杨云彦等（2009）；贺爱琳（2015）；王新歌等（2015）；张丽琼（2016）；何昭丽等（2016）； Qian等（2017）；张灿强等（2017）；刘俊等（2019）；李文龙等（2019；徐秀美等（2019）； Kry等（2020）
	每亩耕地年收入	每亩地红米的产量乘以当地红米的收购价	0.018
	耕地质量	非常差=0；较差＝0.25；一般＝0.5；较好＝0.75；非常好＝1	0.010
人力资本	家庭劳动力总量	每户家庭劳动力的数量	0.036
	劳动力受教育程度	未上过学=0；小学=0.25；初中=0.5；高中或中专=0.75；大专以上=1	0.034
	劳动力能力	完全没有劳动能力=0；具有劳动能力，可为家庭创造部分收入=0.5；生计成果的主要创造者，能从事全部劳动=1	0.014
物质资本	家庭耐用消费品数量	调查户所选选项占所给出选项的比例（电磁炉、燃气灶、热水器、独立洗澡间、手机、固定电话、冰箱、洗衣机、电视、沙发、茶几、柜子、桌椅、抽水马桶、宽带、电话手表、车）	0.013
	旅游经营房屋面积	房屋中用于开展旅游经营活动的面积	0.190
	家庭牲畜估值	每户家庭牲畜以当地市场价估值的总值	0.102
金融资本	家庭年总收入	每户家庭的年总收入	0.015
	收入来源多样性	调查户生计活动种类数占所列种类数的比例［农业、务工、旅游收入、旅游分红、其他（如村委会任职）等］	0.095
	可借款渠道	1种=0.5；2种及以上=1（高利贷、银行贷款、亲友借款、政府无偿捐助）	0.096
社会资本	技能培训机会	有=1；无=0	0.150
	社会连接度	有无亲属或朋友在机关单位任职，如村委会、镇政府和景区管委会等（有=1；无=0）	0.185
	村民联系紧密度	基本无来往＝0；不太密切＝0.25；一般＝0.5；较密切＝0.75；非常密切＝1	0.025

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Fig.2

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农户类型	划分依据（劳动力投入方向及主要收入来源）	户数/户	家庭特征
旅游主导型	家庭劳动力均从事旅游经营，依靠旅游收入	2	均开展餐馆经营，其中1户为公司经理
旅游务工型	从事复杂的旅游活动，旅游收入及务工收入是主要收入来源	7	3户在村里开展餐馆经营，其余4户中均有家庭成员为村集体公司员工，从事售票、村落讲解、团队接待等工作
参与旅游型	参与简单的旅游活动，旅游收入较低	8	公司清洁工，有1户家庭在旺季经营烧烤摊
务工主导型	劳动力外出务工且家庭收入主要依赖于此	21	家庭劳动力在外务工居多
半工半农型	本地务工和梯田耕种为主	14	周边打零工且不固定

指标	旅游主导型	旅游务工型	参与旅游型	务工主导型	半工半农型
生计资本总值	0.656	0.380	0.356	0.139	0.055
自然资本	0.027	0.022	0.022	0.014	0.019
耕地面积	0.005	0.007	0.005	0.005	0.006
每亩耕地年收入	0.013	0.008	0.011	0.005	0.007
耕地质量	0.009	0.007	0.006	0.004	0.006
人力资本	0.035	0.047	0.029	0.045	0.008
家庭劳动力总量	0.018	0.022	0.016	0.021	0.001
劳动力受教育程度	0.009	0.015	0.009	0.015	0.004
劳动力能力	0.008	0.010	0.004	0.009	0.003
物质资本	0.206	0.081	0.050	0.018	0.009
家庭耐用消费品数量	0.013	0.008	0.005	0.007	0.003
旅游经营房屋面积	0.190	0.060	0.007	0.000	0.000
家庭牲畜估值	0.003	0.013	0.038	0.011	0.006
金融资本	0.107	0.126	0.076	0.055	0.009
家庭年总收入	0.012	0.010	0.004	0.007	0.003
收入来源多样性	0.046	0.049	0.060	0.002	0.006
可借款渠道	0.049	0.067	0.012	0.046	0.000
社会资本	0.281	0.104	0.179	0.007	0.010
技能培训机会	0.068	0.071	0.091	0.000	0.000
社会连接度	0.191	0.019	0.072	0.000	0.000
村民联系紧密度	0.022	0.014	0.016	0.007	0.010

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A Study of Farmer' Livelihoods in "Azheke Plan": Based on the DFID Sustainable Livelihood Framework

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