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  • 2014 Volume 34 Issue 5
    Published: 30 September 2014
      

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  • SUN Fenghua,FANG Chuanglin,WANG Zhenbo,YAN Tingzhen
    2014, 34(5): 581-590.
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    The paper firstly examines traditional Feng Shui geography from the perspective of dialectical materialism, and constructs a pattern diagram from traditional to modern Feng Shui geography based on critique of Chinese Feng Shui philosophy geography. The concept of “Tian Ren He Yi”(Man and nature in one) in “The Book of Changes” laid the philosophical foundation of traditional Feng Shui geography, owing to the functions of concept of “Tian Ren He Yi”. Modern Feng Shui geography practices have endowed the concept of “Tian Ren He Yi” with new connotation. The renewed philosophical ideology of “Tian Ren He Yi” bears important significance on Modern Feng Shui geography research, the former of the two closely related to “man-land relationship”. “Man-land relationship” is not only the research theme and core of modern human geography, but also the source and the core of the crux of modern Feng Shui geography. In this paper, the systematic rethinking of the “man-land relationship” theoretical model lays a solid theoretical foundation for the study of man-land relationship of modern Feng shui geography. And this study points out that traditional Feng Shui geography contains a large number of superstition and pseudo-scientific thoughts, and must be subjected to philosophical examination of science and innovation. Relevant modern scientific theories, methods, and techniques must be introduced, so that the study will develop from the qualitative research to empirical research, from traditional to modern Feng Shui Geography.

  • ZHONG Yexi,BAO Shuming
    2014, 34(5): 591-598.
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    The space-time analysis of spatial distribution of religious sites can provide the insightful information about the formation and diffusion mechanism of religious landscapes. As an important part of religious landscapes, religious sites are the focus of religious geography researches. To reveal the law of temporal evolution of Chinese religious landscapes, the methods of mathematical statistics and spatial analysis are used in this paper. Based on the data of religious sites from the economic census in China, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution of Buddhism, Taoism, Islam and Christianity in the 342 cities of mainland China, which may reveal the future trends of religious landscapes in China. The results from those analysis show that: 1) All religions have experienced significant growth since 1978; 2) There’s an unbalanced development of religions with significant differences over the space and time in China; 3) Different expansion modes and expansion strategies adopted by different religions, dominated the temporal evolution of the spatial pattern of religion. The spatial structure of the dominated religion changes significantly. 4) Different models of religious development existed in different regions. There are different religious landscapes between the Han areas and ethnic minority areas. The phenomena of over- agglomerate and rapid expansion exist in different religion. Different development modes are also showed in deffernet religion. Those research results from this paper may help a better understanding of the future trends of religious landscape in China and provide the reference for religious policies.

  • JIANG Haining,XU Shuhui,TAN Shiliu
    2014, 34(5): 599-605.
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    In order to make a quantitative analysis on spatial pattern of national musical instrument manufacturing enterprises in China, Arc GIS 9.2 and the related technology of exploratory spatial data analysis, the nearest neighbor index and the nuclear density index are applied in this paper based on spatial pattern of point and region. The results show that: 1) As for the point aspect, the distribution of musical instrument manufacturing enterprises as a whole and different types of the instrument manufacturing enterprises in China presents a spatially congregated pattern significantly. In terms of the degree of the agglomeration of the national instrument manufacturing enterprises, the overall degree of agglomeration is quite high, while that of the wind instruments the lowest. The Yangtze Delta Region, the Bohai Sea rim, the Pearl River Delta region, Yunnan and Henan are important agglomeration regions. 2) As for the region aspect, the spatial pattern of all the national instrument manufacturing enterprises and different types of the enterprises in China is characterized by weak concentration. The number of hotspot regions is quite small, and their distribution is consistent with the results in the point agglomeration analysis above. However, the majority of the cities in China belong to coldspot regions. And specifically,the hotspot regions of national instrument manufacturing enterprises in China concentrate in three cities, which are Yangzhou, Hangzhou and Kunming, and Yangzhou is the only hotspot region of plucked string instruments manufacturing, while Hangzhou and Kunming are the hotspot regions of wind instruments manufacturing. Besides, the hotspot regions of percussion instrument are in two cities, which are Langfang and Luoyang. The number of hotspot regions of stringed instruments manufacturing is large by contrast, which include eight cities, they are Beijing, Tianjin, Cangzhou, Hengshui, Linyi, Suzhou, Wuxi and Yangzhou. On the basis of the above results, the factors that impact the spatial pattern of national instrument manufacturing enterprises in China could be summed up as three aspects: resource endowment, historical basis and agglomerative economy effect.

  • ZENG Minling,MAO Yuanyuan
    2014, 34(5): 606-617.
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    In order to provide the basis and measures for Pudong street crime prevention and control, this paper tries to find out: 1) the spatio-temporal patterns of street property crimes including theft, robbery and snatch; 2) the relationship between urban environmental factors and distribution of those crimes in Pudong District of Shanghai. In the paper statistics and spatial analysis are used. The results show that: 1) the temporal distribution of street property crimes is closely related to people’s life and work cycle. The higher the frequency of street usage is, the more the street property crimes would be. The distribution of those crimes in the day and the night changes with the distribution of local employment, commercial place, etc. 2) The variation of crime positions is influenced by the intensity of people’s activity, the capability of natural surveillance and the convenience of escape. 3) In Pudong, high–incidence of theft cases occurs around Lujiazui commercial area and decreases from west to east, while the hotspots of robbery and snatch scatter around urban and town settlements. 4) The regression analysis shows that crossing road is one of the most important factors for street property crimes. Numbers and density of the crossing roads both have positive influence on street propery crimes. Some advices are proposed in this paper for crime prevention and control, such as strengthening the police patrol, improving environment design, and increasing the closed-circuit television monitoring, etc.

  • LIN Wensheng,HU Xinyan
    2014, 34(5): 618-626.
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    Making a study on the accounting model of carbon emissions and dynamic optimal model of endogenous economic growth, this paper uses the data of carbon emissions from 1985 to 2020 in Guangdong Province and its cities, introduces the idea of “carbon budget” according to the set scenarios of the reduction targets of carbon emissions, which takes the principles of equitable distribution of per capita carbon emissions and historical responsibility for carbon emissions into account, decomposes carbon emission reduction targets regionally, calculates the carbon emissions quotas of the cities in the Province, and estimates the pattern of surplus and deficit of carbon emissions in future periods, preliminarily simulates the basis of “Trading the Rights of Carbon Emissions” among the cities. It shows that: Firstly, the cumulative quotas of carbon emissions in Guangdong Province for the period from 1985 to 2020 are between 5 246.591 9 million tons and 5 425.185 7 million tons, and per capita quotas of carbon emission are between 57.065 5 tons and 59.008 0 tons. Per capita quotas of carbon emission, population and the cumulative history of carbon emissions are the decisive factors in allocation result of carbon emission rights of the cities in the Province. Population movements will affect the number of regional carbon emissions. After the assessment year, the reducing of total regional population will ease the pressure of carbon emissions, and vice versa. Secondly, there are seven cities, which are mainly distributed in the economically developed Pearl River Delta region, emitting carbon beyond the carbon budget quota standards. Those cities can be ranked in order of their deficits from large to small: Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, Dongguan, Zhuhai, Zhongshan and Huizhou. Meanwhile, there are 14 cities, mainly located in the east, west and the north areas of the Province, have carbon budget surpluses. According to their surpluses from large to small, those cities are ranked as: Zhanjiang, Jieyang, Shantou, Meizhou, Shanwei, Heyuan, Maoming, Zhaoqing, Yangjiang, Yunfu, Qingyuan, Chaozhou, Jiangmen and Shaoguan. As the equilibrium conditions that marginal emission cost equals marginal emission abatement cost would enhance industrial upgrading for a city and convert its development to a low carbon emission model, the cities with surplus carbon emission rights could get the transferable incomes, while those with deficit carbon emission rights could reduce the abatement cost through market transactions of carbon emission rights, that would improve the allocation efficiency of emission rights.

  • ZHANG Rongtian,JIAO Huafu
    2014, 34(5): 627-634.
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    This paper took 31 provinces as the research object, constructed comprehensive measure urbanization efficiency index system. On the basis of ESDA-DEA spatial analysis framework, using spatial auto-correlation analysis (Moran’s I, Getis-Ord ) and efficiency gravity model, the paper analyzed spatial pattern evolution and influence factors of provincial urbanization efficiency in China from 2000 to 2012. The study showed that: The malconformation of provincial urbanization efficiency was significant, the eastern region of China mainly performed technical efficiency drive mode, and the western region of China performed scale efficiency drive mode; Comprehensive, technical and scale urbanization efficiency showed positive spatial correlation characteristics, there existed spatial agglomeration phenomenon, comprehensive urbanization efficiency and scale efficiency of local hot spot group had the similar characteristics; The focus of comprehensive efficiency and technical efficiency was transferring to the southeast of China, while that of scale efficiency transferring to the southwest of China; Geographical location differences, industrial structure differences, regional development policy and the marketization level comprehensively drived provincial urbanization efficiency spatial pattern evolution.

  • FU Yuexin,CHEN Yingying,ZHANG Zhenke
    2014, 34(5): 635-642.
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    Based on population density statistics data of the coastal cities in China during 1985-2010, this paper analyzes the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and variation trends of population density in coastal cities by using the tool of ArcGIS and spatial statistics method. The driving factors of the changes of population density are also discussed. The results indicated that the population density of coastal cities showed a rapid growth trend since 1985, the permanent residents of coastal cities in 2010 were 264 million, accounting for about 19.70% of the total population of China. The natural population growth was far less than the mechanical growth in the coastal areas. Differences in spatial distribution of population were very notable, the population densities of regional central cities were larger than those of other cities. Population densities of the cities in northern part of coastal China were lower than those in southern part and the transition city between the two parts was Nantong City. Natural environment, regional economic development, city status and function, government policy and urban development history were the most critical factors on differences of coastal city population density in China. The impact of various factors on the coastal urban population density is relatively complex, among those the social and economic factors are becoming the most critical. In order to further promote the rational distribution of coastal urban population, some suggestions are put forward in the paper, such as strengthening guidance on beneficial and orderly population flow, developing medium and small towns actively, paying more attention to improving the bearing capacity of the environment, promoting the sustainable development of population, resources and environment.

  • MENG Deyou,LU Yuqi,LI Xiaojian,GAO Chao
    2014, 34(5): 643-654.
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    The basic spatial economic efficiency of expressway network construction is to shorten regional travel mileage and travel time, which will be propitious to improve the regional traffic accessibility level and strengthen regional socio-economic linkage. Since the 1990s, the expressway in the Yangtze River Delta has experienced initial development stage, linear expansion stage, network construction stage and network promotion stage. With the large-scale construction of expressway infrastructure, the regional expressway network scale has been expanded significantly, the network connection degree has been improved and the network structure has been optimized continuously, whose direct spatial economic effect is to promote spatial-temporal accessibility in the Yangtze River Delta. In the paper, the Yangtze River Delta is taken as a research scope, the spatial-temporal accessibility level and changes are calculated and compared by the model of node average traffic mileage, node average circuitous coefficient, node average travel time and regional average travel time, based on the database of highway network in the Yangtze River Delta in 1992, 1998, 2004 and 2010. The results show that: 1) Average traffic mileage of each county has been shortened, and the average circuitous coefficient has also reduced greatly, but the variation range disparity is remarkable in different development stages and among different counties, especially, the variation range of node average traffic mileage in the third stage (2004-2010) was the greatest among the three stages, and the variation range of node average circuitous coefficient of the counties along the Yangtze River and Hangzhou Bay was greater than that of the others because of the construction of Suzhou-Nantong Yangtze Road Bridge and Hangzhou Bay Bridge. 2) The node average travel time and the regional average travel time also got a great promotion under the construction of expressway in the Yangtze River Delta, especially in the outlying district of the Yangtze River Delta, while the variation range of node average travel time and regional average travel time would be decreased under the limitation of diminishing marginal returns of highway network construction. Through the comparison of spatial-temporal accessibility and its promotion in different development stages in the Yangtze River Delta, the necessity and significance of expressway construction are objectively demonstrated, which can be in favor of providing the theoretical reference for the transportation network optimization and regional development strategy formulation.

  • LI Jianxin,ZHONG Yexi,FENG Xinghua
    2014, 34(5): 655-662.
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    Urban size structure is one of the three major structures in urban system. Rational analysis on regional urban size structure would be of help to understanding the phase of urban system, and has significance on forcasting cities’ population and planning the structure of urban system. Using the population data of each city and county in Jiangxi Province during the period from 2001 to 2012, with the aid of Arcgis and SPSS, this paper analyzed the features and evolution of the hierarchical structure of the urban system in Jiangxi Province based on the standard deviation index, coefficient of variation, city primacy index, city Gini coefficient and Fractal Theory. The following conclusions were made: 1) Urbanization in Jiangxi Province developed rapidly during the period from 2001 to 2012, with the number of big and medium cities increasing, Jiangxi Province was changing its original irrational urban size system, in which the small cities were over-concentrated, and the pyramid of urban size tended to be reasonable; 2) The relative disparity of city population had increased while absolute disparity decreased. The urban system’s size structure trended to be reasonable; 3) Urban primacy ratio of Jiangxi was relatively high and city distribution pattern in Jiangxi Province followed the Primate City Law typically, Nanchang was the primate city, whose agglomeration effect was obvious; 4) City scale fractal dimension was small and decreased significantly, meanwhile, big cities developed faster than small and medium-sized cities, those showed a significant Agglomerative Effectiveness; 5) The spatial evolution of urban size had the characteristics of regional difference, ring agglomeration and the axis with directivity were obvious. Finally the paper pointed out some problems about distribution of urban size, such as too little megacities, small urban scale and excessive north-south gap of urban population growth, and also put forward the corresponding countermeasures against those problems.

  • PENG Xueping,JIA Yulian,HU Yaping,XING Na,LONG Jin,LAI Zhongping
    2014, 34(5): 663-671.
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    Xiashu loess is distributed over the southern dune in Poyang lake region,the north of Jiangxi province. The color of the loess becomes darker and darker from south to north, but the layer and sedimentology characters in different places are similar. It is homogeneous,unstratified and blocky in structure. Xiashu loess lies on the bedrock formed in different times and with different causes, or lies on the palaeo-landform which is formed from accumulation and suffered from serious erosion. Thick loess normally deposited in the front parts of mountains,while lesser loess on the peaks and steep slopes. On the whole, the thickness of the Xiashu loess reduces gradually from north to south. The granularity data of the section from Furong (located on the south bank of the Yangtze River) to Zhouxi (located on the shore of Poyang Lake) along a N-S direction shows that: 1) Sand grain component changes from north to south, and the concrete data are 27.29%, 1.94%~7.23% and 0.45%~7.27%. The silt component varies greatly, the data are 68.23%, 81.71%~87.20% and 66.9%~79.39%. The clay component increases gradually from north to south, the data are 4.48%, 8.46%~16.35% and 18.13%~32.07%. The overall performance is that the sedimentary facies of the Xiashu loess change from sandy loess to loess to clayey loess; 2) Change characteristics of triangular chart of clay-silt-sand and granularity parameters scatter diagrams vary systematically from north to south; 3) All kinds of granularity parameters have involvement with the distance from the Yangtze river, which conform to logarithmic function. According to the index system and using the acquirable data, we consider that the Xiashu loess is an eolian deposit, it may have a certain relation with the formation of the sand dune in Poyang Lake region, belonging to regional sand-dus eolian deposition system.

  • WANG Hengsong,XIONG Kangning,ZHANG Fangmei,LUO Ding,LIAO Zhongfang
    2014, 34(5): 672-680.
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    Guangxi Huanjiang Karst has been nominated as a site of World Natural Heritage. It is an expanding part of Guizhou Libo Karst World Natural Heritage. Huanjiang karst landform evolution is affected by lithology, geological structure, faults, joints, cracks and subsurface hydrological system and other factors. The rocks in Huanjiang are composed of high purity limestone, dolomite and other soluble carbonate rocks. Crustal movement made the area uplift. The rock stress caused fold fracture and uplift, faults joint development. Rainfall, higher temperature and soluble rocks erosion-corrosion effect caused by surface - groundwater made the erosion base level fall and the rivers incised conduct. The surface has undergone the denudation and erosion for a long time, and the process has made the landform evolve from infancy through adolescence into manhood late. They developed into fengcong valley, depression, canyon and fenglin depressions, valley, basin and multilayer cave as the main morphological diversity of cone Karst landscape. The formation of Huanjiang Karst has experienced the effects of intermontane basin, the diagenesis of the thick carbonate rock of the Carboniferous and the Karst action since the Cambrian, and the geomorphological evolution has gone through 3 main stages, namely, fold block mountain basin formation stage, Karst peak cluster-peak forest developmental stages and Karst Canyon formation stage. Evolution model follows the succession law orderly, which is from fengcong depression to peak valley, fengcong gorge, fenglin depression and fenglin valley. It reveals the main stages and evolution process of tropical-subtropical cone karst development.

  • JIA Chongjian,LIU Hongyi,LU Ying,CHEN Chong,XIONG Fan,CUI Qichao
    2014, 34(5): 681-689.
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    Soil samples, derived from Quaternary red clay, basalt and granite, were collected from surface (0~15 cm depths) and subsurface (15~30 cm depths) in different land uses including paddy field, upland, forest land and grassland/orchard, and soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions (humus C, oxidizable C fractions), soil aggregates and its stability, and their relationship were studied in this paper. The results indicated that land uses and soil parent materials affected SOC and its fractions. The rank of percentage of humic fractions was HAC<FAC<HMC in soils derived from three parent materials, Grassland had the highest percentage of HAC+FAC, paddy field the lowest for soil derived from Quaternary red clay. Orchard had the highest percentage of HAC+FAC for soil derived from basalt and granite. Soil labile organic C fractions was higher than inert organic C fractions, grassland had the highest labile organic C fractions, and upland the lowest for soil derived from Quaternary red clay; Orchard had the highest labile organic C fractions, and forest land the lowest for soil derived from basalt and granite. The percentage of<0.25 mm micro-aggregate was dominated in soils derived from three parent materials, The percentage of>0.25 mm aggregate, aggregate mean weight diameter(MWD) and percentage of aggregate destruction(PAD) in 0~15 cm depth soil were larger than those in 15~30 cm depth soil. The SOC fractions increased with the increase of SOC content; The percentage of>0.25 mm soil aggregate and soil aggregate MWD increased with the increase of SOC and its fractions; PAD decreased with the increase of oxidizable SOC fractions. Oxidizable SOC fractions favoured macro-aggregate formation, and increased water stable aggregation.

  • ZHANG Liang,LIANG Kai,GAN Huayang,CUI Zhen’ang
    2014, 34(5): 690-695.
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    Sediment characteristics are important for understanding of hydrodynamic processes and sedimentary environments. In the present study, 200 surface sediment samples were collected from December 2010 to April 2011 in the sea area of Fangcheng Port in the Beibu Bay, China. The samples were analyzed by using a MasterSizer 2000 Laser Analyzer and by sieving (for particles with a diameter of <2 mm and >2 mm, respectively) to obtain grain size data. Three grain size parameters ( median grain size, sorting coefficient and skewness ) were then calculated by a moment method (Folk-Ward, 1957). The results showed that 6 types of sediment were presented according to the sediment classification scheme proposed by Shepard (1954), including Sand, Silty Sand, Gravelly Sand, Sand-Silt-Clay, Clayey Silt and Sandy Silt. Median grain size and sorting coefficient for the sediment in the study area was -0.5~7.5 Φ and 0.3~5.2, respectively. The coarse (<4 Φ) and well sorted (<0.35) sediment was located over the nearshore and western parts of the study area, where the sediment was positively skewed. The sediment in the southeastern area was finer (>4 Φ) and poor sorted(>1),with negatively skewed(-1~0.3) or nearly symmetrical(-0.1~0.1). Good correlation between the distribution pattern of the grain size parameters in Fangcheng Port sea area and the sediment types (and hydrodynamics processes) was presented. The two dimensional model for grain size trend analysis proposed by Gao and Collins (1992) was adopted to identify sediment transport pathways in the study area. Grain size trends were then obtained by using this model with the maximum characteristic spatial sampling interval adopted. Based on the difference of the sediment transport trends,the study area was divided into three subareas: 1) the sea area along the coastline where the major direction of the sediment transport was offshore(from north to south); 2) the southwest area where the direction was northward; 3) the southeast area where the sediment converged toward the center of the area, forming a deposition center. Such patterns were highly consistent with those of current velocities, geomorphologic information and heavy mineral movement.

  • HE Haibo,TANG Jing,LIU Shuhua,YANG Liang,MI Xiaojian,CHEN Qiong, CHEN Lin,HUANG Jiayi,ZHOU Houyun
    2014, 34(5): 696-703.
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    Cave monitoring is important for explaining climate proxies in speleothems, therefore Karst Climatology is one of the important aspects of cave monitoring. Four sites were chosen to be monitored inside or outside Loufang Cave, Northeast of Sichuan Province: No.1 monitoring site named SLPB which is the farthest one away from the entrance of the cave with a good enclosed enviorment, it’s also an entrance of underground river cavern with perennial running water; No.2 monitoring site named QCMY which is near the ponor, located at the end of underground river; No.3 monitoring site named LZLY beside a pool, which is at a distance from the entrance of the cave about 45 meters; No.4 monitoring site named HS is outside the cave, which is at a distance from the entrance of the cave about 45 meters. Through a 11-months (from August 2011 to June 2012) monitoring on air temperature, Relative Humidity (RH), CO2 concentration, Electronic Conductivity (EC) and pH value of water in those four sites, this paper reports monitoring results and analyzes its influencing factors, which show that there’s an obvious temporal and spatial variation of cave environments. The results show that: 1) Variation in air temperature inside the cave is smaller than that outside, the temperature in summer is 3~5 ℃ higher than that in winter inside the cave. 2) Relative humidity of the site inside the cave which is near the underground river is less than that near the pool, showing that the underground river has a significant impact on the cave environments; 3) As compared with the air temperature, the relative humidity of Loufang Cave in SLPB, QCMY has an opposite trend, showing that it is mainly controlled by temperature. 4) During the rainy season, the CO2 concentration appeares one peak in SLPB, QCMY and LZLY, that may be strongly influenced by “pump” effect, ventilation effect and weaker biological respiration, etc. 5) Both inside and outside the cave, the variation tendency of pH values in each monitoring point is consistent, and the pH values in summer and fall are higher than those in winter and spring, they may be caused by the rock erosion in summer and fall season; 6) In summer and fall, EC values of each monitoring point in the cave are also higher than those in winter and spring, showing that the chemical corrosion effect caused by climate change may be the main factor influencing the ion content.

  • ZHU Xiaochen,GAO Yang,GAO Jiaqi,LI Gang,TANG Huirong
    2014, 34(5): 704-711.
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    Under global warming background, extreme weather events occur frequently, with torrential rains and floors being the most dramatic. In this paper, which is based on disaster system theory and risk evaluation theory, we establish rainstorm and flood risk assessment model through the analysis of fundamental geographic data, weather data, socio-economic data, and historical disaster data, in which four indices of assessment are used respectively. The four indices of assessment are amount and intensity of rainstorm, environmental sensitivity index, vulnerable feature index and disaster resistance ability index. Furthermore, we indicate the key issues that need to be addressed in county-level rainstorm and flood risk assessments, including spatialization, extended sequence and parameter determination. The evaluation model takes account of the various influences of the precipitation, vegetation, rivers, elevation, topographic relief, population, economy, hospitals, agriculture and forestry, water conservancy and medical treatment and public health investment, etc.. We take Shishi, Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, as the study area, which is a multiple place prone to torrential rainstorm and flood. We use GIS technology to generate 100 m×100 m resolution spatial distribution map of hazard risk, hazard-inducing environment map of hazard-inducing environment sensitivity, map of vulnerability of hazard carrier, map of disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities, and map of rainstorm and flood risk assessment. The results show that the highest risk areas are mainly located in Hubin and Fengli sub-district; the higher risk areas are located in the eastern and western parts of Xiangzhi town, Most of the parts of Lingxiu town, south-central parts of Hanjiang town, south-central parts of Baogai town and most of the parts of Jinshang town; the lower risk areas are mainly located in the northern parts of Hanjiang town, the northern parts of Baogai town and most of the parts of Yongning town.

  • YIN Guowei
    2014, 34(5): 712-718.
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    According to the information provided by http://whc.unesco.org and literature mainly about the Indian history and geography, the regional features and spatial distribution of the Indian world heritages were summed up in this article. As of 2013, there have been 24 cultural and 6 natural properties inscribed into WORLD HERITAGE LIST in India, without mixed heritage. The natural properties have the features of integrity and differences in Natural Geography, and most of the cultural heritages have somewhat religious characteristics. The natural properties are mainly located in the North, East and Southwest of the border provinces in the subcontinent; while the cultural heritages are chiefly located in or close to the ruling centers of the more powerful states and foreign forces in history, land and sea transport hubs, and suitable natural environment; and the different types of religious properties show clear regional differentiation from north to south. These characteristics were formed from the Indian relatively independent circumstances, topography, scorching and rainy climate, and the long but extremely uneven development and mainly disrupted history, foreign powers, economy and native cultures in common.

  • WANG Jinhua,DONG Yuxiang
    2014, 34(5): 719-728.
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    Coastal sandy land is located in the sensitive area of global change. More and more attention has been paid to coastal land use change and connected environmental effects. In this paper, the literature concerning the study on coastal sandy land use is reviewed, the definition, distribution and area of coastal sandy land are introduced. The process of coastal sandy land research is divided into three stages: 1) the stage of aeolian geomorphology research (early stage), 2) that of coastal land resources investigation (mid stage), and 3) that of coasral land use change research (recent stage). Progress in technology of coastal land use change study at home and abroad, and the effects of the change on atmospheric environment, water environment, soil environment and biological environment are summarized. Some directions for future study of coastal land use change are suggested: scene simulation of coastal sandy land change in future, quantitative study on the driving mechanism of the coastal sandy land, overall effects of coastal sandy land use change on ecological environment, and rational exploitation and layout of forest shelter on coastal sandy land, etc.