恐惧景观及其在旅游地理学中的应用综述

doi:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003465

Abstract

Abstract:

As a landscape with special significance, the landscape of fear exists in nature and human society. It has a huge ecological effect in biological system, and also has a profound impact on all aspects of material landscape and collective memory in man-land system. Landscape perception, landscape attitude and the interaction between landscape and human are important topics in contemporary geography research, but the research on the landscape of fear is still weak. Based on this, the study systematically sorts out the concept and research content of the landscape of fear, and discusses its application in tourism geography. The main conclusions of the study include: Firstly, the landscape of fear has formed fear ecology in the research from the perspective of ecology, and it is still in the exploratory stage in other disciplines. Although Tuan Yifu first put forward and studied the landscape of fear thoroughly from the perspective of human geography, the research on humanity society, geography and other related aspects is scattered. On the contrary, it is currently applied to ecological research and has rich research results. This shows that in addition to the maturity of its research in ecology, the landscape of fear in other disciplines remains to be explored. Secondly, under different disciplinary perspectives, the definition and research content of the landscape of fear are different, but in essence, its formation cannot be separated from the influence of subjective fear and external environment. On the one hand, the definition and research content of the landscape of fear in ecology are relatively consistent, which are animal predation risk perception. On the other hand, in other research disciplines, the concept and research content are mainly studied from the presentation form and perception of the landscape of fear between people and place/space. There are some differences in the research of the landscape of fear from different perspectives, but the "fear" perception of it must have an objective object that causes its fear. The landscape of fear is formed by the combination of subjective psychology and objective external. Thirdly, from the relationship among the landscape of fear, tourists and emotion, this paper finds that the application of the landscape of fear in tourism geography mainly focuses on emotional geography, dark tourism and emotional characteristics. There is no clear definition and research on the landscape of fear in tourism geography, but it can reflect the significance of the landscape of fear from the research contents such as emotional experience, dark tourism and memory of the place. Finally, the future prospects of the landscape of fear can be studied in tourism geography are as follows: 1) Based on its particularity, the landscape of fear in tourism geography will be discussed more deeply from different perspectives. 2) The psychological changes and emotional experience of tourists facing the landscape of fear can be studied. The emotional connection between man and land is one of the focuses of tourism geography research, and the landscape of fear integrates the complex emotions between people and landscape. And the emotional expression of the landscape of fear and the psychological impact of the landscape of fear on tourists can be studied. 3) Take dark tourism as the starting point to explore the landscape of fear. Dark tourism inevitably involves the research of tourism geography, and there is a certain connection between dark tourism and the landscape of fear. From the perspective of dark tourism, we can deeply explore the association with the landscape of fear, so as to better integrate the research of the landscape of fear and emotional geography. Although there is still a lack of research on the landscape of fear in humanity society, it has great research space. This paper combs and analyzes the landscape of fear and explores its application in the research of tourism geography, in order to enhance more attention and deepen its research in the field of tourism geography.

Key words: landscape of fear, tourism geography, dark tourism, ecology

CLC Number:

F592.7

Hua Li, Min Liu. Review of the Landscape of Fear and Its Application in Tourism Geography[J].Tropical Geography, 2022, 42(4): 642-658.

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界定角度	参考文献	定义
人-地方/ 空间关系	Henderson等（2014）	恐惧景观是主观的，是基于个人对痛苦事件的记忆和回忆所形成
	Clouser（2009）	恐惧景观是暴力和恐怖不可避免的残余，过去的事件持续存在并反映在景观中，映入人的脑海而引起恐惧
	Jarosz（1994）	恐惧景观是构建在内部、个人和集体意识的精神空间
捕食者- 猎物关系	Laundré等（2001）	恐惧景观是掠食者对他们的猎物的捕杀，导致猎物产生被捕杀的恐惧
	Brown等（2004）	恐惧景观是一张描述动物在自然景观中感知捕食风险而做出持续变化行为的地图
	Gaynor等（2019）	恐惧景观是动物对捕食风险感知的空间变化的理解，且与潜在的物理景观和捕食风险，及由此产生的猎物分布和反捕食者行为模式相联系
	Van der Merwe等（2008）	恐惧景观是动物对危险的感知

研究内容	主要观点
构成要素	捕食者	狼、狮子、鲨鱼、人类等鹿、牛、兔子、羚羊、斑马、棕熊、野猪、鸟、海龟等
	猎物	狼、狮子、鲨鱼、人类等鹿、牛、兔子、羚羊、斑马、棕熊、野猪、鸟、海龟等
	栖息地	觅食、活动、生活区域
猎物心理变化	平常警惕、恐惧→更加敏感、恐惧，生理警觉显著提高
动物行为表现	捕食者	① 增强跟踪频率；② （水生动物）改进浮出水面行为
动物行为表现	猎物	① 提高警惕；② 寻找低风险捕食区域；③ 牺牲觅食成果以躲避风险；④ 在捕食高风险区域减少活动频率；⑤ 嗅觉勘测捕食者；⑥ “窃听”危险信号
主要影响	生物个体影响	① 面临死亡威胁；② 增加觅食压力；③ 减少进食时间；④ 缩小活动区域；⑤ 改变活动模式
主要影响	生物种群影响	① 动物繁殖率降低导致种群密度降低；② 栖息地的选择以及活动范围影响种群群体分布； ③ 动物数量和栖息地质量的降低促使种群动态发生变动；④ 种群活动的时间、模式发生变化

具体景观或景观类型	情感体验	参考文献
新西兰皇后镇/探险旅游环境	追求恐惧并在寻找真实体验过程中会陷入“恐惧景观”	Cater（2006）
高山/探险旅游环境	神经敏感的游客比外向的游客更容易感到恐惧，而且这种恐惧是一种消极的情感并非追求的“刺激”	Faullant等（2011）
以色列犹太大屠杀纪念馆/ 大屠杀遗址	① 大屠杀幸存者与其后代会感到恐惧，唤起同情感； ② 增强家庭的亲密感和认同感	Kidron（2013）
墓地、坠机地点和死亡集中营	绝对令人不愉快	Hartmann等（2018）
5·12汶川特大地震纪念馆/ 自然灾害遗迹地	① 游客的体验特征中悲痛感和恐惧感的波动程度较大，欢愉感和排斥感波动程度较小； ② 性别、年龄、职业、文化程度和客源地不同，欢愉感、使命感、认同感、恐惧感、排斥感、悲痛感存在差异； ③ 原位区与新建区游客情感是积极和消极情感共存； ④ 消极情感随时间流逝变弱，积极情感具有不稳定性	梁璐等（2018）
侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆	① 游客情感体验经历了哀而不伤—百感交集—静水流深； ② 悲情是不同群体共同的旅游体验	宋竹芳等（2019）

具体景观或景观形式	地方记忆	参考文献
英国国家帝国战争博物馆和比利时弗兰德菲尔德博物馆	有争议的战争博物馆应该改变传统的纪念方式，转向对个人经历的关注也是一种保存记忆的尝试	Whitmarsh（2001）
“咚咚推”傩戏	“咚咚推”傩戏承载着天井侗民的民族记忆，是民族文化记忆的重要形式	穆昭阳等（2012）
贵池傩戏	安徽贵池傩戏中保留着来自元代的社会信息，是保留有元代社会记忆的地方戏种	李豫等（2015）
侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆	侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆是对国家、民族和个体的记忆，而帝国战争博物馆北方馆是对世界主义记忆的塑造，战争博物馆的自反性实践将使博物馆成为更加包容的记忆空间	杜辉（2015）
伤痛记忆博物馆	保留人类文明“负资产”的伤痛记忆博物馆是对过去创伤事件的承认和保留，具有身份认同形成、增强民族认同感和治愈伤痛的正面作用	许捷（2019）

景观地类型	参考文献	具体研究地	恐惧景观地的旅游意义	参观人群
博物纪念馆（原位区和新建区）	Lisle（2004）	9·11纽约世贸中心遗址	供人纪念和增强归属感、社区感和团结感	大众游客
	Sodaro（2019）	9·11美国国家纪念博物馆	叙述过去暴力历史，传授过去的教训，努力防止今后发生类似的暴力	大众游客
	Beech（2000）	布痕瓦尔德集中营	诠释布痕瓦尔德纳粹政权的暴行和纪念逝去的人，保存记忆并教育游客	大众游客
	Cohen（2011）	耶路撒冷犹太大屠杀纪念馆	是纳粹浩劫进行持续研究和教育的资源，保存了文化和历史经历	大众游客/侨民/纳粹浩劫幸存受害群体
	梁璐等（2018）	5·12汶川特大地震纪念馆	公众祭奠、爱国教育及地震科普	大众游客
纪念碑	Hartig等（1998）	澳大利亚纽卡斯尔机动车事故遇难者路边纪念碑	逝去生命的世俗纪念，象征男子气概	大众游客
名人纪念地	Alderman（2002）	格雷斯兰—艺人埃尔维斯·普雷斯利的最终居住地和安息地	纪念埃尔维斯·普雷斯利，同时对某些社会团体来说具有宗教般的意义	大众游客/崇拜者
奴隶城堡	Mowatt等（2011）	海岸角城堡和埃尔米纳城堡	是非洲奴隶制漫长痛苦历史的重要实物提醒，也是遗产和信息的宝库	大众游客/非洲人后裔
战争遗址	Muzaini等（2007）	新加坡西罗索堡	再现历史并让游客体验海岸防御	大众游客
太平间	Martens（2008）	巴黎太平间	识别、放置未知的死者，战栗的恐怖感吸引着游客	大众游客/学者
恐怖室	Ivanova等（2018）	伦敦地牢	其设计与死亡和痛苦相关，以吸引游客，在定位上更商业化，以娱乐为重点	大众游客

Review of the Landscape of Fear and Its Application in Tourism Geography

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具体恐惧景观地	游客动机	参考文献
北川地震遗址区	① 娱乐与自我发展；② 公益与教育启迪；③ 见证与灾区探寻	王金伟等（2019）
	① 教育；② 好奇心；③ 休闲	Yan等（2016）
	① 教育与纪念；② 社交与亲情；③ 感受与见证；④ 认同与求新；⑤ 好奇心	陈星等（2014）
映秀震中、北川地震纪念馆	① 义务；② 纪念；③ 好奇心	Tang（2014）
朝韩非军事区	① 对立的政治制度；② 战争和冲突；③ 基于自然的旅游；④ 好奇心/冒险；⑤ 历史、文化和安全知识/欣赏	Bigley等（2010）
奥斯维辛集中营	对教育或情感体验的渴望	Biran等（2011）
柬埔寨金边图尔斯隆种族灭绝监狱博物馆	① 纪念；② 值得参观；③ 学习和理解；④ 尊重；⑤ 必须参观的景点	Isaac等（2016）
荷兰韦斯特博克中转营地	① 自我理解；② 好奇；③ 良知；④ 必游之地；⑤ 排外	Isaac等（2014）
伦敦地牢	① 对恐怖和地牢黑暗属性的兴趣，体验痛苦和恐惧；② “偶然”性、非预先计划动机	Ivanova等（2018）

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