旅游发展背景下双廊古镇客栈语言景观分布特征及演变逻辑
曾莉(1982—),女,江苏盐城人,副教授,博士,主要从事乡村文化景观研究,(E-mail)zengli_723@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2021-10-14
修回日期: 2022-03-03
网络出版日期: 2023-06-13
基金资助
江苏省社会科学基金项目:文旅融合下江苏传统村落景观符号演化与认同建构研究(22YSB016)
国家社会科学基金艺术学项目:场景理论视阈下传统村落的艺术介入与乡村复兴研究(21BH164)
国家自然科学基金青年项目:乡村女性手工艺者的身体实践与地方重构机制(42201264)
Spatial-Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Evolution Logic of Inn Linguistic Landscape in Shuanglang Ancient Town under the Tourism Development
Received date: 2021-10-14
Revised date: 2022-03-03
Online published: 2023-06-13
客栈语言景观作为旅游地文化景观的重要类型,是折射旅游地社会文化现象的窗口。运用半结构访谈与GIS空间分析方法,以2002—2020年云南双廊古镇景区客栈名称为研究对象,探讨客栈语言景观与乡村旅游目的地的互动关系,揭示客栈语言景观的演变过程、特征及其逻辑。研究发现:1)在时间维度上,客栈语言景观经历了从逐渐丰富到衰减再到趋于平稳的发展历程,其中,景观元素范畴占据主导地位;在空间维度上,其呈现为较不均衡的空间结构类型,海街、天生营、老渔港此类临海特征显著的区域是客栈语言景观聚集程度最高的区域。2)双廊客栈语言景观除受市场影响呈现典型听众设计特征外,也受客栈经营者身份的影响而呈现自我意识表达的典型特征。3)在现代性与流动性的综合影响下,双廊古镇景区客栈语言景观的时空演变紧密镶嵌在旅游地营建与消费过程中,客流量的增多、游客对双廊的浪漫想象及旅游移民对自我的思考推动客栈语言景观不断生产出多元范畴;而独特的山水自然环境、有限的生活空间及对商业利益的追求推动着客栈语言景观的空间演变。
曾莉 , 郑诗琳 , 吕光耀 . 旅游发展背景下双廊古镇客栈语言景观分布特征及演变逻辑[J]. 热带地理, 2023 , 43(5) : 929 -944 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003677
Linguistic landscapes, which refer to language and text displayed in public areas with a certain scale or visual impact, have become samples for geographers to conduct multi-type regional research and to examine social and cultural phenomena. In tourist destinations, such landscapes are often found in the form of signs, slogans, and billboards throughout public spaces, helping visitors quickly access information and understand the locale. Inn names are representative linguistic landscapes in rural tourist destinations, embodying operators' profound understanding of place and tourism relationships, reflecting tourists' emotional cognition of the destination. Analyzing their evolution helps to deeply understand the local development process and provides a decision-making reference for future development. This study selects Shuanglang Ancient Town in Dali, Yunnan Province as a case study. Semi-structured interviews, textual analysis, and GIS spatial analysis are adopted to interpret the complex relationship between inn names and local transformation development, attempting to answer how the inn names present spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and adapt to the transformation development of rural tourism destinations. Field investigation revealed that "resident guests" and local Bai ethnic villagers are the producers of the inn's linguistic landscape, following a bottom-up development model, but later indirectly influenced by the government. In the temporal dimension, the inn's linguistic landscape has undergone a development process from gradual enrichment to decline and then to stabilization, with landscape elements dominating. In the spatial dimension, it presents an unbalanced spatial structure, with areas such as Haixia Street, Tianshengying, and Laoyugang featuring significant coastal characteristics and having the highest concentration of the inn's linguistic landscape. The linguistic landscape of Shuanglang inns presents typical audience design characteristics influenced by the market as well as self-expression characteristics influenced by the inn operators' identities. Under the comprehensive influence of modernity and mobility, the spatiotemporal evolution of Shuanglang Ancient Town's inn linguistic landscape is closely embedded in the tourism destination construction and consumption process, with increasing tourist flow, tourists' romantic imagination of Shuanglang, and the self-reflection of migrant tourists driving the production of diverse categories in the linguistic landscape. Meanwhile, the unique natural landscape, limited living space, and pursuit of commercial interests drive the spatial evolution of the inn's linguistic landscape. The rural tourism destination image of "poetry and the distant" is continuously reinforced in the inn's linguistic landscape. In terms of innovation, this study provides new findings for existing research that considers the evolution of tourism destination linguistic landscapes as presenting "audience design" characteristics. Some "counter-market" linguistic landscape evolution characteristics are, in fact, modern people's escape from modernity. However, this behavior is not merely negative; the "warm writing" of the inn's linguistic landscape on living spaces can be regarded as an important practice for their aspirations toward a better life.
表1 访谈对象的基本信息Table 1 The basic information of interviewees |
编号 | 性别 | 年龄/岁 | 籍贯 | 身份 | 在双廊古镇景区居住时间/a | 编号 | 性别 | 年龄/岁 | 籍贯 | 身份 | 在双廊古镇景区 居住时间 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I1 | 男 | 42 | 重庆 | 客栈老板 | 10 | L1 | 男 | 45 | 大理 | 村民 | 45 a |
I2 | 男 | 42 | 昆明 | 客栈老板 | 12 | L2 | 男 | 26 | 大理 | 村民 | 26 a |
I3 | 女 | 38 | 成都 | 客栈老板 | 5 | L3 | 男 | 65 | 大理 | 村民 | 65 a |
I4 | 女 | 40 | 北京 | 客栈老板 | 10 | L4 | 女 | 63 | 大理 | 村民 | 63 a |
I5 | 男 | 44 | 北京 | 客栈老板 | 9 | L5 | 女 | 24 | 大理 | 村民 | 14 a |
I6 | 男 | 38 | 重庆 | 客栈老板 | 8 | L6 | 男 | 38 | 大理 | 村民 | 25 a |
I7 | 男 | 45 | 大理 | 客栈老板 | 18 | G1 | 男 | 42 | 大理 | 管委会人员 | 15 a |
I8 | 男 | 35 | 深圳 | 客栈老板 | 5 | G2 | 女 | 32 | 昆明 | 管委会人员 | 5 a |
I9 | 男 | 40 | 大理 | 客栈老板 | 17 | G3 | 女 | 26 | 大理 | 市政府人员 | 3 a |
I10 | 女 | 32 | 上海 | 客栈老板 | 4 | G4 | 男 | 38 | 大理 | 市政府人员 | 10 a |
I11 | 女 | 50 | 昆明 | 客栈服务人员 | 15 | T1 | 男 | 40 | 贵阳 | 游客 | 每年住3个月 |
I12 | 男 | 35 | 合肥 | 客栈老板 | 7 | T2 | 男 | 32 | 沈阳 | 游客 | 每年住1个月左右 |
I13 | 男 | 40 | 广州 | 客栈老板 | 8 | T3 | 男 | 29 | 成都 | 游客 | 每年住1个月左右 |
I14 | 女 | 55 | 大理 | 客栈服务人员 | 8 | T4 | 女 | 55 | 昆明 | 游客 | 每年住4个月左右 |
I15 | 女 | 42 | 大理 | 客栈老板 | 12 | T5 | 女 | 27 | 丽江 | 游客 | 每年住半个月 |
表2 双廊古镇景区客栈名称数据库Table 2 Shuanglang ancient town inn name database |
主范畴 | 子范畴 | 涉及客栈数量/家 | 访谈对象及访谈重点 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
编号 | 客栈名称 | 访谈材料 | |||
具身认知体验(A) | 人物名称表达(A1) | 36 | 221 | 钒域酒店 | “钒是老板大儿名,域是他家老二名,用他俩名取的”→A1 |
情感与行为(A2) | 110 | 303 | 雅林轩 客栈 | “请一个老师给取的名,给他说了想要一个文雅的名字,毕竟是自家房子改的客栈,求个雅致的生活氛围吧”→A3 | |
生活状态及愿景(A3) | 75 | ||||
表达描述技巧(B) | 数字(B1) | 43 | 287 | 360观景 客栈 | “这房子位置挺好的,周围360度都有景色可看,我们当时起名字也想突出这个特色”→B1、A2 |
描述语(B2) | 100 | ||||
时间表达(B3) | 25 | ||||
方位(B4) | 27 | ||||
景观元素类别(C) | 地理区域(C1) | 69 | 288 | 水岸阳光客栈 | “因为就在洱海边上有充足的海景可以看……四个字的店名比两个字的好看也不容易重(复),读起来也更朗朗上口,后面加个阳光也能体现出双廊这种懒懒的生活状态”→C1、A3 |
山水地物形态(C2) | 186 | ||||
自然天象(C3) | 93 | 038 | 苍雪海月客栈 | “靠着洱海,还能看见苍山……就(苍山洱海)知道的人多嘛,就想取个诗情画意的名字。我们客栈开得早,大理四绝也一直是地方最有名气的,就选了和双廊相关的两样”→C2、C3 | |
动/植物(C4) | 64 | ||||
建筑及工程设施(C5) | 158 | ||||
事物(C6) | 18 | ||||
颜色(C7) | 28 | ||||
声音(C8) | 6 | ||||
文化参照运用(D) | 典故(D1) | 24 | 413 | 良甸口 客栈 | “我们村子历史上是叫良甸村。因为萝莳曲里土地肥沃,就叫‘粮甸’,双廊世居在曲内南边,叫着叫着就成了‘良甸’。所以(客栈)取这个名字是有历史价值的”→D1 |
流行词汇(D2) | 14 |
表3 不同时期客栈语言景观时空演变特征Table 3 Analysis on the evolution of inn linguistic landscape in different periods |
时期 | 生产主体 | 语言景观表征 | 时空演变特征 | 地方发展 |
---|---|---|---|---|
萌芽期(2010年之前) | 以本地白族村民为主 | 朴素;多强调经营者身份 | 各范畴逐渐生成;未形成显著空间特征 | 传统白族村落 |
增速期(2011—2015年) | “驻客”、 本地 白族 村民 | 商业化;景观元素类别突出 | 山水地物形态子范畴占据主导地位; 聚集于风情街西侧的临海区域 | 以“苍洱风光第一镇”为 标签的乡村旅游目的地 |
减缓期(2016—2017年) | 表达自我意识; 追求居住空间的诗意表达 | 建筑及工程设施子范畴逐渐凸显; 向风情街东侧的村内区域转移 | ||
平稳期(2018—2020年) | 市场导向;以建构双廊“诗与远方”的地方性为主 | 仍以强调山水地物形态为主,其余范畴 皆有发展;向景区边界转移 |
1 为村落长者以及大理客栈协会双廊分会会员。
曾 莉:立意构思,数据采集与分析,撰写、修改论文;
郑诗琳:指明研究方向,构思论文框架,论文提升;
吕光耀:数据分析处理,归纳总结文献,撰写、修改论文。
Abdullah C U, and Wulung S R P. 2021. Spatial Patterns of Linguistic Landscape in Tourism Area. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 16(5): 4298-4308.
|
Bruyel-Olmedo A, and Juan-Garau M. 2015. Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape of Tourism: the Case of Catalan in Mallorca. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 36(6): 598-619.
|
Cresswell T. 2004. Place: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
|
Desforges L, and Jones R. 2001. Geographies of Languages/Languages of Geography. Social & Cultural Geography, 2(3): 261-264.
|
杜克·戈特. 2020. 西方语言景观研究学术简史. 方小兵,译. 语言战略研究,5(4):13-22.
Durk Gorter. 2020. Linguistic Landscape: Introducing a Field of Studies. Fang Xiaobing, Trans. Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning, 5(4): 13-22.
|
Hoffman L. 2017. Pharmaceuticals and Tourist Spaces: Encountering the Medicinal in Cozumel's Linguistic Landscape. Acme-An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 16(1): 59-88.
|
黄和平,邴振华. 2021. 民宿文化微空间的游客感知多维分异与地方认同研究——以上海地区为例. 地理研究,40(7):2066-2085.
Huang Heping, and Bing Zhenhua. 2021. Study on the Multi-Dimensional Differentiation of Tourists' Cultural Perception and Local Identity in Homestay Micro-Space: Take Shanghai as an Example. Geographical Research, 40(7): 2066-2085.
|
Huebner T. 2006. Bangkok's Linguistic Landscapes: Environmental Print, Codemixing and Language Change. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1): 31-51.
|
霍尔. 2003. 表征——文化表象与意指实践. 徐亮,陆兴华,译. 北京:商务印书馆.
Hall S. 2003. Representation-Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Xu Liang, and Lu Xinghua, Trans. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
|
蒋长春,张捷,万基财. 2015. 名山风景区书法景观在游客地方感中的作用——以武夷山风景区为例. 旅游学刊,30(4):73-83.
Jiang Changchun, Zhang Jie, and Wan Jicai. 2015. The Role of Calligraphic Landscape on Tourists' Sense of Place in Famous Mountain Scenic Spots: A Wuyi Mountain Case Study. Tourism Tribune, 30(4): 73-83.
|
Juncal C F. 2019. Urban and Rural Linguistic Landscape: Characterization Parameters. Cultura Lenguaje Y Representacion-Revista De Estudios Culturales De La Unibersitat I, 21: 41-56.
|
Kallen J L. 2009. Tourism and Representation in the Irish Linguistic Landscape. In: Shohamy E, and Gorter D. Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery. New York & London: Routledge.
|
Karam F J, Warren A, Kibler A K, and Shweiry Z. 2020. Beiruti Linguistic Landscape: An Analysis of Private Store Fronts. International Journal of Multilingualism, 17(2): 196-214.
|
Landry R, and Bourhis R Y. 1997. Linguistic Landscape and Ethnoliguistic Vitality: An Empirical Study. Journal of Landscape and Social Psychology, 16(1): 23-49.
|
Leeman J, and Modan G. 2009. Commodified Language in Chinatown: A Contextualized Approach to Linguistic Landscape. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 13(3): 332-362.
|
李东红. 2004. 苍洱五百年. 昆明:云南人民出版社, 10.
Li Donghong. 2004. Five Hundred Years of Cangshan Moutain and Erhai Lake Area. Kunming: Yunnan People’s Publishing House, 10.
|
Light D. 2014. Tourism and Toponymy: Commodifying and Consuming Place Names. Tourism geographies, 16(1): 141-156.
|
刘彬,陈忠暖. 2019. 旅游作用下的地方饮食文化重构及其机制研究——以台湾兰屿达悟族“飞鱼”为例. 人文地理,34(2):41-46,54.
Liu Bin, and Chen Zhongnuan. 2019. Research on the Reconstruction of Local Food Culture and Its Mechanism on the Background of Tourism: A Case Study of Tao's “Flying Fish” on Orchid Island. Human Geography, 34(2): 41-46, 54.
|
娄阳. 2018. 大理双廊旅游创意阶层的生产机制研究. 昆明:云南师范大学.
Lou Yang. 2018. Study on the Survival Mechanism of Tourism Creative Class in Shuanglang. Kunming: Yunnan Normal University.
|
卢松. 2014. 旅游对传统地域文化景观影响的研究进展及展望. 旅游科学,28(6):13-23.
Lu Song. 2014. On Progress and Prospects of Studies on the Impacts of Tourism on the Cultural Landscapes in Traditional Regions. Tourism Science, 28(6): 13-23.
|
Lu S, Li G H, and Xu M. 2020. The Linguistic Landscape in Rural Destinations: A Case Study of Hongcun Village in China. Tourism Management, 77: 1-9.
|
罗秋菊,冯敏妍,蔡颖颖. 2018. 旅游发展背景下民居客栈的空间生产——以大理双廊为例. 地理科学,38(6):927-934.
Luo Qiuju, Feng Minyan, and Cai Yingying. 2018. The Production of Space in Home Inns Under Tourism Development: A Case Study of Shuanglang Town in Dali. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 38(6): 927-934.
|
Muth S. 2018. Linguistic Landscaping. Foreign Landscape Education in Multilingual Classrooms, 7: 213-235.
|
Nash J. 2013. Landscape Underwater, Underwater Landscape: Kangaroo Island Diving Site Names as Elements of the Linguistic Landscape. Landscape Research, 38(3): 394-400.
|
Nash J. 2016. May I Have Your Name Place? Norfolk Island Hotel Names. Tourism Analysis, 21(5): 541-547.
|
Nie P, Yao J Z, and Tashi N. 2021. Mapping the Linguistic Landscape from a Multi-Factor Perspective: The Case of a Multi-Ethnolinguistic City in China. International Journal of Multilingualism, (3): 1-19.
|
Palang H, Helmfrid S, and Antrop M. 2005. Rural Landscape: Past Processes and Future Strategies. Landscape and Urban Planning, 70(1): 3-8.
|
钱俊希,杨槿,朱竑. 2015. 现代性语境下地方性与身份认同的建构——以拉萨“藏漂”群体为例. 地理学报,70(8):1281-1295.
Qian Junxi, Yang Jin, and Zhu Hong. 2015. The Construction of Placeness and Identity in the Context of China's Emerging Modernity: A Case Study of Han Chinese “Drifters” in Lhasa, Tibet. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(8): 1281-1295.
|
单菲菲,刘承宇. 2016. 民族旅游村寨语言景观调查研究——基于社会符号学与文化资本理论视角. 广西民族研究,(6):153-161.
Shan Feifei, and Liu Chengyu. 2016. Investigating Linguistic Landscape in the Tourist Village: From the Perspective of Social Semiotics and Cultural Capital Theory. Guangxi Ethnic Studies, (6): 153-161.
|
Shohamy E, and Waksman S. 2009. Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery. New York: Routledge.
|
Shoval N. 2013. Street-Naming, Tourism Development and Cultural Conflict: The Case of the Old City of Acre/Akko/Akka. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38(4): 612-626.
|
孙九霞,黄凯洁,王学基. 2020. 基于地方实践的旅游发展与乡村振兴:逻辑与案例. 旅游学刊,35(3):39-49.
Sun Jiuxia, Huang Kaijie, and Wang Xueji. 2020. Tourism Development and Rural Revitalization Based on Local Experience: Logic and Cases. Tourism Tribune, 35(3): 39-49.
|
汤茂林. 2000. 文化景观的内涵及其研究进展. 地理科学进展,19(1):70-79.
Tang Maolin. 2000. The Inventory and Progress of Cultural Landscape Study. Progress in Geography, 19(1): 70-79.
|
Urry J. 1995. Consuming Place. London: Routledge.
|
王云才,石忆邵,陈田. 2009. 传统地域文化景观研究进展与展望. 同济大学学报(社会科学版),20(1):18-24,51.
Wang Yuncai, Shi Yitong, and Chen Tian. 2009. Research and Progress and Prospects of Traditional Territory Cultural Landscape. Journal of Tongji University(Social Science Section), 20(1): 18-24, 51.
|
魏超,肖学宏,徐红罡. 2023. 国际旅游地的语言景观与主客关系研究. 人文地理,38(2):172-180.
Wei Chao, Xiao Xuehong, and Xu Honggang. 2023. Linguistic Landscape and Host-Guest Relationship in International Destinations. Human Geography, 38(2): 172-180.
|
巫喜丽,战菊. 2017. 全球化背景下广州市“非洲街”语言景观实探. 外语研究,34(2):6-11,112.
Wu Xili, and Zhan Ju. 2017. The Multilingual Landscape of the African Street in Guangzhou City in the Context of Globalization: A Case Study. Foreign Languages Research, 34(2): 6-11, 112.
|
Wang Z, and Marafa L. 2021. Tourism Imaginary and Landscape at Heritage Site: A Case in Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, China. Land, 10(4): 1-21.
|
Xie P F. 2015. A Life Model of Industrial Heritage Development. Annals of Tourism Research, 55: 141-154.
|
徐红罡,任燕. 2015. 旅游对纳西东巴文语言景观的影响. 旅游学刊,30(1):102-111.
Xu Honggang, and Ren Yan. 2015. Tourism Impact on the Naxi Dongba Linguistic Landscape. Tourism Tribune, 30(1): 102-111.
|
徐茗. 2017. 国外语言景观研究历程与发展趋势. 语言战略研究,2(2):57-64.
Xu Ming. 2017. An Overview of Linguistic Landscape Studies: History, Trend and Implications. Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning, 2(2): 57-64.
|
徐茗,卢松. 2015. 城市语言景观研究进展及展望. 人文地理,30(1):21-25.
Xu Ming, and Lu Song. 2015. Research Progress and Prospect of Urban Linguistic Landscape. Human Geography, 30(1): 21-25.
|
杨慧,凌文锋,段平. 2012. “驻客”:“游客”“东道主”之间的类中介人群——丽江大研、束河、大理沙溪旅游人类学考察. 广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),34(5):44-50.
Yang Hui, Ling Wenfeng, and Duan Ping. 2012. Residential Guest: An Intermediate between the Host and the Guest: A Study of Dayan, Shuhe of Lijiang, and Shaxi of Dali in the Perspective of Tourism Anthropology. Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 34(5): 44-50.
|
尹立杰,张捷,张宏磊,张郴. 2011. 书法景观在景区旅游意象构建中的作用研究——以西安碑林为例. 人文地理,26(5):49-53,64.
Yin Lijie, Zhang Jie, Zhang Honglei, and Zhang Chen. 2011. The Research on the Roles of Calligraphic Landscape in the Construction of Tourist Image: A Case Study in Forest of Steles, Xi’an. Human Geography, 26(5): 49-53, 64.
|
云翃,林浩文. 2021. 文化景观动态变化视角下的遗产村落保护再生途径. 国际城市规划,36(4):91-98,107.
Yun Hong, and Lin Haowen. 2021. The Conservation and Regeneration Approaches of Historical Villages Under Dynamic Perspective of Cultural Landscapes. Urban Planning International, 36(4): 91-98, 107.
|
张蔼恒,孙九霞. 2019. 语言景观研究进展:地方主体的空间实践. 人文地理,34(4):13-19.
Zhang Aiheng, and Sun Jiuxia. 2019. Progress of Linguistic Landscape from the Prospective of Space Practice and Place Subjectivity. Human Geography, 34(4): 13-19.
|
张蔼恒,孙九霞. 2021. 社会语言学视角下的阳朔西街语言景观变迁研究. 旅游学刊,36(10):39-48.
Zhang Aiheng, and Sun Jiuxia. 2021. The Study on the Change of Yangshuo's Linguistic Landscape: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Tourism Tribune, 36(10): 39-48.
|
张程远,张淦,周海瑶. 2017. 基于多元大数据的城市活力空间分析与影响机制研究——以杭州中心城市为例. 建筑与文化,(9):183-187.
Zhang Chengyuan, Zhang Gan, and Zhou Haiyao. 2017. The analysis and Influence Mechanism Research of Urban Vigorous Space Based on Multiple Big Data: A Case Study on the Partial Area of Central Hangzhou. Architecture & Culture, (9): 183-187.
|
张捷,卢韶婧,杜国庆,孙景荣,万基财. 2014. 中、日都市旅游街区书法景观空间分异及其文化认同比较研究. 地理科学,34(7):831-839.
Zhang Jie, Lu Shaojing, Du Guoqing, Sun Jingrong, and Wan Jicai. 2014. On Spatial Differentiation and Related Cultural Identity of Calligraphic Landscape in Tourist Districts: A Comparative Study between China and Japan. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 34(7): 831-839.
|
赵巧艳,闫春. 2019. 伏羲传说与景观叙事的互构——黄河乾坤湾地名标识的人类学解读. 中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),39(3):74-79.
Zhao Qiaoyan, and Yan Chun. 2019. The Mutual Construction of Fuxi Legend and Landscape Narration: Anthropological Interpretation of Geographical Names in Qiankun Bay of the Yellow River. Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences), 39(3): 74-79.
|
中国新闻网. 2020. 大理双廊:“断腕整治”后的“涅槃重生”. (2020-01-01)[2021-05-05]. https://www.sohu.com/a/36409 6235123753.html. [The China News. 2020. Shuanglang Town, Dali City: New Changes after Rectification. (2020-01-01) [2021-05-05]. https://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2020/01-01/9048757.shtml. ]
|
中商情报网. 2017. 中国各省份/地区客栈民宿数量排行榜. (2017-10-17)[2021-04-28]. https://www.sohu.com/a/19843628364 2249.html. [Ask China Intelligence Network. 2017. Ranking List of the Number of Guesthouses and Home-stays in Various Provinces and Regions of China. (2017-10-17) [2021-04-28]. https://www.sohu.com/a/198436283_642249. ]
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |