跨境旅游对国家旅游形象认知的影响
周雯婷(1986—),女,广东茂名人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为社会地理学、跨国移民研究,(E-mail)lyzhouwt86@ gzhu.edu.cn; |
收稿日期: 2021-01-18
修回日期: 2021-07-05
网络出版日期: 2022-11-30
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41901190)
Impacts of Outbound Tourism on National Tourism Image: A Case Study of Chinese Mainland's Tourists Travelling to Japan
Received date: 2021-01-18
Revised date: 2021-07-05
Online published: 2022-11-30
通过网络文本分析法,探讨中国大陆游客在赴日旅游前后如何重构对日本的国家旅游形象认知,并梳理其赴日旅游活动对日本社会经济的影响。研究发现:1)以赴日旅游为媒介的中日间直接接触,有助于中国大陆游客打破媒体构建的日本固有形象,形成较为积极的对日旅游形象认知,这主要得益于日本将入境游作为主动的地缘战略,推行对华“观光外交”政策;2)赴日旅游给日本带来可观经济效应的同时,其带来的社会问题也降低了日本国民的对华好感,这也意味着中国的出境游尚未成为输出中国价值观和民族文化的战略工具。随着旅游全球化的深度发展,需要重视旅游地缘政治战略,提升中国出境游在改善他国国民对华印象的作用。
周雯婷 , 刘云刚 , 邓诗悦 . 跨境旅游对国家旅游形象认知的影响[J]. 热带地理, 2022 , 42(11) : 1943 -1952 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003576
With the rapid development of the Chinese economy, Chinese residents' willingness to travel has been rising. In 2012, China became the biggest tourist source country for outbound tourism in the world. In 2019, 9.594 million mainland Chinese tourists visited Japan, ranking Japan as the second most popular tourist destination country for this group, after Thailand. Despite the complicated relations between China and Japan and the low level of mutual goodwill between the two nations, the number of mainland Chinese tourists visiting Japan has been continuously increasing in recent years, which makes this a geopolitical tourism phenomenon worth exploring. Through online text analysis, the research first explored how mainland Chinese tourists reconstruct the national tourism image perceptions of Japan before and after their visits to Japan, answering the question of how tourism activities affect the subject's (tourists') tourism image perceptions of the object (tourist destination). Second, just as tourism activities can have an impact on the socio-economy of a destination, they can simultaneously affect the destination's residents' perceptions of the source country. This study attempts to answer the question of how tourism activities affect these perceptions by evaluating the socioeconomic impact of mainland Chinese tourists' activities in Japan through literature and press materials. The study determines that mainland Chinese tourists approach and understand Japanese society based on their own travel activities in Japan, forming and changing their perceptions of Japan's tourism image in three stages; cognitive acquisition, cognitive processing, and cognitive change. The changes are mainly reflected in the strengthening of their perceptions of Japanese food and urban infrastructure, adjusting their perceptions of Sino-Japanese relations, and creating new perceptions of Japan's tourist attractions, humane atmosphere, and cultural history. The direct contact between China and Japan through tourism has helped mainland Chinese tourists break the media-constructed image of Japan and form a more positive perception of Japan, mainly because of Japan's proactive geostrategy of inbound tourism and its policy of "tourism diplomacy" with China. The study further determines that, although "tourism to Japan" has benefited Japan's economy, the social problems brought by it have reduced Japanese nationals' favorable feelings toward China, implying that China's outbound tourism has not yet become a strategic tool for exporting Chinese values and national culture. In conclusion, the study suggests that globalization and tourism have made tourism an important part of geopolitics and that it is necessary to focus on tourism-related geopolitical strategies to enhance the positive role of Chinese outbound tourism in improving how other countries form their perceptions about China.
表1 基于网络文本分析的对日旅游形象认知Table 1 National tourism Image of Japan based on text analysis |
文本语句举例 | 概念化 | 影响作用 | 认知阶段 |
---|---|---|---|
“我从日本观光旅游局上了解到日本的匠人精神,他们重复钻研同一项技艺,几十年如一日,值得敬佩”(D501) | 搜集信息(官方营销) | 形成预期认知 | 认知 获取 |
“女儿自从去年去了日本后,说到日本,都赞不绝口……本来我不喜欢日本,但渐渐也有了‘日本值得一去’的想法,开始期待日本之行”(C338) | 非官方口碑信息 | ||
“我坐在寂静的茶室里体验日本茶道,看着简朴的茶器里承载着纯净的茶水……品一碗清茶,体会心平气和、坦诚相待,真正领悟到了日式茶道‘一期一会’的精神”(E645) | 现场体验 | 通过实践,验证预期认知 | |
“对日本的送客服务印象很深,从酒店离开时,车开远了但工作人员还在挥手,他们真的是把礼貌刻画于心”(D474); “日本人非常友善,有一次问路,他看我听得不是很明白,便直接带我到了目的地”(D563) | 人际互动 | ||
“之前去东京、大阪,觉得日本就像个亲切温和的大叔,这次去涩谷、新宿的商业街,真是热闹欢快,像朋克的世界,倒觉得日本是个青春洋溢的少女,多元、开放和时尚”(A152) | 比拟 | 主观理解认知 | 认知 加工 |
“不同于中国的座便,日本的座便全部都是温热的,还附有很多功能,非常人性化”(F801) | 对比 | ||
“京都的气候、建筑、文化和古洛阳真的很相似,惊异其还能保存得如此完好……在日本的任何一个城市,都能看见人们很有秩序地在排队”(H1231) | 聚类 | ||
“看见哈利波特的魔法杖,就想起在日本大阪环球影城快乐的时光”(H1265) | 追忆 | ||
“一直以来受到的教育都使我对日本印象不好,之前听高晓松的节目‘晓松说’介绍日本很多厉害的地方,这次去了日本,确实如其所说,很多方面值得学习”(D627) | 强化 | 重新塑造认知 | 认知 变化 |
“撇开历史纠葛,这次的日本之行让我觉得日本是一个精致的、礼貌的、先进的、想一去再去的国家”(G1102) | 调整 | ||
“日本不只有樱花、红叶,日式建筑重视自然和谐的‘物哀’‘幽玄’的极致美学精神,也很令人感动”(H1208) | 新建 |
表2 对日旅游形象认知的要素变化Table 2 National tourism image of Japan' factor change |
认知要素 | 强化/% | 调整/% | 新建/% | 总计/条 |
---|---|---|---|---|
旅游景点 | 37 | 16.4 | 46.6 | 146 |
饮食 | 63.3 | 13.3 | 23.3 | 60 |
城市基础设施 | 56.3 | 25 | 18.8 | 80 |
人情氛围 | 33.3 | 16.3 | 50.3 | 153 |
文化历史 | 36.5 | 16.2 | 47.3 | 167 |
中日关系 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 70 |
表3 赴日中国大陆游客的消费额及占比(2010―2019年)Table 3 Expenditure and its proportion of Mainland Chinese tourists in Japan (2010-2019) |
年份 | 人均消费额/万日元 | 购物支出/万日元 | 消费额/亿日元 | 占入境游客总消费额的比例/% | 消费总额排名 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 17.7 | 8.7 | 2 498 | 21.7 | 1 |
2011 | 18.8 | 8.8 | 1 964 | 24.1 | 1 |
2012 | 18.8 | 9.6 | 2 688 | 24.7 | 1 |
2013 | 21 | 11 | 2 759 | 19.5 | 1 |
2014 | 23.2 | 12.7 | 5 583 | 27.5 | 1 |
2015 | 28.4 | 16.2 | 14 174 | 40.8 | 1 |
2016 | 23.2 | 12.3 | 14 754 | 39.4 | 1 |
2017 | 23 | 11.9 | 16 947 | 38.4 | 1 |
2018 | 22.5 | 11.2 | 15 370 | 34.1 | 1 |
2019 | 21.3 | 10.9 | 17 704 | 36.8 | 1 |
资料来源:日本观光局JNTO. https://www.jnto.go.jp/jpn/ |
1 https://www.qyer.com/
2 https://report.iresearch.cn/report/201412/2296.shtml
3 数据来源:日本国家经验(https://place.qyer.com/japan/review/)、城市印象点评板块(https://place.qyer.com/japan/citylist-0-0-1/)、日本游记精华帖(https://place.qyer.com/japan/travel-notes/best/)。
4 观光外交,也即一国政府通过颁布法律、出台政策、调整机构等方式,对内扶持观光产业,对外便利游客来访,以达到促进本国经济发展、增进外国民众对本国了解与认同,进而实现既定国家战略与国家利益的公共外交行为。
周雯婷:主导论文设计,论文初稿撰写;
刘云刚:研究框架设计,论文质量把控,提供论文修改意见;
邓诗悦:文本数据收集、分析,第三章内容的撰写;图表制作。
Aghazamani Y and Hunt C A. 2015. Beyond Historical Adversaries: Exploring New Grounds for Peace through Tourism between Iran and the US. Tourism Culture & Communication, 15(1): 59-64.
|
蔡亮,俞东阳. 2019. 日本对华“观光外交”的模式、成效及启示. 太平洋学报,27(3):22-36.
Cai Liang and Yu Dongyang. 2019. The Model and Effect of Japan's 'Tourism Diplomacy' to China and the Enlightenment to China. Pacific Journal, 27(3): 22-36.
|
戴斌,蒋依依,杨丽琼,马仪亮. 2013. 中国出境旅游发展的阶段特征与政策选择. 旅游学刊,28(1):39-45.
Dai Bin, Jiang Yiyi, Yang Liqiong and Ma Yiliang. 2013. Stage Characteristics and Policy Choices of China's Outbound Tourism Development. Tourism Tribune, 28(1): 39-45.
|
戴二彪. 2012. 訪日中国人観光客の旅行先分布と影響要因. 北九州発アジア情報,23(1):1-12.
Dai Erbiao. 2012. The Spatial Pattern and Influence Factors of Chinese Tourist in Japan. Center for Asian Information in North Kyushu, 23(1): 1-12.
|
Graburn N. 2019. 旅游想象:关于旅游目的地的形象认知. 中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),39(1):58-63.
Graburn N. 2019. Imagination in Tourism: Image Cognition on Tourism Destination. Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences), 39(1): 58-63.
|
Gu Liping. 2018. China, Japan Mark 40th Anniversary of Treaty of Peace and Friendship. (2018-08-13)[2020-10-20]. http://www.ecns.cn/news/politics/2018-08-13/detail-ifywwxaw2293339.shtml.
|
郭英之,陈芸,黄剑锋,苏勇. 2015. 基于多维交互决策树模型的赴日旅游意愿研究. 旅游学刊,30(1):42-53.
Guo Yingzhi, Chen Yun, Huang Jianfeng and Su Yong. 2015. Travel Intentions of Chinese Residents to Japan Based on a Multidimensional Interactive Decision Tree Model. Tourism Tribune, 30(1): 42-53.
|
Hall D R. 1995. Eastern Europe: Tourism/Leisure Perspectives-An Introduction. In: Leslie D. Tourism and Leisure: Towards the Millennium. Eastbourne UK: Leisure Study Association, 3-10.
|
金玉实. 2017. 中国大陆游客的赴日旅游活动空间格局. 世界地理研究,26(2):110-118.
Jin Yushi. 2017. Spatial Pattern of Chinese Tourist Behavioral Space in Japan. World Regional Studies, 26(2): 110-118.
|
Kim S S, Prideaux B and Prideaux J. 2007. Using Tourism to Promote Peace on the Korean Peninsula. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2): 291-309.
|
Kim S S, Prideaux B and Timothy D. 2016. Factors Affecting Bilateral Chinese and Japanese Travel. Annals of Tourism Research, 61:80-95.
|
李益斌. 2017. 中日舆情变化的影响因素:基于GMM模型. 情报科学,35(11):136-142.
Li Yibin. 2017. The Influence Factors for the Change of Sino-Japanese Public Opinion: Based on GMM Model. Information Science, 35(11): 136-142.
|
林涛. 2009. 中国公民赴日旅游的几大问题. 中国校外教育,(10):56.
Lin Tao. 2009. The Problems of Mainland Chinese Tourists in Japan. Education for Chinese After-School, (10): 56.
|
菱田のぞみ,日比野直彦,森地茂. 2012. 訪問地選択の多様性に着目した訪日中国人旅行者の居住地別観光行動の時系列分析. 土木計画学研究・論文集,68(5):667-677.
Hishida Nozomi, Hibino Naohiko and Morichi Shigeru. 2012. Chinese Tourists in Japan: Time-Series Analysis in Their Destination Choices and Its Multiplicities. Civil Planning Studies, 68(5): 667-677.
|
刘云刚,宋宗员. 2019. 旅游地缘政治研究进展与展望. 热带地理,39(6):931-941.
Liu Yungang and Song Zongyuan. 2019. Progress and Trends in Tourism Geopolitics. Tropical Geography, 39(6): 931-941.
|
纽约时报中文网. 2016. 日本百姓如何看待中国游客. (2016-03-08)[2020-10-20]. https://cn.nytimes.com/asia-pacific/20160308/cc08kato/.
New York Times-Chinese. 2016. How Japanese People Viewed Mainland Chinese Tourists. (2016-03-08)[2020-10-20]. https://cn.nytimes.com/asia-pacific/20160308/cc08kato/.
|
朴志娜,江扬,吴必虎,Alastair M. 2018. 国际游客对中国的地理想象构建与旅游动机. 旅游学刊,33(9):38-48.
Park Jinah, Kong Yeung, Wu Bihu and Alastair M. 2018. International Tourists’ Geographical Imagination on China and Its Impact on Their Tourism Motivation. Tourism Tribune, 33(9): 38-48.
|
Pizam A, Jafari J and Milman A. 1991. Influence of Tourism on Attitudes: Us Students Visiting USSR. Tourism Management, 12(1): 47-54.
|
人民网日文版. 2015. 日本人谈中国游客“涌入”. (2015-04-14)[2020-10-20]. http://japan.people.com.cn/n/2015/0414/c368549-26839865.html.
People's Daily Online. 2015. Japanese People Taking about the Influx of Mainland Chinese Tourists. (2015-04-14) [2020-10-20]. http://japan.people.com.cn/n/2015/0414/c368549-26839865.html.
|
人民网日文版. 2015.国庆赴日游火热背后隐现日本旅游接待力瓶颈. (2015-10-05)[2020-10-20]. http://japan.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2015/1005/c35469-27663957.html.
People's Daily Online. 2015. Japan's Tourism Capacity Meets Hidden Bottleneck Challenged by the Hot Tourism to Japan during Chinese National Day. (2015-10-05) [2020-10-20]. http://japan.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2015/1005/c35469-27663957.html.
|
日本首相官邸. 2013. 日本复兴战略2013. (2013-02-10)[2020-10-20]. https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/keizaisaisei/kettei.html#saikou2013.
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. 2013. Japan Revitalization Strategy 2013. (2013-02-10) [2020-10-20]. https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/keizaisaisei/kettei.html#saikou2013.
|
日本観光局JNTO. 2020. 訪日旅行データハンドブック2020年. (2020-10-01)[2020-12-10]. https://www.jnto.go.jp/jpn/statistics/data_info_listing/index.html.
Japan National Tourism Organization. 2020. Annual Report of Japan Outbound Tourism Development 2020. (2020-10-01) [2020-12-10]. https://www.jnto.go.jp/jpn/statistics/data_info_listing/index.html.
|
王君怡,吴晋峰,王阿敏. 2018. 旅游目的地形象认知过程——基于扎根理论的探索性研究. 人文地理,33(6):152-160.
Wang Junyi, Wu Jinfeng and Wang A'min. 2018. Process of the Tourist Destination Image Elements: An Exploratory Study Based on Grounded Theory. Human Geography, 33(6): 152-160.
|
王领,苟晓敏. 2018. 中国游客赴日旅游消费的影响因素研究——基于X12-ARIMA模型的分析. 山东财经大学学报,30(2):86-104.
Wang Ling and Gou Xiaomin. 2018. A Research on Factors Influencing Overseas Travelling Consumption from China to Japan Based on the X12-ARIMA Model. Journal of Shandong University of Finance and Economics, 30(2): 86-104.
|
王亚力,王楚君. 2018. 中国大陆游客访日目的地的热度分区及变化趋势. 世界地理研究,27(1):151-158.
Wang Yali and Wang Chujun. 2018. Popularity-Based Destination Segmentation of Tourists from Mainland China to Japan and Its Tendency. World Regional Studies, 27(1): 151-158.
|
Weaver D B. 2010. Geopolitical Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 1(35): 47-53.
|
吴晋峰. 2014. 旅游目的地形象“拼图”及测评方法. 陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),42(6):85-93.
Wu Jinfeng. 2014. Jigsaw Puzzle of Tourism Destination Image and Its Evaluation Index. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 42(6): 85-93.
|
言論NPO. 2020. 第16回日中共同世論調査. (2020-10-01)[2020-12-10]. https://www.genron-npo.net/world/archives/9354-2.html[Japan Genron NPO. 2020. The 16th Sino-Japanese Public Opinion Research. (2020-10-01) [2020-12-10]. https://www.genron-npo.net/world/archives/9354-2.html.]
|
杨旸,刘宏博,李想. 2016. 文化距离对旅游目的地选择的影响——以日本和中国大陆出境游为例. 旅游学刊,31(10):45-55.
Yang Yang, Liu Hongbo and Li Xiang. 2016. The Influences of National Cultural Distance on International Destination Choice of Japanese and Chinese Residents. Tourism Tribune, 31(10): 45-55.
|
杨一翁,孙国辉,陶晓波. 2017. 国家目的地形象和出境旅游意向. 经济管理,39(4):143-158.
Yang Yiweng, Sun Guohui and Tao Xiaobo. 2017. Country, Destination Image and Outbound Travel Intention. Business Management Journal, 39(4): 143-158.
|
叶文蔚. 2013. 上海居民赴日旅游决策影响因素分析与实证研究. 上海:复旦大学.
Ye Wenwei. 2013. Travel Decision Influencing Factors of Shanghai Residents to Japan. Shanghai: Fudan University.
|
张阳,龚先洁,杨望暾. 2017. 中国游客赴日本旅游需求变动趋势研究. 河南科学,35(9):1543-1549.
Zhang Yang, Gong Xianjie and Yang Wangtun. 2017. A Trend Study on Chinese Tourists' Travel Demand in Japan. Henan Science, 35(9): 1543-1549.
|
張国峰. 2018. 訪日中国人観光客による爆買いに関する一考察. 東アジア評論,(10):105-117.
Zhang Guofeng. 2018. The Studies on 'Bakugai' of Chinese Tourist in Japan. East Aisa Review, (10): 105-117.
|
趙蓮. 2014. 訪日中国人個人観光者の観光行動に関する研究. 立教観光学研究紀要,16:93-94.
Zhao Lian. 2014. The Study on the Traveling Behavior of Chinese Individual Tourist to Japan. St. Paul's Annals of Tourism Research, 16: 93-94.
|
中国旅游研究院. 2018. 中国出境旅游发展年度报告2018. 北京:旅游教育出版社.
China Tourism Academy. 2018. Annual Report of China Outbound Tourism Development 2018. Beijing: Tourism Education Press.
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |