中国亲生亲卖犯罪的时空格局与决策机制
徐锋(1995-),男,安徽淮南人,硕士研究生,研究方向为犯罪地理与社区大数据,(E-mail)1532643304@qq.com; |
收稿日期: 2022-06-09
修回日期: 2022-08-23
网络出版日期: 2022-10-07
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42271239)
西北大学“人地关系与空间安全”特色优势团队建设项目(2019)
Spatiotemporal Pattern and Criminal Decision-Making Mechanism of Offense of Selling Offspring in China
Received date: 2022-06-09
Revised date: 2022-08-23
Online published: 2022-10-07
基于“中国裁判文书网”拐卖儿童犯罪案例数据,综合运用数理统计、空间分析等方法探究中国亲生亲卖犯罪的时空特征与决策机制。结果表明:1)被卖儿童呈现“低龄化”特征,多以1岁以内婴儿为主,男童远多于女童;出卖人多为中青年男性或青年女性,以无业、农民和工人群体为主,主要通过熟人社会网络/特殊职业群体/拐卖犯罪人介绍、借助网络媒介主动联系、或经买家/中间人诱导劝说将子女出卖给具有强烈需求的买方。出卖原因包括经济困难、未婚生育、子女众多、中介拉拢、偿还债务等。2)时间演变上,犯罪年变化可划分为稳序低发,快速增长、持续高发,平稳下降3个阶段;月变化上出生和出卖时间呈现同步变化趋势。3)空间分布上,呈现以“四川―山东―福建”为核心的“三源”拐出,以“山东―福建”为核心的“南北两汇”拐入的空间格局;迁移路径上,总体呈现“西南源区省际拐出,南北汇区省内流动”的特征,省际迁移多在利益驱动下由拐卖犯罪集团主导,省内流动多因满足买卖需求由临时一次性结伙犯罪形成。4)亲生亲卖犯罪主要受背景因素、先前经验和情景诱导的综合影响,由潜在犯罪人在决策评估“收益-成本-风险”后作出有限理性选择。
徐锋 , 李钢 , 洪丹丹 , 徐嘉辉 , 周俊俊 , 夏海 . 中国亲生亲卖犯罪的时空格局与决策机制[J]. 热带地理, 2022 , 42(9) : 1488 -1499 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003547
With the rapid development of the economic and social situation and the improvement of public security defense and governance, the quantity of cases of child trafficking by means of theft, forcible robbery, and deception has decreased significantly, and the offense of selling offspring has shown an obvious increasing trend. Based on the case data of child trafficking crime on the website of Chinese Judicial Documents, this study examines the spatiotemporal pattern and criminal decision-making mechanism of offense of selling offspring. The results are as follows: (1) Sold children are characterized by "younger age," most of them are zero-year-old infants, and males are far more represented than females. Most sellers are young and middle-aged men or young women, mainly unemployed, farmers and workers. They sell their offspring to buyers with strong demand through social networks of acquaintances, special occupational groups, traffickers, network media, or persuasion by buyers/intermediaries. The reasons for selling include economic difficulties, out of wedlock birth, extra births, intermediary solicitation, debt repayment. (2) Temporally, the annual change of crime can be divided into three stages: stable sequence and low incidence, rapid growth and sustained high incidence, and steady decline, which are mainly affected by China's population policy, action on combating trafficking, and the development of the website of Chinese Judicial Documents. The monthly change presents a synchronous trend on the birth and betrayal time of the children, with spring and summer being more represented than autumn and winter. (3) Spatially, the origin region of selling presents the pattern of "three sources" with "Sichuan-Shandong-Fujian" as the core, and the destination region of selling presents the pattern of "North-South two sinks" with "Shandong-Fujian" as the core on the macro level. Microscopically, it occurs in closed spaces with a frequent flow of people, and residential buildings and open spaces with a frequent flow of people. The overall trafficking path is "inter-provincial flowing out from the southwest source area and intra-provincial flow of the South-North sink area." Inter-provincial migration is mostly driven by interests and is dominated by trafficking criminal groups, while intra-provincial migration is mostly formed by temporary one-time gang crimes to meet the needs of buying and selling. (4) Based on the theory of rational choice, this study constructs a decision-making framework for the offense of selling offspring, and finds that the crime is mainly affected by the comprehensive influence of background factors, previous experience, and situational induction, and the bounded rational choice made by potential criminals under the decision-making evaluation of "benefit-cost-risk." After deciding to sell their children, potential criminals will choose the appropriate time, place, and way to maximize interests.
表1 亲生亲卖犯罪基本特征Table 1 Basic characteristics of the offense of selling offspring |
主体 | 特征 | 人数 | 占比/% | 特征 | 人数 | 占比/% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
受害人(共 1 057 人) | 性别 | 男 | 682 | 64.52 | 与出卖人关系 | 父母 | 397 | 37.56 |
女 | 368 | 34.82 | 父亲 | 356 | 33.68 | |||
不详 | 7 | 0.66 | 母亲 | 246 | 23.27 | |||
年龄/岁 | <1 | 872 | 82.50 | (外)祖父母 | 33 | 3.12 | ||
1 | 64 | 6.05 | 父母一方和(外)祖父母 | 25 | 2.37 | |||
2 | 18 | 1.70 | ||||||
>2 | 25 | 2.37 | ||||||
不详 | 78 | 7.38 | ||||||
出卖人 (共 797 人) | 性别-年龄结构 | 男 | 458 | 57.47 | 是否有前科 | 是(盗窃罪、毒品犯罪、强奸罪、诈骗罪等) | 98 | 12.30 |
青年 | 101 | 22.05 | 文化程度 | 小学及以下 | 353 | 44.30 | ||
中青年 | 119 | 25.98 | 初中 | 159 | 19.95 | |||
中年 | 80 | 17.47 | 高中/中专 | 30 | 3.76 | |||
中老年 | 23 | 5.02 | 大专及以上 | 10 | 1.25 | |||
不详 | 135 | 29.48 | 不详 | 245 | 30.74 | |||
女 | 339 | 42.53 | 职业 | 无业 | 147 | 18.44 | ||
青年 | 127 | 37.46 | 农民 | 303 | 38.02 | |||
中青年 | 74 | 21.83 | 工人 | 65 | 8.16 | |||
中年 | 32 | 9.44 | 个体户、司机等 | 15 | 1.88 | |||
中老年 | 15 | 4.43 | 不详 | 267 | 33.50 | |||
不详 | 91 | 26.84 | ||||||
出卖类型 | 未婚生育,婚外生育,离婚后生育,因经济困难、法律意识淡薄、不想抚养等出卖;婚内生育,因子女众多、超生罚款、经济困难等出卖;因牟利出卖;因生育观念影响,未达到性别生育意愿出卖 | |||||||
出卖诱因 | 发生矛盾、离婚、熟人/中介/买方劝说等 | |||||||
出卖方式 | 联系熟人(亲戚、朋友、同乡等)/特殊职业群体(医生、护士、媒人等)/拐卖犯罪群体介绍,网络媒介联系,买家/居间介绍人主动联系 | |||||||
收买人 (共 341 人) | 性别-年龄结构 | 男 | 172 | 50.44 | 文化程度 | 小学及以下 | 145 | 42.52 |
青年 | 8 | 4.65 | 初中 | 92 | 26.98 | |||
中青年 | 45 | 26.16 | 高中/中专 | 27 | 7.92 | |||
中年 | 54 | 31.40 | 大专及以上 | 11 | 3.23 | |||
中老年 | 34 | 20.35 | 不详 | 66 | 19.35 | |||
不详 | 30 | 17.44 | 职业 | 无业 | 46 | 13.49 | ||
女 | 149 | 43.70 | 农民 | 156 | 45.75 | |||
青年 | 9 | 6.04 | 工人 | 39 | 11.44 | |||
中青年 | 35 | 23.49 | 个体户、司机等 | 10 | 2.93 | |||
中年 | 43 | 28.86 | 老师、医生 | 10 | 2.93 | |||
中老年 | 41 | 27.52 | 其他 | 8 | 2.35 | |||
不详 | 20 | 5.86 | 不详 | 72 | 21.11 | |||
收买类型 | 因无法生育、常年无子女、传统观念等收买;帮亲戚/朋友/老板等买子;二次转卖 |
表2 亲生亲卖犯罪微观地点分布特征Table 2 Micro-level distribution of the offense of selling offspring |
分类 | 地点(占比/%) | 占比/% |
---|---|---|
人员流动频繁的开放型空间 | 路边/路口(6.79)、车站(3.26)、公园(1.90)、桥上(1.36)、广场(0.82)、停车场(0.54)、市场(0.54)、公厕(0.27) | 15.48 |
人员流动频繁的封闭型空间 | 医院(44.29)、宾馆(10.33)、饭店(4.89)、诊所(1.36)、娱乐场所(0.82) | 61.69 |
人员稳定的封闭型空间 | 工地厂区(1.36)、学校(0.54)、银行(0.54) | 2.44 |
居民住宅 | 家里(7.61)、出租屋(6.25)、村庄里(4.08)、小区(1.36) | 19.30 |
空旷环境 | 山上(0.82)、河边(0.27) | 1.09 |
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1 https://wenshu.court.gov.cn/
2 http://www.ngcc.cn/ngcc/
3 收益是出卖亲生子女能够获取的高额钱财和对现实困境(经济困难、名誉危机和生育需求等)的解决;成本是出卖行为带来的道德、心理、物质和法律上的惩罚;风险是犯罪被发现、举报和严厉惩罚的不确定性。
徐 锋:负责数据采集、分析与图件制作、论文撰写与修改;
李 钢:提供论文方向性的指导及基金支持;
洪丹丹、徐嘉辉:参与数据采集与分析、论文审阅及修改;
周俊俊、夏 海:参与论文思路讨论、协助收集和整理资料。
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