空间正义视角下乡村权的概念框架与比较研究
戴燕归(1992―),女,湖南娄底人,博士研究生,主要从事收缩城市与社会公正研究,(E-mail)daiyangui_19a@foxmail.com; |
收稿日期: 2021-07-26
修回日期: 2021-11-17
网络出版日期: 2022-08-24
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(52078197)
The Conceptual Framework and a Comparative Study of "the Right to the Village" in the Search for Spatial Justice
Received date: 2021-07-26
Revised date: 2021-11-17
Online published: 2022-08-24
“乡村权”概念是近年空间正义研究在乡村地域进行理论延伸与实践检验的新领域,其通过揭示以土地为空间媒介的乡村权利剥夺现象,批判性分析乡村空间资源分配和空间生产过程中出现的非正义问题。延续激进地理学视角,文章聚焦“乡村土地”与“村民身份”两大问题,基于突尼斯、印度、黎巴嫩等南方国家,以及英国、法国、意大利等北方国家的案例,揭示村民在生产、生活及意识层面所处的非正义境况(即“被迫非农化”),并探寻村民为寻求空间正义所采取的个人或集体抗争方式(即“自发再农化”)。通过案例比较发现:1)南方国家与北方国家的乡村案例表现出的被迫非农化现象具有共性,其本质都是资本剥削导致的乡村土地和村民身份被剥夺;2)南方和北方国家的自发再农化手段存在差异,南方国家的村民主要采取法律途径或极端方式,北方国家则依托自上而下的国家政策保障与自下而上的地方能力建设。进而,归纳出乡村权三大内涵,即“占有权(拥有农地并进行农业生产)”“定居权(以村民的生活方式生活在乡村)”“参与权(自主决定是否非农化)”。最后,建议在中国乡村振兴中,通过科学知识共享、社区学习与合作等方式提升村民自身能力,实现村民在乡村空间占有、定居、参与的权利和自由,回应国家提升“农民主体地位”的号召。
戴燕归 , 周恺 . 空间正义视角下乡村权的概念框架与比较研究[J]. 热带地理, 2022 , 42(8) : 1314 -1323 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003534
The concept of "the right to the village (RTV)" is a recent extension of the Spatial Justice theory, i.e., the right to the city in particular, into the rural context, which critically reveals and investigates the deprivation of spatial rights in the allocation of spatial resources (mainly land) and the production of rural spaces. By adopting the critical perspective of radical geographers, this study conceptualizes the RTV through focusing on power struggles in the possessing of "rural land" and in the defense and redefining of "villagers' identity". This study was based on a review of the case studies of countries in the Global South, i.e., Tunisia, India, and Lebanon, as well as those of countries in the Global North, i.e., Great Britain, France, and Italy. Firstly, the study critically examined the difficult situations of villagers in maintaining their production system, living environment, and state-of-mind in expanding urban territory and mindset, using the term "forced depeasantization". Secondly, it explored the individual or collective struggles of villagers in the search for spatial justice, which was termed "voluntary repeasantization", including actively striving for land rights and interests using formal or informal means and silently guarding their identity as farmers explicitly and implicitly. By comparing available case studies, analysis revealed that the forced depeasantization in the Global South and Global North share one common aspect, in which the essence of all is the deprivation of rural land and villagers' identity caused by capitalist exploitation. Meanwhile, their experiences are different in terms of voluntary repeasantization adopted in contexts. In the Global South, villagers choose to demonstrate their "rights" through legal channels or extreme ways, while in the Global North, villagers assert their "rights" by relying on top-down national policy and bottom-up local capacity-building. Thirdly, this study summarized the theoretical framework of the RTV, which lays out the three pillars of the RTV, which are "appropriation" (the right to own land and carry out agricultural production), "inhabitation" (the right to live in the countryside in the villagers' lifestyle), and "participation" (the right to decide whether to quit agriculture) of rural spaces. Last, but not least, this study attempted to apply the RTV to domestic rural issues. The findings suggest that, in China, the guarantee of top-down national policy is the most important way to seek spatial justice in rural areas. However, villagers' rights to appropriate, inhabit, and participate in rural development are just as important as anywhere else in the revitalization of rural China. Therefore, it is advised that knowledge sharing, community learning, and participatory decision-making should be emphasized in rural policy, as key practical methods to embody the farmers' principal position in the process.
表1 全球南方国家和北方国家案例的共性与差异Table 1 similarity and differences of the cases of Global South and Global North |
案例 | 被迫非农化 | 自发再农化 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
特征 | 共性 | 特征 | 差异 | |||
南 方 国 家 | 突尼斯 雷格布地区 | 传统农耕生产和非正规交易活动受到资本家、腐败政客的阻拦。 | 本质上都是受资本剥削后引发的非正义现象。 | 法律诉讼;自焚;游街。 | 村民个人或集体主要采取法律途径或极端方式。 | |
印度 那格浦尔地区 | 土地补偿的不公正和搬迁后的非农化生活。 | 法律诉讼。 | ||||
黎巴嫩 西奈村 | 难以负担起高额的土地租售价格,被迫选择进城务工。 | 法律诉讼;与地主和外来土地投机者谈判;动用武力。 | ||||
北 方 国 家 | 英国 赫特福德郡和达特穆尔国家公园 | 城市人口的进入和本地村民的流离失所。 | 成立社区土地信托。 | 国家政策的支持和村民集体能力的发挥。 | ||
法国 荒地圣母镇 | 村庄土地和生态保护区被大型项目占用。 | 利用科学知识、集体实践、哲学话语等方式。 | ||||
意大利 贾拉塔纳村 | 农业现代化对传统农耕生产模式的“挤压”。 | 多样化种植;建立市场和知识网络。 |
1 《International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences》(Second Edition)将“自治”定义为:一个人能够利用自己的资源追求生活目标的状态。
2 受印度
戴燕归:案例资料收集与整理,研究框架搭建,全文撰写及修改;
周 恺:明确研究选题,把握论文整体框架,完善研究构思。
感谢匿名评审专家对本文研究框架构建、案例梳理与优化、图表完善等方面提出的切实、中肯的意见,这使本文的内容质量获得极大提升。参考文献(References):
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