改革开放以来中国地级市设置的空间特征及存在问题
赵彪(1990—),男,河南新郑人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事行政区划与边疆城镇化研究,(E-mail)zhaobiao@cass.org.cn; |
收稿日期: 2021-12-19
修回日期: 2022-04-18
网络出版日期: 2023-06-13
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目“中国开发区与行政区演化的空间识别及动力机制研究”(42201249)
上海市哲学社会科学规划课题“新时代中国开发区的多尺度时空格局及其演化机制研究”(2021EGL002)
中央高校基本科研业务费项目“基于GIS与空间生产理论的中国开发区演化机制研究”(2021ECNU-YYJ006)
Spatial Characteristics and Existing Problems of China's Prefecture-Level Cities Since Reform and Opening-Up
Received date: 2021-12-19
Revised date: 2022-04-18
Online published: 2023-06-13
地级市设置是中国现代化进程中社会结构转型的重大空间成果,地级市布局结构优化是深化供给侧结构性改革的内在要求,对构建科学合理的城市化格局具有重要意义。文章采用政区相似系数、标准差椭圆模型等方法,对地级市设置的空间特征及存在问题进行了探讨。结果表明:1)在空间特征方面,改革开放以来中国地级市设置受政策因素的影响较大,仍基本延续着原地区建制的空间范围,呈现自东向西、由沿海向内陆逐渐推进的趋势。2)由于设市模式的差异,在不同程度上造成地级以上行政中心设置过近、“小马拉大车”和“大马拉小车”等问题,随着城市化水平的提升,这些问题也在日益凸显。3)中国地级市空间分布生成于工业化与城镇化背景下的地域型政区,发展于城乡差异与跨界合作的战略转型,并在地域重构与尺度重组中面临区划调整的创新挑战。4)地级市设置的“空间”问题在一定程度上导致经济社会发展体制成本的提高,未来应从更大范围统筹考虑生产力布局,必要时可开展地级行政区划调整。
赵彪 , 庄良 , 王开泳 . 改革开放以来中国地级市设置的空间特征及存在问题[J]. 热带地理, 2023 , 43(5) : 795 -807 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003676
The establishment of prefecture-level cities is a major spatial achievement of the social structure transformation in the process of modernization in China. The optimization of the layout structure of such cities is an inherent requirement for deepening supply-side structural reform and is of great significance to the construction of a scientific and reasonable urbanization pattern. Using the district similarity coefficient and standard deviation ellipse model, this study discusses the spatial characteristics and existing problems of prefecture-level city setting. The results reveal the following: 1) In terms of spatial characteristics, since the reform and opening-up, the setting of prefecture-level cities in China has been greatly affected by policy factors, exhibiting a gradual trend of advancing from east to west and from coastal to inland. 2) After reform and opening-up, the addition of prefecture-level cities is an adjustment on the basis of the original regional system, including the establishment of a city, the merger of a city, promotion of a county or county-level city to a city, and so on. 3) With the development of economy and society, the "space" problem of the prefecture-level city setting has become increasingly prominent, which is closely related to the difference in the mode of city setting, resulting in the administrative centers above prefecture-level setting too close, "small horse and big cart" and other problems to varying degrees. 4) The spatial distribution of prefecture-level cities in China is generated in regional administrative districts against the background of industrialization and urbanization, developed in the strategic transformation of urban-rural differences and cross-border cooperation, and faced with the innovative challenge of regionalization adjustment in the process of regional restructuring and scale restructuring. 5) The "space" problem leads to the increase of the system cost of economic and social development to varying degrees. Therefore, the layout of productivity should be comprehensively considered in a wider scope, and the adjustment of prefecture-level administrative divisions can be carried out when necessary. The possible contribution of this study to the literature is reflected in the application of the similarity coefficient of administrative districts to reveal that "the prefecture-level city is highly similar to the original region." Moreover, the problems existing in the current setting are related to this, such as too close distance and call for great importance to the significance of the adjustment of administrative divisions of the prefecture-level city. The possible shortcomings are that the logic of such city administrative division adjustment needs to be further explored, and the analysis of the thinking path of this adjustment is insufficient. In the future, the research on relevant issues in prefecture-level cities should be strengthened. Additionally, it is necessary to change the thinking of the adjustment of the overall construction system and the internal adjustment of prefecture-level government districts, consider the layout of productive forces from a broader perspective, consider the level of administration, the scale of government districts and the spatial structure as a whole, and take comprehensive measures to meet the actual needs of national and local development.
表1 “地市合并”改革后新增地级市的主要模式Table 1 Main models of newly added prefecture-level cities |
设市模式 | 具体含义 | 占比/% | 典型案例 |
---|---|---|---|
撤地设市 | 地区与县级市或县同驻一地且 驻地经济发展水平较高,在符合 一定标准时就可撤销地区和驻地 县级市,设立地级市并实行市管县。 | 约50 | “地区+县”组合型。依据改地级市后县的设置可分为“县改市辖区”“县改为市辖区和新设县”2种方式。如,广安地区+广安县=广安市(内设广安区),即广安地区改广安市、广安县改县设区;又如,丽江地区+丽江县=丽江市+古城区+玉龙纳西族自治县,即撤丽江地区设立地级市,丽江县则分为古城区和玉龙纳西族自治县。 |
“地区+县级市+县”组合型。依据新设市辖区数量可分为“县和县级市改设两区”“县和县级市改设三区”2种方式。如,常德地区+县级常德市+常德县=常德市(内设武陵区和鼎城区),即常德县析出地级常德市后将原县级市和县均改为市辖区;南充地区+县级南充市+南充县=南充市(内设顺庆区、高坪区和嘉陵区),即南充县析出地级南充市后将原县级市和县均改为市辖区。 | |||
“地区+县+县”组合型。撤销地区和2个县,设立地级市和2个市辖区。如,舟山地区+定海县+普陀县=舟山市(内设定海区和普陀区),即撤销舟山地区建立地级舟山市并辖定海和普陀2区。 | |||
“地区+县级市+县+县”组合型。撤销地区和多个县级政区设立成多个地级市。如,绵阳地区+县级绵阳市+广元县+遂宁县=绵阳市(内设市中区)+广元市(内设市中区)+遂宁市(内设市中区),即新设地级市后将原县级市和县均改为市辖区。 | |||
地市合并 | 地区和地级市同驻一地时,则合并设立地级市并实行市管县。 | 约25 | 典型案例如:九江地区+九江市(省辖市)=九江市(内设浔阳区和庐山区)+九江县+武宁县+修水县+都昌县+彭泽县+湖口县+星子县+德安县+永修县+瑞昌县。 |
县或者县级市升格设市 | 地区和县级市或县未同驻一地时,将县或县级市升格设立地级市。 | 约20 | 典型案例如:1991年潮州市(隶属于汕头地区;非地区驻地)升格为地级市,原潮州市的区域改为湘桥区和潮安县。 |
撤盟设市 | 盟和县级市或县同驻一地时,将县或县级市升格设立地级市。 | 不足5 | 典型案例如:1999年撤销地级哲里木盟成立地级通辽市,辖科尔沁区、霍林郭勒市、科尔沁左翼中旗、科尔沁左翼后旗、开鲁县、库伦旗、奈曼旗、扎鲁特旗。 |
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1 指将历史上的州府驻地即后来的省政府或地区行署驻地的一小块地域划出设市,驻地所在县仍然保留,加之历史上的州府或行署驻地同时也是县城驻地,故在设市后很容易出现市县同城、县包围市的问题。
2 http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/
3 https://www.resdc.cn/Default.aspx
4 http://xzqh.mca.gov.cn/map
5 http://www.xzqh.org/html/
6 《民政部关于加强行政区划调整的科学论证和规划工作的通知》(民函〔2003〕73号)。
7 《中共中央、国务院关于地市州党政机关机构改革若干问题的通知》(中发〔1983〕6号)。
8 数据来源:本研究依据行政区划调整案例进行逐年统计获取。
9 《中共中央、国务院关于地市州党政机关机构改革若干问题的通知》(中发〔1983〕6号)指出“把新兴工矿区或城镇改为市,管辖一部分农村”;《中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于地市州机构改革中应注意的几个问题的通知》(中发〔1983〕44号)指出“现有的地辖市中,有的在经济上和其他方面都已有相当规模(如工业产值在四亿元左右,非农业人口在十五万左右),并且很有发展前途。为了更好地发挥这些城市的作用,可以将其升格为省、自治区辖市”。
10 数据来源包括:咸阳市统计局. 2011. http://tjj.xianyang.gov.cn/tjgz/tjxx/201107/t20110728_544229.html;http://tjj.xianyang.gov.cn/tjgz/tjxx/202105/t20210528_544242.html。中国政府网. 2021. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-05/11/content_5605791.htm。
赵 彪:构思全文、数据处理、论文撰写与修改;
庄 良:理论和方法指导;
王开泳:论文修改与提升指导。
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