In order to study the atmospheric carbon sink effects of human activities such as land use of Karst catchments, the land use data of the two adjacent typical Karst basins were carried out by using a combination method of field surveys and remote sensing image analyses. The flux of atmospheric carbon sequestration and its intensity were calculated by the runoff coefficient method with the in situ data on physico-chemical parameters of the spring water of Chenqi and Dengzhanhe in Puding County, Guizhou. According to the comparative analysis of watershed land use types and Karst carbon sequestered intensity differences, we have gotten the following ideas: 1) The two spring watersheds had striking spatial variability of the land-use types with relatively consistent land use scale ratio, in which the land of the forest and bushwood were found in upper mountains, bared rock and grass on hill slope, dry land and paddy fields in highland or at foot of the hills, the paddy fields were distributed in highland of the upper discharging area of the Dengzhanhe spring watershed and at the hill foot of the lower discharging area of the Chenqi spring watershed, respectively. 2) the carbon sequestered intensity of the Chenqi and Dengzhanhe spring catchments were 1.24×106 mol/（km2•a）and 1.44×106 mol/（km2•a）respectively with significant seasonal variation，the rate of the atmospheric carbon sequestration in the larger area (Dengzhanhe spring catchment) was lower than that in the smaller area (Chenqi spring catchment); 3) Watershed land use types and their configuration relation, especially the paddy field configuration differences between the upper and lower reaches, resulted in the differences of carbon sequestration flux between the two adjacent small Karst spring watersheds (Chenqi Karst spring and Dengzhanhe Karst spring). The weathering process and its Karst dissolving intensity had important impact on the atmospheric carbon sequestration during the Karst processes. Human activity would be one of the effective ways to regulate the role of atmospheric carbon sinks during the rock weathering process of the basin.
Wuhuangshan Geopark which has been developed in the Pubei pluton is the typical observation point of the Darongshan-Shiwandashan granitoid belt and S-type granite. The granite landscapes in the Geopark are generally classified into five categories: spheroidal stone, mountains, platform, gorge, and hydrological heritage. All of them have been distributed orderly and intensively in the different zones of the granite mountains that are relative independent, and showed obvious vertical differentiation features. These granite landscapes constitute a typical, majestic, beautiful and precious south subtropical granite landscape group and spheroidal stone group with spheroidal stone landscape at the core and mountains, platform, pools group and waterfall group as the important complement. Based on the analysis and investigation about the regional geologic background of the geopark and the characteristics of the granite pluton, this paper systematically studies and discusses the formation and evolution of the granite pluton and the granite landscapes in the geopark. Some main conclusions held by the authors are as follows: 1) During Middle Triassic, there was large-scale magmatic activity in this region, then a giant granite batholith with the continuous time and the integrity of formation, namely, Pubei pluton was gradually formed after a series of processes, i.e. magma emplacement, differentiation, cooling crystallization; and then this pluton was uplifted, denuded and exposed to the earth’s surface to form mountains. 2) Since Quaternary, controlled jointly by humid-warm climate, surface water and granite pluton in which primary and epigenetic joints developed well, the ability to converge all forms of surface water has been gradually increased from mountaintop→mountainside→foothill, the corresponding erosion has been gradually increased but weathering has been gradually weaken from mountaintop→mountainside→foothill. After going through the process of horizontally–vertically differently erosion, washout and weathering during the long geological period, the typical south subtropical granite landscape group in the geopark has been gradually formed.
Geographers of religion have developed ‘new’ geographies of religion that emphasizes different sites for religious practice beyond the ‘official sacred’ ones (churches, temples, mosques and the like) in recent years. Many studies acknowledge that ‘unofficial sacred sites’ are also full of politics, poetics and identity like the ‘official sacred sites’ are. Under the context of modern transformation, China is going through a rapid development in Christianity in cities, especially ‘unofficial sacred sites’-house churches. Although many sociologists and anthropologists have taken interest in this issue many years ago, geographers in China still know little about the interaction between house church members and private micro religious spaces. It is especially urgent to carry out studies on private micro religious spaces. The geographic meanings and religious contexts of house churches need to be fully understood. In reviewing of studies on religious geography, house church, and place attachment, we conducted a survey of the members in the MT house church by in-depth interview based on the dimension of place attachment. On the one hand, the MT youth house church creates a warm and gentle “family-style” atmosphere, and on the other hand, official religious images are introduced into the house church with indoor decorations, making it an ‘unofficial sacred site’. We argue that, through everyday practice, the members in the MT house church construct emotional space and social network beyond the physical space. The seekers and the Christians in the MT house church have perceiving differences in two dimensions of place attachment. In terms of place dependency, both of them show functional dependence. The Christians attend the MT house church because of a need of a place for worship, while the functional dependence of the seekers is based on social network and religious interest. In terms of place identity, the Christians have deepened the identity of religious and religious groups through religious activities into place identity. Additionally, immigrant Christians have re-confirmed their belief and identity in the house church. Some Christians have a strong place identity to the house church because it witnesses their religious experience. Based on the relaxing and warm atmosphere in the MT house church, the seekers have a perfect perception of place. However, they do not hold a strong place identity to the house church like the Christians. This shows that the construction of place identity in religious places needs a certain degree of belief support. This research is expected to contribute towards studies of micro religious space in geography.
Big data such as transportation card data, cell phone data provide data support for studies on trip characteristics analysis and city spatial structure. These studies require efficient methods to deal with the large volume, high dimension and information redundancy problems with big data. With the increase of data dimension, the complexity of data increases dramatically, making it impossible for human to understand the data and extract features based on expert knowledge. In this paper, principal component analysis (PCA) was used for dimensionality reduction of and feature extraction from passenger flow data of Guangzhou metro stations. The PCA process calculates the scoring coefficients for each component automatically without prior knowledge and eliminates the disturbance of subjective factors. Six principal components, extracted out of 36 variables, in this research kept 91.41% information of the original data. The first two components represented the passenger flow characteristics of residence-oriented stations and employment-oriented stations, respectively. K-means clustering of metro stations was performed based on the features extracted and 7 types of metro stations were recognized: residence-oriented, employment-oriented, spatially mismatched, mixed but more of residence-oriented, mixed but more of employment-oriented, comprehensive and traffic hub and entertainment stations. Among the 137 stations of Guangzhou Metro, over 85% were commuting-related, 46 stations were residence-oriented, 14 were employment-oriented, and 59 were of mixed nature of the two, with more of one or another. Further research on the spatial distribution of different clusters of the metro stations revealed a ring structure of Guangzhou City. The diversity and types of metro stations varied as the distance to city center increased, reflecting the spatial distribution of urban functions. Distribution of multi-types of metro stations such as employment-oriented, comprehensive and mixed but more of employment-oriented ones in the central city area such as Yuexiu District and Liwan District implied the high degree of development and the diversity of urban functions of these areas. Employment-oriented and comprehensive stations were intensely distributed in Tianhe District, making it the core administrative area and business area and the new city center of Guangzhou City. The main types of metro stations in Haizhu District were spatially mismatched stations and mixed but more of residence-oriented stations. In suburban areas such as Baiyun District and Panyu District, the main type of metro station was spatially mismatched stations, suggesting the decrease in the diversity of urban function. And only residence-oriented stations were found in the periphery areas of the city. Far away from the center of Guangzhou City, Nansha District and Foshan City developed into regional centers with some spatially mismatched stations distributed. The results of this study demonstrate that metro passenger flow data can not only reflect the spatial and temporal patterns of residents’ travel behavior, but also provide new data and a new perspective for urban spatial structure research.
The regional difference of human civilization makes uneven geographical landscape become a common phenomenon in development process of society. However, under the background of capital globalization era, the capital with its dual attribute of value proliferation and creating civilization may mould the geographic space in the capital movement, which is increasingly obvious about the uneven geographical development. This article reviews and summarizes the framework of uneven geographical development theory about the Western New Marxism Geography and clears up relevant empirical researches at home and abroad, which indicates that the uneven geographical development is associated with Neoliberalism, and the capital, power and space play a key role in the formation of uneven geographical development theory. But, the empirical research findings are different between at home and abroad. It’s distinctly dominated by the accumulation of capital in the Western countries. Through territorial organization, the capital realizes the goal of capital accumulation. In the process of value proliferation and creating civilization, it is the spatial structure of uneven geographical that makes capital flow perpetually. Naturally, uneven geographical development becomes the direct result of capital accumulation. Capitalist space is submitted to the capital logic and the production of space becomes by-product of capital accumulation. In order to solve the problem of over-accumulation of capital, it is a fact that the Neoliberalism ideology dominated by class power service to capital accumulation, it helps to eliminate space barriers so as to prompt production factors to flow freely in a worldwide geographical range. While in China it is formed by the capital logic and state power logic out of the variegated interplay. On the one hand, Chinese market economy system is underdeveloped but deepening. On the other hand, there exists a strong state government with a power intervention, even penetrating to the rules of market operation. In the context of China, development strategies are formulated from top to bottom due to its strong government model. The market-oriented reform, including the way of taking advantage of external capital to start the Chinese economy, bringing in global capital to embed into globalization and starting the internal demand for economic transformation, are carried out within the control scope of the central government. However, capital with its inherent attribute interplays complexly with central government and local government, reflected in the ideology, which actually is the interaction between the Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Neoliberalism. At the national scale, central government not only creates free markets but also regulates regional development harmoniously. Capital was used to overcome actually existing uneven development by strategically reproducing uneven development. At the city scale, it is evident that local government has a strong feature of marketization and entrepreneurship and form a growth machine with developers to cater to capital, whose aim is for production accumulation by interregional economic difference and social division of labor inequality. This social and economic phenomenon that local uneven development scales up to the regional will return to central government, resulting in rescaling and reterritorialization. Finally, combined with the latest theoretical trend, this article puts forward the orientation about empirical research. It may provide a new perspective and thought about this theory both in theory and practice so as to deal with Chinese increasingly apparent uneven geographical development.
This paper is a review of non-use values of tourism resources evaluation at home and abroad. According to the time sequence, we discuss the progress in tourism resources non-use value studies from research process and phase characteristics, research area and research object. The results show that: foreign research has experienced three stages, namely, starting, exploring in depth, and enhancing; research objects mainly are national (forest) parks, marine protected areas, nature reserves, cultural heritage areas, islands and etc.; the research contents cover those from admission fees to the willingness to pay for non-use value of tourism resources and assessment correction; the research methods include hypothetical market approach, economic model test metrology and others. There exist significant gaps between the research in China and that in foreign countries. In China, the study objects mainly are natural resources; the research field is narrow relatively; the research method is mainly contingent valuation, which is relatively single, and whose applicability is inadequate. We put forward three suggestions for future research in China: expanding research area and field, improving the reliability of the research methods and enhancing the applied and practical research, so as to coordinate the development and protection of tourism resource, and realize tourism sustainable development.
