中国高尔夫球场时空演变、影响因素和扩散模式
金万富(1985-)男,江西彭泽人,讲师,主要研究方向为区域发展与城乡规划,(E-mail)jinwanfu0927@163.com; |
金万富(1985-)男,江西彭泽人,讲师,主要研究方向为区域发展与城乡规划,(E-mail)jinwanfu0927@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2019-04-23
修回日期: 2020-02-07
网络出版日期: 2020-06-30
基金资助
教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目(20YJC790009)
福建省社科规划项目(FJ2017B041)
Spatio-Temporal Evolution, Influencing Factors, and Diffusion Model of Golf Courses in China
Received date: 2019-04-23
Revised date: 2020-02-07
Online published: 2020-06-30
利用空间分析和数理统计等方法探究了1984—2016年中国高尔夫球场数量时空演变、影响因素和扩散模式。结果表明:1)球场数量变化经历了低速增长期、稳定增长期、加速增长期和紧缩期;2)球场空间分布范围经历了扩张期和收缩期,向北、向西扩散较为明显;3)目前球场主要分布在经济发展水平较高且外向型经济突出的长三角、珠三角和环渤海地区;4)人均GDP、人口规模、区域开放程度、交通优势度、气候类型和土地资源稀缺性与球场空间分布均呈显著正相关,其中交通优势度相关系数最大;5)高尔夫球场空间扩散模式兼具接触性扩散和等级性扩散。
金万富 , 何广静 , 陈乐 . 中国高尔夫球场时空演变、影响因素和扩散模式[J]. 热带地理, 2020 , 40(3) : 515 -524 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003234
This study examined the spatial diffusion of golf courses in mainland China from 1984 to 2016 through the application of spatial analysis and mathematical statistics. We found that since the early 1990s, the central government has introduced policies to limit course expansion. However, it was not until 2014 that the rapid national expansion of course construction was brought under control. Overall, the number of courses experienced a low-rate expansion period in 1984—1994, a steady expansion period in 1995—2004, an accelerated expansion period in 2005—2013, and a contraction period in 2014—2016. The spatial distribution of courses has also experienced expansion and contraction periods, with the most significant spreading occurring northward and westward. Golf courses are clearly clustered in China. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim region, and capital cities in central and western China that feature relatively high levels of economic development, more outward-looking economies, and dense populations have larger numbers of courses, indicating that the spatial distribution of golf courses in China is affected by socioeconomic factors. Correlation analysis further showed that socioeconomic factors such as per capita GDP, population size, regional openness, and transportation dominance are significantly positively related to the spatial distribution of courses, with transportation dominance having the greatest impact. There were 115 golf courses in six transport hub cities, accounting for 25.96% of the total. It is worth noting that despite the scarcity of land resources in China, local governments are interested in building courses to develop tourism and leisure industries and attract foreign investment. There is also a significant positive relationship between the scarcity of land resources and the spatial distribution of courses. The spatial diffusion model of courses was characterized by a degree of regularity. Specifically, courses first appeared in the coastal areas with developed economies and a high degree of openness to the outside world, and then spread to surrounding and inland areas, demonstrating obvious contact diffusion characteristics. In addition, metropolitan areas first built courses, and then surrounding lower-level cities also built courses in Bohai Rim and the Yangtze River Delta regions. The spatial state model further confirms that golf courses in China present obvious contact and hierarchical diffusion characteristics. This study’s findings promote a better understanding of the spatial diffusion patterns of golf courses in China since the reform and opening up and further enrich the theoretical study of the spatial diffusion of sports culture in Chinese human geography.
表1 中国主要城市交通枢纽类型和气候类型Table 1 Transportation hub level and climate type in major cities of China |
类型 | 地级(省)行政区 | |
---|---|---|
交通 枢纽 类型 | 全国性枢纽(6个) | 北京、广州、深圳、上海、天津、重庆 |
区域性枢纽(27个) | 合肥、福州、厦门、石家庄、郑州、哈尔滨、武汉、西安、长沙、长春、南京、沈阳、济南、成都、杭州等 | |
地区性枢纽(43个) | 南昌、太原、乌鲁木齐、昆明、南宁、贵阳、呼和浩特、株洲、珠海等 | |
普通城市(56个) | 黄山、六安、芜湖、宣城、龙岩、南平、莆田、潮州、揭阳、九江、银川等 | |
气候 类型 | 边缘热带(4个) | 湛江、海口、三亚、西双版纳 |
南亚热带(31个) | 南宁、广州、深圳、福州、厦门、汕头、泉州、漳州、东莞、惠州、中山市、珠海、桂林、清远、柳州等 | |
中亚热带(19个) | 重庆、成都、长沙、南昌、昆明、曲靖、保山、张家界等 | |
北亚热带(29个) | 贵阳、上海、合肥、武汉、南京、杭州、宁波、湖州、苏州、无锡、嘉兴、黄山、南通、常州、扬州、镇江等 | |
暖温带(35个) | 保定、沧州、廊坊、连云港、威海、太原、银川、石家庄、郑州、大连、济南、青岛、烟台、西安、北京、天津等 | |
中温带(13个) | 包头、呼和浩特、乌鲁木齐、白山、哈尔滨、长春、沈阳等 | |
高原亚温带(1个) | 海东 |
表2 最邻近距离分析结果Table 2 Results of the Neighborhood distance analysis |
指标 | 数值 |
---|---|
观测平均距离/m | 29 626.79 |
预期平均距离/m | 88 393.31 |
最邻近指数 | 0.335 |
Z值 | -26.77 |
P值 | 0.000 |
表3 空间状态模型参数估计结果Table 3 Estimation results of spatial state model parameters |
参数 | 全国 | 广东 | 环渤海 | 长三角 |
---|---|---|---|---|
(t) | -62.296 9***(-14.142 7) | 0.065 0***(4.204 3) | -38.061 4***(-3.137 2) | -4.856 5***(-2.628 3) |
(t) | 21.858 0***(4.962 2) | 0.009 4(0.606 0) | 17.417 4*(1.435 6) | 1.997 1(1.080 8) |
(t) | 0.206 4***(2.736 8) | -0.306 2**(-1.788 6) | 0.225 8(0.996 0) | 0.099 7(0.424 9) |
R 2 | 0.540 1 | 0.819 2 | 0.482 3 | 0.143 7 |
|
1 https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/xwfb/201701/t20170122_955321.html
2 http://www.shougolf.com
3 http://sports.sina.com.cn/golf/courses/
4 由于被要求整改类球场中地方政府和企业主动关闭的有11个,其他53个球场的具体位置、洞数和开业时间无法确定,故本研究对象未包括上述64个球场。
Adams R L A and Rooney J F.1985.Evolution of American Golf Facilities.Geographical Review, 75: 419-438.
|
Bale J.2003.Sports Geography.London: Routledge.
|
Browning R.1990.A History of Golf: The Royal and Ancient Game.London: A and C Black.
|
Gillmeister H.2002.Golf on the Rhine: On the Origins of Golf, with Sidelights on Polo.The International Journal of the History of Sport, 19: 2-30.
|
陈昆仑,刘小琼,陈庆玲,李军.2016.体育与地理空间的国内研究进展.热带地理,36(5):736-743.[Chen Kunlun, Liu Xiaoqiong, Chen Qingling and Li Jun.2016.Review of Domestic Research on Issues of Sports and Geographical Space Based on Human Geography Perspective.Tropical Geography, 36(5): 736-743.]
|
何莽,陈奕滨.2010.金融危机对我国高尔夫球场经营的影响及对策研究.北京体育大学学报,33(1):35-38.[He Mang and Chen Yibin.2010.A Research on the Influence of Financial Crisis on the Operation of Chinese Golf Course and Countermeasures.Journal of Beijing Sport University, 33(1): 35-38.]
|
何莽,陈奕滨,饶勇.2011.我国高尔夫球场发展和区域分布的影响因素分析.北京体育大学学报,34(1):122-125.[He Mang, Chen Yibing and Rao Yong.2011.An Analysis on the Factors Affecting the Regional Development and Distribution of Golf Courses.Journal of Beijing Sport University, 34(1): 122-125.]
|
何莽.2012.我国高尔夫政策变迁与效果研究.旅游学刊,27(8):68-77.[He Mang.2012.The Evolution and Effects of China Golf-Related Policies.Tourism Tribune, 27(8): 68-77.]
|
胡煜,李红昌.2017.交通枢纽对城市集聚经济的影响研究:基于中国地级市数据的实证研究.经济问题探索,(2):76-83.[Hu Yu and Li Hongchang.2017.Research on the Impact of Transportation Hubs on Urban Agglomeration Economy: An Empirical Study Based on the Data of Prefecture-Level Cities in China.Inquiry into Economic Issues, (2): 76-83.]
|
金万富,王少剑,邓神志,刘杨.2018.互联网技术应用对零售业空间组织影响研究进展.人文地理,33(3):1-10.[Jin Wanfu, Wang Shaojian, Deng Shenzhi and Liu Yang.2018.Review on the Impact of the Internet on Spatial Organization of Retail.Human Geography, 33(3): 1-10.]
|
李飞.2010.中国经济型连锁酒店空间扩散类型及其规律:接触扩散与等级扩散的理论视角.旅游学刊,25(8):52-58.[Li Fei.2010.On the Spatial Diffusion Types of China's Economical-Type Chain Hotels and Their Regulations: Perspective from the Theory of Contagious Diffusion and Hierarchy Diffusion.Tourism Tribune, 25(8): 52-58.]
|
李金昌,程开明.2008.等级扩散抑或传染扩散:国美连锁店的扩张之路兼与沃尔玛比较.财贸经济,28(3):104-109.[Li Jinchang and Chen Kaiming.2008.Hierarchical Diffusion or Contagious Diffusion: The Expansion Model of Gome and Comparison with Wal-Mart.Finance and Trade Economics, 28(3): 104-109.]
|
李玏,刘家明,王润,伍宇明.2013.北京市高尔夫旅游资源空间分布特征及影响因素.地理研究,32(10):1937-1947.[Li Le, Liu Jiaming, Wang Run and Wu Yuming.2013.Spatial Distribution and Its Influencing Factors of Golf Tourist Attractions in Beijing.Geographical Research, 32(10): 1937-1947.]
|
李小建,李国平,曾刚,覃成林,张文忠.2018.经济地理学.北京:高等教育出版社.[Li Xiaojian, Li Guoping, Zeng Gang, Qin Chenglin and Zhang Wenzhong.2018.Economic Geography.Beijing: Higher Education Press.]
|
廖宁.2008.中国高尔夫球场数量预测和发展研究.北京:北京林业大学.[Liao Ning.2008.Research on the Quantity Forecast and Development of Chinese Golf Courses.Beijing: Beijing Forestry University.]
|
Napton D E and Laingen C R.2008.Expansion of Golf Courses in the United States.Geographical Review, 98: 24-41.
|
Oldakowski R and Mcewen J W.2013.Diffusion of Disc Golf Courses in the United States.Geographical Review, 103: 355-371.
|
邵雪云,陈小蓉,毛振明.2010.我国高尔夫运动参与者社会特征及场地选择影响因素研究.天津体育学院学报,25(1):60-63.[Shao Xueyun, Chen Xiaorong and Mao Zhenming.2010.Social Characteristics of Golf Participants and Affect Factors of Choosing Golf Club in China.Journal of Tianjin University of Sport, 25(1): 60-63.]
|
谭受清.2004.高尔夫俱乐部管理.长沙:国防科技大学出版社.[Tan Shouqing.2004.Management of Golf Club.Changsha: NUDT Press.]
|
Tangen J O and Istad R M.2012.The Spread of a Rumour: The Growth and Diffusion of Golf in Norway.EJSS European Journal for Sport and Society, 9: 81-104.
|
王珏晗,周春山.2018.广州市商业型健身房空间分布及其影响因素.热带地理,38(1):120-130.[Wang Yuhan and Zhou Chunshan.2018.Spatial Distribution and Its Influential Factors of Commercial Fitness Clubs in Guangzhou.Tropical Geography, 38(1): 120-130.]
|
王明伟,张丹芳,吴香芝,李涛,吕翰光.2015.我国高尔夫产业发展现状与发展对策研究.体育与科学,36(6):41-47.[Wang Mingwei, Zhang Danfang, Wu Xiangzhi, Li Tao and Lv Hanguang.2015.Research on Situation and Countermeasures about Golf Industry in China.Journal of Sports and Science, 36(6): 41-47.]
|
王勇,于信芳,庄大方.2015.近30年北京市高尔夫球场时空变化特征.草业学报,24(8):188-198.[Wang Yong, Yu Xinfang and Zhuang Dafang.2015.Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Beijing Golf Courses over the Past 30 Years.Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 24(8): 188-198.]
|
吴亚初.2003.现代高尔夫运动发展特征及社会属性之窥见.北京体育大学学报,26(3):321-322.[Wu Yachu.2003.Detection of Characteristics and Social Property of Modern Golf Development.Journal of Beijing Sport University, 26(3): 321-322.]
|
郁小平.2005.中国高尔夫球俱乐部发展战略研究.广州:暨南大学.[Yu Xiaoping.2005.The Research of the Strategic Development of the Golf Club in China.Guangzhou: Jinan University.]
|
郁小平,夏洪生.2004.中外高尔夫球俱乐部发展条件比较及中国高尔夫球俱乐部发展预测.体育学刊,11(4):136-138.[Yu Xiaoping and Xia Hongsheng.2004.Comparison of Chinese and Foreign Golf Club Developmental Situation and Prediction.Journal of Physical Education, 11(4): 136-138.]
|
詹新寰,靳英华,詹国勇.2009.中国高尔夫产业市场集中度与市场绩效的分析.北京体育大学学报,32(9):25-28.[Zhan Xinhuan, Jin Yinghua and Zhan Guoyong.2009.An Analysis of Market Concentration and Market Performance of China Golf Industry.Journal of Beijing Sport University, 32(9): 25-28.]
|
张建会,孙班军.2015.中国高尔夫运动发展30年:回顾与展望.沈阳体育学院学报,34(3):49-54.[Zhang Jianhui and Sun Banjun.2015.30 Years' Development of Golf in China: Retrospect and Prospect.Journal of Shenyang Sport University, 34(3): 49-54.]
|
章仪.2013.基于空间自相关的我国高尔夫设施空间分布模式及影响因素挖掘研究.上海:上海体育学院.[Zhang Yi.2013.Spatial Distribution Pattern of Chinese Golf Facilities and Related Factors Exploration Based on Spatial Auto-Correlation Theory.Shanghai: Shanghai University of Sport.]
|
赵浩莤.2014.云南省高尔夫运动发展现状及对策研究.成都:成都体育学院.[Zhao Haoyou.2014.Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Golf Development in Yunnan Province.Chengdu: Chengdu Sport University.]
|
赵璐,赵作权.2014.基于特征椭圆的中国经济空间分异研究.地理科学,34(8):979-986.[Zhao Lu and Zhao Zuoquan.2014.Projecting the Spatial Variation of Economic Based on the Specific Ellipses in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 34(8): 979-986.]
|
周鹏.2011.海南高尔夫旅游发展的现状与对策.海南大学学报(人文社会科学版),29(4):7-12.[Zhou Peng.2011.Current Status and Strategy of Hainan Golf Tourism Development.Humanities and Social Sciences Journal of Hainan University, 29(4): 7-12.]
|
朱芳,苏勤.2011.国外高尔夫旅游研究进展及启示.地理科学进展,30(10):1305-1311.[Zhu Fang and Su Qin.2011.Progress and Enlightenments of Foreign Golf Tourism Study.Progress in Geography, 30(10): 1305-1311.]
|
朱怡.2017.中国高尔夫球场分布格局、规律及用地政策建议.现代城市研究,(10):31-35.[Zhu Yi.2017.A Research on the Influencing Factors and Spatial Layout Optimization of Golf Courses in China.Modern Urban Research, (10): 31-35.]
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |